- Email: [email protected]
04926 Evaluation of electric motor and gasoline engine hybrid car using solar cells
10 rows containing 93 film-cooling holes covering the entire span. The present work appears to be the first comparison of the prediction of surface heat transfer using a 3-D Navier-Stokes code with film injection and the measured heat flux on a fully film-cooled rotating transonic turbine blade. Fairly good agreement with measured data was obtained on the suction surface, particularly near the hub section. Yet prediction was poor on the pressure surface, perhaps due to the presence of unsteady effects caused by stator-rotor interaction in the experiments, which are not modelled in the present numerical computations.
Development of cumulative and availability rate balances in a multi-cylinder turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine
97104922
Rakopoulos, C. D. and Giakoumis, E. G. Energy Conver.s. Mgmr, 1997, 38, (4). 347-369. From the standpoint of a second law analysis, a multi-cylinder turbocharged Diesel engine is analysed via a single-zone thermodynamic model. A comprehensive digital computer program is developed, incorporating subroutines to simulate. for example, combustion, heat transfer, indirect fuel injection. mass flow through valves, turbocharger and aftercooler behaviour, and real multi-cylinder engine action. In comparison with data from an experimental investigation conducted at the authors’ laboratory, the model tested favourably. A second law analysis was performed in all parts of the engine, explicitly describing all the availability terms existing. It is thus possible to achieve a proper evaluation of every component’s irreversibilities, which for the present study are compressor, turbine, inlet, exhaust and combustion. The model was applied to a six-cylinder, turbocharged and aftercooled. indirect injection, four-stroke, medium-high speed diesel engine, installed at the authors’ laboratory. Availability rate and cumulative availability terms, with respect to crank angle, for all the processes encountered are presented in diagrams, which show the trends of the availability accumulation and destruction in every component during an engine cycle. Separate diagrams are presented for the main chamber and the pre-chamber and also for the closed and open parts of the cycle. Special attention is paid to the correct determination and explanation of the irreversibility quantification and second law efficiencies for every component and for the whole plant. It is demonstrated that the second law analysis offers a more comprehensive insight into the diesel engine processes, than its traditional first law counterpart.
Dynamic simulation and its applications to optimum operation support for advanced combined cycle plants
97104923
Akiyama, T. ef al. Energy Convers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (IS-17), 1709-1723. An advanced combined cycle (ACC) plant which is composed of gasturbines, heat recovery steam generators and a steam turbine is the subject of this article. The topics related to the total engineering simulation model for the ACC plant dynamics, the developed general simulation tools, the application for real time approval of the operation support system and the application for the ACC optimum start-up scheduling are presented.
Engines (power generation and propulsion,
building to charge the batteries by solar energy. The authors claim that the car can be used for practical applications. One day’s electric energy consumption can be supplied by a 1.6 kW solar cell system.
97104927 Exergy analysis tive cycle design
Test results for evaluating the chemical effects of aromatic components on soot formation in laminar diffusion flames and in an experimental diesel engine are presented. The objectives of the three sets of tests were to evaluate the sooting tendency of (1) binary mixtures of alkane and aromatic compounds, or alcohols and aromatic compounds, consumed in laminar diffusion flames; (2) various diesel-fuel blends consumed in laminar diffusion flames: and (3) binary mixtures of alkane and aromatic compounds consumed in a diesel engine. The results from the first set of tests showed that the sooting tendency of the binary mixtures is very sensitive to the proportion of aromatic compound. However, when the proportion of aromatic compound rose beyond about 10% (by volume), the flame released soot profusely, and further increases in aromatic proportion had no significant effect. The second set of tests showed that various diesel fuels with aromatic content between 17 and 29% resulted in a very high laminar flame sooting tendency for all the diesel fuels tested. These results are in qualitative agreement with those from the first set of tests. The third set of tests, conducted in an experimental engine. showed that the amount of exhaust particulates was insensitive to the proportion of aromatic compound, after variations in ignition delay had been accounted for; this is in contrast to the results from the first set, and it suggests that the greatly enhanced air-fuel mixing present in diesel engines tends to offset the effects of fuel structure on formation of particulates.
Endoreversible economics 97104925 De Vos, A. Energy Comers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (4), 311-317. A valuable tool in irreversible thermodynamic processes engineering is endoreversible modelling of heat engines. An analogous model is developed for economic processes. Evaluation of electric motor and gasoline engine hybrid car using solar cells Sasaki, K. el al. Solar Etlergv Materials and Solar Cells, 1997, 47, (l-4),
97104926
259-263. A hybrid car using power sources from both an electric motor and a gasoline engine, including solar cells on the roof and the bonnet was evaluated. An array of I.6 kW solar cells was installed on the top of a
tools for aspen applied to evapora-
Bram, S. and De Ruyck, J. Enew Convers. Mgmt, 1997,38, (15-l7), lhl31624. The authors present a general two-step approach for cycle development and finding optimal cycle layouts. Tools for applying this approach with ASPEN+ are presented. The technique is applied to evaporative gasturbine cycles with one intercooler stage, no reheat and no steam-turbine. Optimization of several evaporative cycle layouts is achieved by considering one single black box evaporative heat recovery system. The feasibility of each cycle is quantified by the exergy destruction and exergetic efficiency of the black box heat recovery system. After cycle optimization, insights provided by a composite curve analysis of the black box are used to guide the design for a feasible evaporative heat exchanger network. All cycle simulations are performed with ASPEN +. Two recently home-made ASPEN + subroutines are presented. One introduces the exergy concept in ASPEN ++hhe other generates composite curve. hence avoiding the use of ADVENT The analysis shows that optimal evaporative gas-turbine cycles yield performances similar to that of combined cycles. A new heat recovery system where the intercooler heat, the aftercooler heat and the turbine exhaust heat are recovered simultaneously, is disclosed (REVAP”).
97104928 Experimental investigation of the performance and exhaust emissions of a swirl chamber diesel engine using JP-8 aviation fuel Kouremenos, D. A. et al. Int. J. Energy Res., 1997, 21, (12), 1173-l 185. The potential of JP-8 aviation fuel as a full substitute for diesel fuel in a Ricardo E-6 high-speed naturally-aspirated four-stroke experimental engine having a swirl combustion chamber was assessed. The study covered a wide range of engine load and speed operating conditions. Processing of the measurements provides important performance parameters such as maximum combustion pressure, dynamic injection timing, ignition delay, combustion irregularity and knocking tendency. The differences in the measured performance and exhaust emission parameters are determined for engine operation with JP-8 fuel, against baseline engine operation using diesel fuel. The study shows that the exhaust emission levels are not much different for operation with the two fuels. On the contrary, operation with JP-8 fuel increases combustion pressures, combustion intensity and irregularity. This is caused mainly by high pressure fluctuations present in the fuel injection system due to the different physical properties of JP-8 fuel (compared to diesel fuel), which totally change the injection characteristics. Retardation of the static injection timing is one means of improving this situation, while using the same fuel injection equipment.
97104929 The effect of aromatic hydrocarbons on soot formation in laminar diffusion flames and in a diesel engine Ladommatos, N. et al. .I. Insfifure of Energy, September 1997, 70, 84-94. 97104924
electrical vehicles)
Gas turbine
system
China, K. and Wakana, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,338.262 [96,338,262] (Cl. F02C3/30), 24 Dee 1996, Appl. 951147,102, 14 Jun 1995. j pp. (In Japanese) The paper describes a gas turbine system for power generation using the byproduct liquid N from the manufacture of 0 from coal gasification combined-cycle power plants or steelmaking plants. The systemcomprises storing liquid N in a storage tank at high pressure state and supplying the N to the combustor of gas turbine after heating.
Importance of coal properties in selecting coals for 97lQ4930 blast furnace injection Hutny, W. P. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 19Y6, 13th, (I), 524-529. The paper presents essential data concerning coal combustion in ironmaking blast furnaces and proper criteria for evaluating and selecting of coals for injection during iron smelting. The design and operation of the experimental facility as well as the methodology of work are described.
97104931
Method for desulfurizing
of hot iron
Aida, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,337,807 [96,337,807] (Cl. C2lCl/O2), 24 Dee 1996, Appl. 951145,868, 13 Jun 1995, 6 pp. (Japan) The process involves injecting a desulfurizing agent with a carrier gas into a hot iron and blowing a reducing gas over the hot iron at a horizontal distance from the injection lance determined by the height of the pipe for blowing the reducing gas and the depth of the injecting lance for improved desulfurizing efficiency. The reducing gas is coal gas containing. H > 65, CHI < 43 and CO < 16%.
97104932
Modeling
HAT cycle and thermodynamic
evaluation
Xiao, Y. et al. Energy Comers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (l5-l7), 1605-1612. The focus of this paper lies in the correct representation of humidifier that is a key unit in the HAT cycle. Subsequently, an improved superstructure for the HAT cycle was proposed to improve the thermodynamic performance working at a wide range of pressure ratio. The configuration and parameters were optimized simultaneously. The results revealed that the optimal system can reach the minimum exergy losses match. The artificial assumptions based on intuition and locally thermodynamic analyses by previous researchers are harmful to the efficiency of HAT
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
1997
427
Development of cumulative and availability rate balances in a multi-cylinder turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine
97104922
Rakopoulos, C. D. and Giakoumis, E. G. Energy Conver.s. Mgmr, 1997, 38, (4). 347-369. From the standpoint of a second law analysis, a multi-cylinder turbocharged Diesel engine is analysed via a single-zone thermodynamic model. A comprehensive digital computer program is developed, incorporating subroutines to simulate. for example, combustion, heat transfer, indirect fuel injection. mass flow through valves, turbocharger and aftercooler behaviour, and real multi-cylinder engine action. In comparison with data from an experimental investigation conducted at the authors’ laboratory, the model tested favourably. A second law analysis was performed in all parts of the engine, explicitly describing all the availability terms existing. It is thus possible to achieve a proper evaluation of every component’s irreversibilities, which for the present study are compressor, turbine, inlet, exhaust and combustion. The model was applied to a six-cylinder, turbocharged and aftercooled. indirect injection, four-stroke, medium-high speed diesel engine, installed at the authors’ laboratory. Availability rate and cumulative availability terms, with respect to crank angle, for all the processes encountered are presented in diagrams, which show the trends of the availability accumulation and destruction in every component during an engine cycle. Separate diagrams are presented for the main chamber and the pre-chamber and also for the closed and open parts of the cycle. Special attention is paid to the correct determination and explanation of the irreversibility quantification and second law efficiencies for every component and for the whole plant. It is demonstrated that the second law analysis offers a more comprehensive insight into the diesel engine processes, than its traditional first law counterpart.
Dynamic simulation and its applications to optimum operation support for advanced combined cycle plants
97104923
Akiyama, T. ef al. Energy Convers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (IS-17), 1709-1723. An advanced combined cycle (ACC) plant which is composed of gasturbines, heat recovery steam generators and a steam turbine is the subject of this article. The topics related to the total engineering simulation model for the ACC plant dynamics, the developed general simulation tools, the application for real time approval of the operation support system and the application for the ACC optimum start-up scheduling are presented.
Engines (power generation and propulsion,
building to charge the batteries by solar energy. The authors claim that the car can be used for practical applications. One day’s electric energy consumption can be supplied by a 1.6 kW solar cell system.
97104927 Exergy analysis tive cycle design
Test results for evaluating the chemical effects of aromatic components on soot formation in laminar diffusion flames and in an experimental diesel engine are presented. The objectives of the three sets of tests were to evaluate the sooting tendency of (1) binary mixtures of alkane and aromatic compounds, or alcohols and aromatic compounds, consumed in laminar diffusion flames; (2) various diesel-fuel blends consumed in laminar diffusion flames: and (3) binary mixtures of alkane and aromatic compounds consumed in a diesel engine. The results from the first set of tests showed that the sooting tendency of the binary mixtures is very sensitive to the proportion of aromatic compound. However, when the proportion of aromatic compound rose beyond about 10% (by volume), the flame released soot profusely, and further increases in aromatic proportion had no significant effect. The second set of tests showed that various diesel fuels with aromatic content between 17 and 29% resulted in a very high laminar flame sooting tendency for all the diesel fuels tested. These results are in qualitative agreement with those from the first set of tests. The third set of tests, conducted in an experimental engine. showed that the amount of exhaust particulates was insensitive to the proportion of aromatic compound, after variations in ignition delay had been accounted for; this is in contrast to the results from the first set, and it suggests that the greatly enhanced air-fuel mixing present in diesel engines tends to offset the effects of fuel structure on formation of particulates.
Endoreversible economics 97104925 De Vos, A. Energy Comers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (4), 311-317. A valuable tool in irreversible thermodynamic processes engineering is endoreversible modelling of heat engines. An analogous model is developed for economic processes. Evaluation of electric motor and gasoline engine hybrid car using solar cells Sasaki, K. el al. Solar Etlergv Materials and Solar Cells, 1997, 47, (l-4),
97104926
259-263. A hybrid car using power sources from both an electric motor and a gasoline engine, including solar cells on the roof and the bonnet was evaluated. An array of I.6 kW solar cells was installed on the top of a
tools for aspen applied to evapora-
Bram, S. and De Ruyck, J. Enew Convers. Mgmt, 1997,38, (15-l7), lhl31624. The authors present a general two-step approach for cycle development and finding optimal cycle layouts. Tools for applying this approach with ASPEN+ are presented. The technique is applied to evaporative gasturbine cycles with one intercooler stage, no reheat and no steam-turbine. Optimization of several evaporative cycle layouts is achieved by considering one single black box evaporative heat recovery system. The feasibility of each cycle is quantified by the exergy destruction and exergetic efficiency of the black box heat recovery system. After cycle optimization, insights provided by a composite curve analysis of the black box are used to guide the design for a feasible evaporative heat exchanger network. All cycle simulations are performed with ASPEN +. Two recently home-made ASPEN + subroutines are presented. One introduces the exergy concept in ASPEN ++hhe other generates composite curve. hence avoiding the use of ADVENT The analysis shows that optimal evaporative gas-turbine cycles yield performances similar to that of combined cycles. A new heat recovery system where the intercooler heat, the aftercooler heat and the turbine exhaust heat are recovered simultaneously, is disclosed (REVAP”).
97104928 Experimental investigation of the performance and exhaust emissions of a swirl chamber diesel engine using JP-8 aviation fuel Kouremenos, D. A. et al. Int. J. Energy Res., 1997, 21, (12), 1173-l 185. The potential of JP-8 aviation fuel as a full substitute for diesel fuel in a Ricardo E-6 high-speed naturally-aspirated four-stroke experimental engine having a swirl combustion chamber was assessed. The study covered a wide range of engine load and speed operating conditions. Processing of the measurements provides important performance parameters such as maximum combustion pressure, dynamic injection timing, ignition delay, combustion irregularity and knocking tendency. The differences in the measured performance and exhaust emission parameters are determined for engine operation with JP-8 fuel, against baseline engine operation using diesel fuel. The study shows that the exhaust emission levels are not much different for operation with the two fuels. On the contrary, operation with JP-8 fuel increases combustion pressures, combustion intensity and irregularity. This is caused mainly by high pressure fluctuations present in the fuel injection system due to the different physical properties of JP-8 fuel (compared to diesel fuel), which totally change the injection characteristics. Retardation of the static injection timing is one means of improving this situation, while using the same fuel injection equipment.
97104929 The effect of aromatic hydrocarbons on soot formation in laminar diffusion flames and in a diesel engine Ladommatos, N. et al. .I. Insfifure of Energy, September 1997, 70, 84-94. 97104924
electrical vehicles)
Gas turbine
system
China, K. and Wakana, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,338.262 [96,338,262] (Cl. F02C3/30), 24 Dee 1996, Appl. 951147,102, 14 Jun 1995. j pp. (In Japanese) The paper describes a gas turbine system for power generation using the byproduct liquid N from the manufacture of 0 from coal gasification combined-cycle power plants or steelmaking plants. The systemcomprises storing liquid N in a storage tank at high pressure state and supplying the N to the combustor of gas turbine after heating.
Importance of coal properties in selecting coals for 97lQ4930 blast furnace injection Hutny, W. P. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 19Y6, 13th, (I), 524-529. The paper presents essential data concerning coal combustion in ironmaking blast furnaces and proper criteria for evaluating and selecting of coals for injection during iron smelting. The design and operation of the experimental facility as well as the methodology of work are described.
97104931
Method for desulfurizing
of hot iron
Aida, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,337,807 [96,337,807] (Cl. C2lCl/O2), 24 Dee 1996, Appl. 951145,868, 13 Jun 1995, 6 pp. (Japan) The process involves injecting a desulfurizing agent with a carrier gas into a hot iron and blowing a reducing gas over the hot iron at a horizontal distance from the injection lance determined by the height of the pipe for blowing the reducing gas and the depth of the injecting lance for improved desulfurizing efficiency. The reducing gas is coal gas containing. H > 65, CHI < 43 and CO < 16%.
97104932
Modeling
HAT cycle and thermodynamic
evaluation
Xiao, Y. et al. Energy Comers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (l5-l7), 1605-1612. The focus of this paper lies in the correct representation of humidifier that is a key unit in the HAT cycle. Subsequently, an improved superstructure for the HAT cycle was proposed to improve the thermodynamic performance working at a wide range of pressure ratio. The configuration and parameters were optimized simultaneously. The results revealed that the optimal system can reach the minimum exergy losses match. The artificial assumptions based on intuition and locally thermodynamic analyses by previous researchers are harmful to the efficiency of HAT
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
1997
427