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04913 Study on the emission of chlorine during coal combustion by TGA-FTIR
70
Engines (power generation
and propulsion,
electrical vehicles)
Study on chlorine emission during coal combus97/04911 tion by TGA-MS Li, H. er al. Meifan Zhuanhua, 1996, 19, (3). 34-39. (In Chinese) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and mass spectrometry (MS) was used to examine chlorine emission during coal combustion. The results showed that most of chlorine is released from coal as HCI. Although the average content of chlorine in British coals is much higher than that of American coals, the behaviour of chlorine released as HCI from both coals is similar during the whale combustion process. The three HCI-peaks observed by MS during combustion indicated three mechanisms for chlorine binding and release.
Study on clean combustion technology of bitumenite97104912 molded coal Lu, C. et al. Ranshao Kexue Yu Jishu., 1996, 2, (3), 222-227. (In Chinese) A new type of combustion technology is a two-way combustion method, with normal and reverse combustion. This entails clean combustion of coal briquettes containing bitumenite binder is possible. Experimental results for the mechanism of elimination of smoke, the temperature distribution, evolution characteristics of volatile matter and fuel sulfur, and sulfurcapturing characteristics when burning the bitumenite-containing coal briquettes with the above technology.
Study on the emission of chlorine during 97104913 combustion by TGA-FTIR Li, H. et al. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1996, 19, (3). 40-50. (In Chinese)
coal
With the use of TGA-FTIR techniques, the emission characteristics of chlorine of four British and four American coals were evaluated. The results indicated that the evolution of chlorine in American and British coals is similar. The maximum release temperature of chlorine is related to coal particle size. The release of chlorine from coal as HCI was found to occur at 240-550°C.
Temperatures in a fuel particle burning in a 97104914 fluidized bed: the effect of drying, devolatilization, and char combustion Winter, F. et al. Conrhust. Flame, 1997, 108, (3), 302-314. Measurements were made of intra-particle temperatures and the emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and total hydrocarbons during devolatilization and char combustion of large spheres of selected fuels. The fuels range from a carbon-rich, bituminous coal to two different, subbituminous coals of different moisture and ash contents. to a highly volatile and ash-rich sewage sludge and to beech wood with the highest volatile content. The experiments were performed in three different laboratoryscale fluidized bed combustors (FBCs) to obtain results under various fluidized bed combustor conditions and to independently change the governing parameters. The bed’s temperature varied between 700 and 95O”C, the oxygen partial pressure in the fluidizing gas varied from 0 to 21 kPa, the superficial gas velocity from 0.3 to 9 m/s, the voidage of the fluidized particles in the beds was usually 0.5 or 0.997, and the mean diameter of the fluidized particles was 200 or 900 I‘m. A dynamic simulation model was developed to describe the behaviour of a single fuel particle during its lifetime in a combustor. Calculated temperature profiles and emission data are in good agreement with observations.
Trace elements contained in ashes produced 97104915 coal combustion in thermal power plants Jinescu, G. et al. Rev. Chirn., 1996, 47, (9) 831-840. (In Romanian)
by
The paper gives experimental data related to the mineralogical, and chemical analysis, particle size distribution, and DTA of coal ashes from Rumanian (Doicesti and Paroseni) thermal power stations. The recovery possibility of trace elements was studied using conventional ore beneficiation methods. The data of technology experiments are related to the distribution of Ni, V, Pb, Zn, Co, Cr, Cu, and Be in the products of gravity and magnetic separations.
a methane-steam mixture into a hydrogen-rich fuel in a methane-steam reformer. The potential benefits of such cycles include high conversion efficiency, ultra-low NO, emission levels (less than I ppm) and high power density per unit of land. However, such cycles require high turbine exhaust temperatures, possible by staging the turbine expansion and including a reheat combustor. ABB recently unveiled its new GT26 series stationary gas turbines using staged expansion with reheat combustion. This type of turbine appears particularly well-suited for chemical heat recovery. In this paper, a CRGT cycle based on a reheat gas turbine with key design features similar to those of ABB’s GT26 machine is presented. The cycle analysis is performed using Aspen Technology’s ASPEN + process simulation software. The paper includes a detailed first and second law analysis of the cycle.
Blast furnace coal injection at Scunthorpe works, British Steel PLC Matheau-Raven, D. Proc. A?~nu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Cmf.. 1996. 13. (I ), 530-534. 97104917
At Scunthorpe Works, British Steel PLC, granulator coal injection has been practised since 1982. The four blast furnaces are capable of producing 4.1 million tonnes of hot metal per annum. After I4 years of operation and regulator use, Scunthorpe’s coal injection rates have risen to become among the highest in the world. Total coal injected stands at around 4 million tonnes and coal injection rates of greater than 200 kg/thm have heen achieved. The furnace operation has remained smooth throughout and there have been no measurable detrimental effects upon the blast furnace performance-in fact there have been several benefits. This paper briefly describes the furnaces and the coal injection equipment. Operating results for a full twelve months are given and discussed, as are aspects of the blast furnace operating practice enabling these injection rates to be achieved. Savings totalling around f14 million per annum have been realized through the use of blast furnace coal injection. 97104916
PCI System Lakes Steel
Blast furnace coal injection North American Market Design Project Overview-Edison Energy/Great
Eichinger, F. T. and Wagner, E. D.
1996, 13, (I), 535-540.
Proc. Annu. Inr. Pill.dxu@r Coul Cmf..
This paper presents the design and operation characteristics of the pulverized coal injection in iron-making blast furnaces at Edison Energy/ Great Lakes Steel. The main technology objectives are related to the preparation of coal powder with constant moisture content, consistent and controllable injection rate, minimum fuel/energy consumption. minimum maintenance and labour requirements.
97104919 A coal-fueled combustion turbine cogeneration system with topping combustion %xJ. M. and Garland, R. V. .I. Eng. Gas Turhimy Power, 1997. 119, (I). Coal- (or other solid fuels) fired cogeneration systems containing conventional extracting-condensing or back pressure steam turbines can be found throughout the world. A potentially more economical plant of higher output per unit thermal energy is presented, employing a pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) and coal carbonizer. The carbonizer produces a char that is fed to the PFB and a low heating value fuel gas that is utilized in a topping combustion system. The topping combustor provides the means for achieving state-of-the-art turbine inlet temperatures and is the main contributor to enhancing the plant performance. An alternative is the partially coal, partially natural gas-fired air heater topping combustion cycle. In this cycle compressed air is preheated in an atmospheric pressure coal-fired boiler and its temperature raised further by burning natural gas in a topping gas turbine combustor. The coal fired boiler also generates steam for use in a cogeneration combined cycle. The conceptual design of the combustion turbine is presented.
A comparison between the HAT cycle and other gas-turbine based cycles: efficiency, specific power and water consumption Gallo, W. L. R. Energy Cmvers Mgmr, 1997, 38, (15-17) 1595-1604.
97104920
10 ENGINES Power Generation and Propulsion, Electrical Vehicles Analysis of a reheat gas turbine 97104916 cal recuperation using Aspen
cycle with chemi-
Harvey, S. and Kane, N. Energy Conver.r. Mgmf, 1997, 38, (15-17), 16711679. In recent times attention is being increasingly given to advanced cycle concepts that make use of one or more of the following performance enhancement modifications: compression intercooling, reheat expansion and exhaust heat recovery. Recent emphasis has fallen on the chemical heat recovery concept. The ‘waste’ heat in the turbine exhaust is used to convert
426
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
1997
Various gas-turbine based cycles with very different characteristics and complexities have arisen from the search for improved power cycles. In this work the HAT cycle (humid air turbine) is compared with the simple-cycle gas-turbine, the recuperated (and the intercooled-recuperated) gas-turbine cycles, the STIG (steam injection gas-turbines) and the combined-cycle. The comparison focuses on the needed water quality and consumption, as well as on performance and emissions. The efficiency and/or specific power production advantages of each analysed cycle are weighted against the cycle complexity, specific emissions and water needs. A differentiation is made between water circulation and water consumption. The possible best-range of applicability is addressed to each cycle, taking into account the power plant size and also the gas-turbine classical operating parameters as pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and operation profile.
Comparison number for a film-cooled
of predicted and experimental Nusselt rotating blade Garg, V. K. and Abhari, R. S. Heat and Fluid Flow, 1997, 18, (5) 452-460. 97104921
A comparison was made between the predictions from a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code and the Nusselt number data obtained on a filmcooled, rotating turbine blade. The blade chosen is the ACE rotor with five
Engines (power generation
and propulsion,
electrical vehicles)
Study on chlorine emission during coal combus97/04911 tion by TGA-MS Li, H. er al. Meifan Zhuanhua, 1996, 19, (3). 34-39. (In Chinese) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and mass spectrometry (MS) was used to examine chlorine emission during coal combustion. The results showed that most of chlorine is released from coal as HCI. Although the average content of chlorine in British coals is much higher than that of American coals, the behaviour of chlorine released as HCI from both coals is similar during the whale combustion process. The three HCI-peaks observed by MS during combustion indicated three mechanisms for chlorine binding and release.
Study on clean combustion technology of bitumenite97104912 molded coal Lu, C. et al. Ranshao Kexue Yu Jishu., 1996, 2, (3), 222-227. (In Chinese) A new type of combustion technology is a two-way combustion method, with normal and reverse combustion. This entails clean combustion of coal briquettes containing bitumenite binder is possible. Experimental results for the mechanism of elimination of smoke, the temperature distribution, evolution characteristics of volatile matter and fuel sulfur, and sulfurcapturing characteristics when burning the bitumenite-containing coal briquettes with the above technology.
Study on the emission of chlorine during 97104913 combustion by TGA-FTIR Li, H. et al. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1996, 19, (3). 40-50. (In Chinese)
coal
With the use of TGA-FTIR techniques, the emission characteristics of chlorine of four British and four American coals were evaluated. The results indicated that the evolution of chlorine in American and British coals is similar. The maximum release temperature of chlorine is related to coal particle size. The release of chlorine from coal as HCI was found to occur at 240-550°C.
Temperatures in a fuel particle burning in a 97104914 fluidized bed: the effect of drying, devolatilization, and char combustion Winter, F. et al. Conrhust. Flame, 1997, 108, (3), 302-314. Measurements were made of intra-particle temperatures and the emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and total hydrocarbons during devolatilization and char combustion of large spheres of selected fuels. The fuels range from a carbon-rich, bituminous coal to two different, subbituminous coals of different moisture and ash contents. to a highly volatile and ash-rich sewage sludge and to beech wood with the highest volatile content. The experiments were performed in three different laboratoryscale fluidized bed combustors (FBCs) to obtain results under various fluidized bed combustor conditions and to independently change the governing parameters. The bed’s temperature varied between 700 and 95O”C, the oxygen partial pressure in the fluidizing gas varied from 0 to 21 kPa, the superficial gas velocity from 0.3 to 9 m/s, the voidage of the fluidized particles in the beds was usually 0.5 or 0.997, and the mean diameter of the fluidized particles was 200 or 900 I‘m. A dynamic simulation model was developed to describe the behaviour of a single fuel particle during its lifetime in a combustor. Calculated temperature profiles and emission data are in good agreement with observations.
Trace elements contained in ashes produced 97104915 coal combustion in thermal power plants Jinescu, G. et al. Rev. Chirn., 1996, 47, (9) 831-840. (In Romanian)
by
The paper gives experimental data related to the mineralogical, and chemical analysis, particle size distribution, and DTA of coal ashes from Rumanian (Doicesti and Paroseni) thermal power stations. The recovery possibility of trace elements was studied using conventional ore beneficiation methods. The data of technology experiments are related to the distribution of Ni, V, Pb, Zn, Co, Cr, Cu, and Be in the products of gravity and magnetic separations.
a methane-steam mixture into a hydrogen-rich fuel in a methane-steam reformer. The potential benefits of such cycles include high conversion efficiency, ultra-low NO, emission levels (less than I ppm) and high power density per unit of land. However, such cycles require high turbine exhaust temperatures, possible by staging the turbine expansion and including a reheat combustor. ABB recently unveiled its new GT26 series stationary gas turbines using staged expansion with reheat combustion. This type of turbine appears particularly well-suited for chemical heat recovery. In this paper, a CRGT cycle based on a reheat gas turbine with key design features similar to those of ABB’s GT26 machine is presented. The cycle analysis is performed using Aspen Technology’s ASPEN + process simulation software. The paper includes a detailed first and second law analysis of the cycle.
Blast furnace coal injection at Scunthorpe works, British Steel PLC Matheau-Raven, D. Proc. A?~nu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Cmf.. 1996. 13. (I ), 530-534. 97104917
At Scunthorpe Works, British Steel PLC, granulator coal injection has been practised since 1982. The four blast furnaces are capable of producing 4.1 million tonnes of hot metal per annum. After I4 years of operation and regulator use, Scunthorpe’s coal injection rates have risen to become among the highest in the world. Total coal injected stands at around 4 million tonnes and coal injection rates of greater than 200 kg/thm have heen achieved. The furnace operation has remained smooth throughout and there have been no measurable detrimental effects upon the blast furnace performance-in fact there have been several benefits. This paper briefly describes the furnaces and the coal injection equipment. Operating results for a full twelve months are given and discussed, as are aspects of the blast furnace operating practice enabling these injection rates to be achieved. Savings totalling around f14 million per annum have been realized through the use of blast furnace coal injection. 97104916
PCI System Lakes Steel
Blast furnace coal injection North American Market Design Project Overview-Edison Energy/Great
Eichinger, F. T. and Wagner, E. D.
1996, 13, (I), 535-540.
Proc. Annu. Inr. Pill.dxu@r Coul Cmf..
This paper presents the design and operation characteristics of the pulverized coal injection in iron-making blast furnaces at Edison Energy/ Great Lakes Steel. The main technology objectives are related to the preparation of coal powder with constant moisture content, consistent and controllable injection rate, minimum fuel/energy consumption. minimum maintenance and labour requirements.
97104919 A coal-fueled combustion turbine cogeneration system with topping combustion %xJ. M. and Garland, R. V. .I. Eng. Gas Turhimy Power, 1997. 119, (I). Coal- (or other solid fuels) fired cogeneration systems containing conventional extracting-condensing or back pressure steam turbines can be found throughout the world. A potentially more economical plant of higher output per unit thermal energy is presented, employing a pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) and coal carbonizer. The carbonizer produces a char that is fed to the PFB and a low heating value fuel gas that is utilized in a topping combustion system. The topping combustor provides the means for achieving state-of-the-art turbine inlet temperatures and is the main contributor to enhancing the plant performance. An alternative is the partially coal, partially natural gas-fired air heater topping combustion cycle. In this cycle compressed air is preheated in an atmospheric pressure coal-fired boiler and its temperature raised further by burning natural gas in a topping gas turbine combustor. The coal fired boiler also generates steam for use in a cogeneration combined cycle. The conceptual design of the combustion turbine is presented.
A comparison between the HAT cycle and other gas-turbine based cycles: efficiency, specific power and water consumption Gallo, W. L. R. Energy Cmvers Mgmr, 1997, 38, (15-17) 1595-1604.
97104920
10 ENGINES Power Generation and Propulsion, Electrical Vehicles Analysis of a reheat gas turbine 97104916 cal recuperation using Aspen
cycle with chemi-
Harvey, S. and Kane, N. Energy Conver.r. Mgmf, 1997, 38, (15-17), 16711679. In recent times attention is being increasingly given to advanced cycle concepts that make use of one or more of the following performance enhancement modifications: compression intercooling, reheat expansion and exhaust heat recovery. Recent emphasis has fallen on the chemical heat recovery concept. The ‘waste’ heat in the turbine exhaust is used to convert
426
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
1997
Various gas-turbine based cycles with very different characteristics and complexities have arisen from the search for improved power cycles. In this work the HAT cycle (humid air turbine) is compared with the simple-cycle gas-turbine, the recuperated (and the intercooled-recuperated) gas-turbine cycles, the STIG (steam injection gas-turbines) and the combined-cycle. The comparison focuses on the needed water quality and consumption, as well as on performance and emissions. The efficiency and/or specific power production advantages of each analysed cycle are weighted against the cycle complexity, specific emissions and water needs. A differentiation is made between water circulation and water consumption. The possible best-range of applicability is addressed to each cycle, taking into account the power plant size and also the gas-turbine classical operating parameters as pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and operation profile.
Comparison number for a film-cooled
of predicted and experimental Nusselt rotating blade Garg, V. K. and Abhari, R. S. Heat and Fluid Flow, 1997, 18, (5) 452-460. 97104921
A comparison was made between the predictions from a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code and the Nusselt number data obtained on a filmcooled, rotating turbine blade. The blade chosen is the ACE rotor with five