- Email: [email protected]
04771 Design, fabrication, and analysis of greater than 18% efficient multicrystalline silicon solar cells
07 97/04762 trification
Application of photovoltaic at remote Islands
systems
for rural elec-
Hwang, I.-h. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Celk. 1997. 47. (l-4), 295 302. Compared to other conventional generation systems, the photovoltaic power generation system introduced in 1950s has no pollution, no noise, no fuel and convenient maintenance characteristics. Yet despite these inherent advantages. some limitations to utilization of PV systems exist in their high capital cost, including solar cell and power conditioning systems. For expansion in the utilization area of PV system, its possible application as a viable option for rural electrification has recently been under investigation. This paper discusses the operation results of three stand-alone PV systems installed to supply the electric power to remote islands. The PV system with suitable battery capacity and diesel generator as back-up power supplies was found to be sufficient for remote island electrification.
97104763
Areal evolution
Kurokawa. K. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1997. 47, (l-4). 2736. The future placement of PV systems is likely to be densely concentrated in a certain area. This paper addresses two categories: (1) PV systems for community, (2) global-scale utilization of PV systems.
of the a-Si: Hlpoly-
Kim, S. S. and Yi, .I. Solar E~wtp Materials and Solar Cells, 1997, 48, (l4). 7-14. Multistacked solar cells with a structure of metal/a-Si : H (n-i-p)/poly-Si (np)/metal. It consists of two component cells; top n-i-p junction a-Si : H cell and a bottom n-p junction poly-Si cell. The factors influencing solar cell conversion were investigated in terms of film thickness, doping concentration, minority carrier lifetime, diffusion length. surface recombination. surface potential, AR coating. and circuit parameters of solar ceils. The optimization of material and solar cell was carried out by using a PC-ID simulator. An efficiency of 22% for multistacked solar cells can be achieved by optimizing parameters in each layer, as indicated by simulation results.
97104765
Capacitance
effects
in high-efficiency
ceils
Friesen, G. and Ossenbrink, H. A. Solar Enerp Materials and Solar Cells, 19Y7.48, (I-4). 77-u. Transient measurement techniques often lead to capacitance effects which complicate the accurate measurement of the performance of high efficiency solar cells. The photo-current-response measurement (PCR), developed at FSTI, offers a tool for the investigation of these capacitance effects. This paper describes the theory of capacitance effects and gives experimental results achieved by the PCR-method. The theory shows the diffusion capacitance depends on the diffusion length and lifetime of the minority carrier. The PCR-method could be used for the determination of this solar cell parameter in the future. The capacitance effect is made clearly visible by the generation of the current-voltage characteristic from PCRmeasurements.
97104766 Comparison tors for water heating
study
for three types of solar collec-
Matrawy K. K. and Farkas, I. Energy Come,s. Mgmt, lYY7, 38, (Y), Sfrl869. Two parallel plate collectors (TPPC) with parallel tubes collectors (PTC) and serpentine tube collectors (STC) were compared in this study. New derivations and analyses for the TPPC were developed and applied for the collectors simulation. TPPC proved the most efficient, achieving a level of about 6% more than the STC and about 10% more than the PTC. This refers to the uniform temperature distribution over the absorbed plate surface as well as the uniform distribution of the working fluid between the two plates.
97104767 evacuated
A comparison of optical performance collector tubes with flat and semicylindric
between absorbers
Zinian, H. et al. Solar Energy, 1997, 60, (2), 109-l 17. The concepts of solar irradiance ratio and absorbed energy factor on the surface of the evacuated collector tube absorbers were presented. For evacuated collector tubes with flat and semi-cylindric absorbers, a solar simulator was employed as a light source. The distribution of the solar irradiance ratio that varies with incident angles on various points on the absorber surface in a glass-covered tube was measured separately, and their three-dimensional regressive equations are correspondingly provided. Experimental measurement of solar irradiance ratio and solar absorptance of coatings on absorber surfaces was carried out. On this basis, rules of absorbed energy factors on absorbers in two shapes that vary with incident angles were analysed and studied. The results show that the annual absorbed energy of evacuated collector tube with a semi-cylindric absorber is 15.9% higher than that with a flat absorber. Optimized incident angles for the absorber in two shapes of evacuated collector tubes operated in a whole year were also subjected to cautious investigated.
energy sources (solar energy)
considerations
on PV systems
com-
Kurokawa, K. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. lY97, 47. (l-4). 243-250. Several AC module types are now commercially available and this technology is becoming more popular. However, their technological meaning seems underdeveloped. In response to this, the authors tried to create the total concepts of PV systems composed of AC modules. They are abbreviated AC module-composed PV system or ACM-PV. The possible structural configurations of simple AC modules and battery integrated types are classified in principle and system categories are also classified to show their total concept. Necessary electrical terminals and interfaces, voltage matching method between inverter and PV part, and AC module testing methods are also discussed.
97104769 Constant delivery an integrated approach
of PV systems
97104764 Calculation of the performances Si multistacked solar ceils
97104768 Conceptual posed of AC modules
Alternative
temperature
solar water heater-
Kumar, S. and Kumar. N. Enem Cor~wrs. Mgmt., 1097. 38, (I), 61-71. A constant delivery temperature solar water heater-cum-active regenerative distillation system has been modelled. The water used for the regenerative effect in the distiller of the proposed system is subsequently fed to the basin-cum-storage tank of the still through the heat exchanger. The model varies the water mass flow rate in order to maintain a constant outlet temperature. With minor modifications in the solar water heater. efficient use of the extra energy stored in the water mass due to non-utilization of capacity and/or non-linear utilization of capacity is possible for distillation purposes. The latent heat of vaporization is used for preheating the inlet water supply to the heat exchanger. The effect of insulation on maintaining the hot water temperature and distillate output is also presented.
97lO4770 connected
Cost reduction in PV manufacturing and building-integrated markets
impact on grid-
Maycock, P. D. Solar Enqy Materialr and Solar Cellr. 1097, 47, (l-4). 37-45. The potential for fully economic. massive deployment to the grid-connected and central PV markets has become wider with recent significant changes and events regarding this area. The possibility of cost reduction in single crystal and polycrystal silicon facilitating the profitable pricing of modules at $3.10-$3.30 per peak watt and installed grid-connected systems with installed cost of $5.50 per watt. Other issues addressed include government subsidized volume orders for PV in grid-connected houses and government and commercial acceptance of PV building integrated products, especially in Europe, are expanding PV markets. It is concluded that an ‘accelerated’ market mode could start in the year 2000.
97104777 Design, fabrication, and analysis of greater 78% efficient multicrystalline silicon solar cells
than
Rohatgi. A. and Narasimha, S. Solar Enerfiy Materia1.v and Solar Cells, 1997, 48, (l-4), 187-197. Efficiencies as high as 18.6% (1 cm2 area) and 17~5% (4 cm’ area) have been achieved in solar cells. This is possible by a process which involves impurity gettering and effective back-surface passivation on multicrystalline silicon (me-Si) grown by the heat exchanger method (HEM). The efficiency of 18.6% is the highest reported solar cell efficiency on me-Si to date. PCD analysis revealed that the bulk lifetime in certain HEM samples after phosphorus gettering can be as high as I35 ,rs. This increases the impact of the back-surface recombination velocity (Sb) on the solar cell performance. By incorporating a deeper aluminium back-surface field (AI-BSF), the Sb for solar cells in this study was lowered from 10,000 to 2000cmis and finally to 200 cm/s. The screen-printed/RTP alloyed AI-BSF process raised the efficiency of both float zone and relatively defect-free me-Si solar cells by lowering Sb. However, this process increased the electrical activity of extended defects so that me-Si cells with a significant defect density showed degradation in performance.
97104772 Development of low cost production for polycrystalline silicon solar cells
technologies
Machida, T. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1997. 48, (I-4). 243-253. A multi-blade wheel grinding method was investigated in the light of developing a technology of forming grooves for low cost cell production. The process time of groove formation on the surface of 10 x IO cm2 polycrystalline silicon substrate was reduced to 30 s by a newly developed high-speed groove formation machine. Simultaneous formation of junction and anti-reflection coating by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) technique was also investigated. For the electrodes formation process, single firing method for both side electrodes made firing process simplification possible and increased the conventional speed of 400-5000 mmimin.
97104773
Development
of photovoltaics
in Poland
Pietruszko, S. M. and Wisniewskib, G. Solar Elrer&y Materials and Solar Cells, 1997, 47, (l-4), 71-77. Most PV activities in Poland emphasise research, development and demonstrations. Barriers and prospects to the development of photovoltaic technology in Poland are also analysed.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
7997
473
Application of photovoltaic at remote Islands
systems
for rural elec-
Hwang, I.-h. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Celk. 1997. 47. (l-4), 295 302. Compared to other conventional generation systems, the photovoltaic power generation system introduced in 1950s has no pollution, no noise, no fuel and convenient maintenance characteristics. Yet despite these inherent advantages. some limitations to utilization of PV systems exist in their high capital cost, including solar cell and power conditioning systems. For expansion in the utilization area of PV system, its possible application as a viable option for rural electrification has recently been under investigation. This paper discusses the operation results of three stand-alone PV systems installed to supply the electric power to remote islands. The PV system with suitable battery capacity and diesel generator as back-up power supplies was found to be sufficient for remote island electrification.
97104763
Areal evolution
Kurokawa. K. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1997. 47, (l-4). 2736. The future placement of PV systems is likely to be densely concentrated in a certain area. This paper addresses two categories: (1) PV systems for community, (2) global-scale utilization of PV systems.
of the a-Si: Hlpoly-
Kim, S. S. and Yi, .I. Solar E~wtp Materials and Solar Cells, 1997, 48, (l4). 7-14. Multistacked solar cells with a structure of metal/a-Si : H (n-i-p)/poly-Si (np)/metal. It consists of two component cells; top n-i-p junction a-Si : H cell and a bottom n-p junction poly-Si cell. The factors influencing solar cell conversion were investigated in terms of film thickness, doping concentration, minority carrier lifetime, diffusion length. surface recombination. surface potential, AR coating. and circuit parameters of solar ceils. The optimization of material and solar cell was carried out by using a PC-ID simulator. An efficiency of 22% for multistacked solar cells can be achieved by optimizing parameters in each layer, as indicated by simulation results.
97104765
Capacitance
effects
in high-efficiency
ceils
Friesen, G. and Ossenbrink, H. A. Solar Enerp Materials and Solar Cells, 19Y7.48, (I-4). 77-u. Transient measurement techniques often lead to capacitance effects which complicate the accurate measurement of the performance of high efficiency solar cells. The photo-current-response measurement (PCR), developed at FSTI, offers a tool for the investigation of these capacitance effects. This paper describes the theory of capacitance effects and gives experimental results achieved by the PCR-method. The theory shows the diffusion capacitance depends on the diffusion length and lifetime of the minority carrier. The PCR-method could be used for the determination of this solar cell parameter in the future. The capacitance effect is made clearly visible by the generation of the current-voltage characteristic from PCRmeasurements.
97104766 Comparison tors for water heating
study
for three types of solar collec-
Matrawy K. K. and Farkas, I. Energy Come,s. Mgmt, lYY7, 38, (Y), Sfrl869. Two parallel plate collectors (TPPC) with parallel tubes collectors (PTC) and serpentine tube collectors (STC) were compared in this study. New derivations and analyses for the TPPC were developed and applied for the collectors simulation. TPPC proved the most efficient, achieving a level of about 6% more than the STC and about 10% more than the PTC. This refers to the uniform temperature distribution over the absorbed plate surface as well as the uniform distribution of the working fluid between the two plates.
97104767 evacuated
A comparison of optical performance collector tubes with flat and semicylindric
between absorbers
Zinian, H. et al. Solar Energy, 1997, 60, (2), 109-l 17. The concepts of solar irradiance ratio and absorbed energy factor on the surface of the evacuated collector tube absorbers were presented. For evacuated collector tubes with flat and semi-cylindric absorbers, a solar simulator was employed as a light source. The distribution of the solar irradiance ratio that varies with incident angles on various points on the absorber surface in a glass-covered tube was measured separately, and their three-dimensional regressive equations are correspondingly provided. Experimental measurement of solar irradiance ratio and solar absorptance of coatings on absorber surfaces was carried out. On this basis, rules of absorbed energy factors on absorbers in two shapes that vary with incident angles were analysed and studied. The results show that the annual absorbed energy of evacuated collector tube with a semi-cylindric absorber is 15.9% higher than that with a flat absorber. Optimized incident angles for the absorber in two shapes of evacuated collector tubes operated in a whole year were also subjected to cautious investigated.
energy sources (solar energy)
considerations
on PV systems
com-
Kurokawa, K. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. lY97, 47. (l-4). 243-250. Several AC module types are now commercially available and this technology is becoming more popular. However, their technological meaning seems underdeveloped. In response to this, the authors tried to create the total concepts of PV systems composed of AC modules. They are abbreviated AC module-composed PV system or ACM-PV. The possible structural configurations of simple AC modules and battery integrated types are classified in principle and system categories are also classified to show their total concept. Necessary electrical terminals and interfaces, voltage matching method between inverter and PV part, and AC module testing methods are also discussed.
97104769 Constant delivery an integrated approach
of PV systems
97104764 Calculation of the performances Si multistacked solar ceils
97104768 Conceptual posed of AC modules
Alternative
temperature
solar water heater-
Kumar, S. and Kumar. N. Enem Cor~wrs. Mgmt., 1097. 38, (I), 61-71. A constant delivery temperature solar water heater-cum-active regenerative distillation system has been modelled. The water used for the regenerative effect in the distiller of the proposed system is subsequently fed to the basin-cum-storage tank of the still through the heat exchanger. The model varies the water mass flow rate in order to maintain a constant outlet temperature. With minor modifications in the solar water heater. efficient use of the extra energy stored in the water mass due to non-utilization of capacity and/or non-linear utilization of capacity is possible for distillation purposes. The latent heat of vaporization is used for preheating the inlet water supply to the heat exchanger. The effect of insulation on maintaining the hot water temperature and distillate output is also presented.
97lO4770 connected
Cost reduction in PV manufacturing and building-integrated markets
impact on grid-
Maycock, P. D. Solar Enqy Materialr and Solar Cellr. 1097, 47, (l-4). 37-45. The potential for fully economic. massive deployment to the grid-connected and central PV markets has become wider with recent significant changes and events regarding this area. The possibility of cost reduction in single crystal and polycrystal silicon facilitating the profitable pricing of modules at $3.10-$3.30 per peak watt and installed grid-connected systems with installed cost of $5.50 per watt. Other issues addressed include government subsidized volume orders for PV in grid-connected houses and government and commercial acceptance of PV building integrated products, especially in Europe, are expanding PV markets. It is concluded that an ‘accelerated’ market mode could start in the year 2000.
97104777 Design, fabrication, and analysis of greater 78% efficient multicrystalline silicon solar cells
than
Rohatgi. A. and Narasimha, S. Solar Enerfiy Materia1.v and Solar Cells, 1997, 48, (l-4), 187-197. Efficiencies as high as 18.6% (1 cm2 area) and 17~5% (4 cm’ area) have been achieved in solar cells. This is possible by a process which involves impurity gettering and effective back-surface passivation on multicrystalline silicon (me-Si) grown by the heat exchanger method (HEM). The efficiency of 18.6% is the highest reported solar cell efficiency on me-Si to date. PCD analysis revealed that the bulk lifetime in certain HEM samples after phosphorus gettering can be as high as I35 ,rs. This increases the impact of the back-surface recombination velocity (Sb) on the solar cell performance. By incorporating a deeper aluminium back-surface field (AI-BSF), the Sb for solar cells in this study was lowered from 10,000 to 2000cmis and finally to 200 cm/s. The screen-printed/RTP alloyed AI-BSF process raised the efficiency of both float zone and relatively defect-free me-Si solar cells by lowering Sb. However, this process increased the electrical activity of extended defects so that me-Si cells with a significant defect density showed degradation in performance.
97104772 Development of low cost production for polycrystalline silicon solar cells
technologies
Machida, T. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1997. 48, (I-4). 243-253. A multi-blade wheel grinding method was investigated in the light of developing a technology of forming grooves for low cost cell production. The process time of groove formation on the surface of 10 x IO cm2 polycrystalline silicon substrate was reduced to 30 s by a newly developed high-speed groove formation machine. Simultaneous formation of junction and anti-reflection coating by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) technique was also investigated. For the electrodes formation process, single firing method for both side electrodes made firing process simplification possible and increased the conventional speed of 400-5000 mmimin.
97104773
Development
of photovoltaics
in Poland
Pietruszko, S. M. and Wisniewskib, G. Solar Elrer&y Materials and Solar Cells, 1997, 47, (l-4), 71-77. Most PV activities in Poland emphasise research, development and demonstrations. Barriers and prospects to the development of photovoltaic technology in Poland are also analysed.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
7997
473