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05237 Waste not, want not: the private and social costs of waste-to-energy production
18
Energy conversion and recycling
method is applied to energy conversion technologies taking into account entire environmental aspects. If the assessment criteria are chosen for sustainability the result is a technology using renewable energy carriers.
97105236
Sustainable
energy strategies
down under
Anon Energy World, June 1Y97, 250, 15. The New South Wales government has established a new agency to encourage and promote the use of sustainable energy. The Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) aims to create markets for energy efficiency, cogeneration and renewahles and has a budget of $39 million dollars with which to fulfil this charter. Its first project is named the Energy Smart Buildings programme, with the objective of reducing energy use in government buildings by 25% by the year 2005. Other programmes include Energy Star, a measure to halve the level of commercial energy used to run office equipment, and the investment of $1 million in small-scale cogeneration projects, bringing projected annual savings of $50 million to the State’s energy hill.
Waste not, want not: the private and social costs of 97105237 waste-to-energy production Miranda, M. L. and Hale, B. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (6), 587-600. Waste-to-energy (WTE) production technologies are evolving rapidly and their implementation is being considered by communities and even whole countries. Unlike other energy sources, waste-to-energy plants have two objectives. In addition to generating useful energy, these plants are designed to ensure the safe and effective disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). Energy production and solid waste management both involve complicated and large-scale production processes which generate suhstantial environmental impacts. Traditional analysis of the desirability of adopting WTE technology has compared its costs and benefits either to other forms of energy production or to other forms of solid waste management. Traditional analysis also tends to focus on private production costs with limited consideration of broader social environmental impacts. Using data from Germany, Sweden, the UK and the US, this paper bundles together the energy generation and waste disposal services offered by WTE and estimates the associated private production and social environmental costs. In so doing, this economic study provides insight into whether WTE plants can compete on the energy production side with fossil-fuel-fired plants and on the waste management side with landfill disposal.
Bricks
by
recycling.
Product
design
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 1997
Co-combustion
H.
and Frankenhaeuser.
4 15-424. Mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration or fuel recovery for cocombustion can be performed in order to recover the energy of used materials. Recovered fuels are refuse-derived fuel (RDF), which is mechanically separated and processed from MSW. and packaging-derived fuel (PDF), which is the source separated.. processed, dry comhustihle part of MSW. A l-year co-combustion of RDF with peat and coal was carried out in a 65-MW CFB power plant at Kauttua. Finland. The efficiency of the combustion process and the corrosion hehaviour of the boiler were particular focuses of attention. Five different PDFs were also co-comhusted in the same power plant. Results were encouraging, showing that RDF and PDFs are technically and economically feasible and environmentally friendly fuels for co-combustion. The paper concluded that it is useful and technically possible to combine resource and waste management in the form of fuel recovery and energy production in the normal power plants.
97105240 Continuous bench-scale studies in coprocessing of waste organics with coal 1996, 13, (I). Pradhan, V. R. et al. Proc. Amu. lm. Pittshurfilt Coal Conf.. 308-313. The plastic waste generated, amounting to ahout 20 million tons, is discarded after use and end up in sanitary landfills. With existing recycle efforts, only 4% of the waste plastics are re-used. Waste plastics occupy about 21% by volume of US landfills. These can he co-processed with either a coal feedstock or a combined coal/oil feedstock to produce clean transportation fuels and to recover the starting chemicals used for production of new plastics. The two-stage co-processing system of Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc. has successfully generated premium liquid products using only dispersed catalysts and these feedstocks. The addition of waste plastics to the normal coal/oil co-processing or oil upgrading system results in a significant improvement in process performance and a reduction in product costs as compared to oil upgrading or coal/oil co processing. An equivalent crude oil price of $20.48/barrel has heen achieved, putting this technology close to the range of commercialization.
97105241
Recycling
process for plastic wastes
97105242 Thermogravitational diffusion and industrial ecology: bases for recovering a wasted energy Costeseque, P. and Jamet, P. Enrropie, 1996, 32, (198/199). I IY-124 (In based
on
Sevelius, D. Key Eng. Marer., 1997, 132-136, (Pt. 3, Euro Ceramics V), 2272-2275. From the viewpoint of a ceramic designer, the utilization of sewage sludge, fly ash, and recycled glass for manufacturing by bricks and tiles is briefly discussed.
454
of recycled RDF and PDF fuels M. Solid Waste Mauap.; Therm. Treat. Waste-to-Energy Technol.. Proc. Int. Spec. Conf., 1995, (Pub. 1996).
Manninen,
Bauer, S. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 792,927 (Cl. ClOGl/lO). 3 Sep 1997, BE Appl. Y6/175,29 Feh 1996, 8 pp. (In French) Under an inert atmosphere at >3Oo’C, plastic wastes comprising mainly PVC are mixed with a heavy oil. The hydrochloric acid evolved is captured and the remaining material is cracked at >4OO”C. The cracking gas and the residual coked solids are recovered. The process produces light oils and diesel fuels and such a method is suitable for recovering fuels from mineral water bottles.
18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING 97105238 waste
97105239
French) The potential of thermogravitational diffusion, though it has not yet been used for specific industrial applications, appears interesting for application in separation processes. The fact that this physical phenomenon can use low enthalpy fluids as thermal engine, favours use in a sustainable industry. However, the low production fluxes obtained with this diffusional process show that it must be applied to high added-value separations.
Energy conversion and recycling
method is applied to energy conversion technologies taking into account entire environmental aspects. If the assessment criteria are chosen for sustainability the result is a technology using renewable energy carriers.
97105236
Sustainable
energy strategies
down under
Anon Energy World, June 1Y97, 250, 15. The New South Wales government has established a new agency to encourage and promote the use of sustainable energy. The Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) aims to create markets for energy efficiency, cogeneration and renewahles and has a budget of $39 million dollars with which to fulfil this charter. Its first project is named the Energy Smart Buildings programme, with the objective of reducing energy use in government buildings by 25% by the year 2005. Other programmes include Energy Star, a measure to halve the level of commercial energy used to run office equipment, and the investment of $1 million in small-scale cogeneration projects, bringing projected annual savings of $50 million to the State’s energy hill.
Waste not, want not: the private and social costs of 97105237 waste-to-energy production Miranda, M. L. and Hale, B. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (6), 587-600. Waste-to-energy (WTE) production technologies are evolving rapidly and their implementation is being considered by communities and even whole countries. Unlike other energy sources, waste-to-energy plants have two objectives. In addition to generating useful energy, these plants are designed to ensure the safe and effective disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). Energy production and solid waste management both involve complicated and large-scale production processes which generate suhstantial environmental impacts. Traditional analysis of the desirability of adopting WTE technology has compared its costs and benefits either to other forms of energy production or to other forms of solid waste management. Traditional analysis also tends to focus on private production costs with limited consideration of broader social environmental impacts. Using data from Germany, Sweden, the UK and the US, this paper bundles together the energy generation and waste disposal services offered by WTE and estimates the associated private production and social environmental costs. In so doing, this economic study provides insight into whether WTE plants can compete on the energy production side with fossil-fuel-fired plants and on the waste management side with landfill disposal.
Bricks
by
recycling.
Product
design
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 1997
Co-combustion
H.
and Frankenhaeuser.
4 15-424. Mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration or fuel recovery for cocombustion can be performed in order to recover the energy of used materials. Recovered fuels are refuse-derived fuel (RDF), which is mechanically separated and processed from MSW. and packaging-derived fuel (PDF), which is the source separated.. processed, dry comhustihle part of MSW. A l-year co-combustion of RDF with peat and coal was carried out in a 65-MW CFB power plant at Kauttua. Finland. The efficiency of the combustion process and the corrosion hehaviour of the boiler were particular focuses of attention. Five different PDFs were also co-comhusted in the same power plant. Results were encouraging, showing that RDF and PDFs are technically and economically feasible and environmentally friendly fuels for co-combustion. The paper concluded that it is useful and technically possible to combine resource and waste management in the form of fuel recovery and energy production in the normal power plants.
97105240 Continuous bench-scale studies in coprocessing of waste organics with coal 1996, 13, (I). Pradhan, V. R. et al. Proc. Amu. lm. Pittshurfilt Coal Conf.. 308-313. The plastic waste generated, amounting to ahout 20 million tons, is discarded after use and end up in sanitary landfills. With existing recycle efforts, only 4% of the waste plastics are re-used. Waste plastics occupy about 21% by volume of US landfills. These can he co-processed with either a coal feedstock or a combined coal/oil feedstock to produce clean transportation fuels and to recover the starting chemicals used for production of new plastics. The two-stage co-processing system of Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc. has successfully generated premium liquid products using only dispersed catalysts and these feedstocks. The addition of waste plastics to the normal coal/oil co-processing or oil upgrading system results in a significant improvement in process performance and a reduction in product costs as compared to oil upgrading or coal/oil co processing. An equivalent crude oil price of $20.48/barrel has heen achieved, putting this technology close to the range of commercialization.
97105241
Recycling
process for plastic wastes
97105242 Thermogravitational diffusion and industrial ecology: bases for recovering a wasted energy Costeseque, P. and Jamet, P. Enrropie, 1996, 32, (198/199). I IY-124 (In based
on
Sevelius, D. Key Eng. Marer., 1997, 132-136, (Pt. 3, Euro Ceramics V), 2272-2275. From the viewpoint of a ceramic designer, the utilization of sewage sludge, fly ash, and recycled glass for manufacturing by bricks and tiles is briefly discussed.
454
of recycled RDF and PDF fuels M. Solid Waste Mauap.; Therm. Treat. Waste-to-Energy Technol.. Proc. Int. Spec. Conf., 1995, (Pub. 1996).
Manninen,
Bauer, S. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 792,927 (Cl. ClOGl/lO). 3 Sep 1997, BE Appl. Y6/175,29 Feh 1996, 8 pp. (In French) Under an inert atmosphere at >3Oo’C, plastic wastes comprising mainly PVC are mixed with a heavy oil. The hydrochloric acid evolved is captured and the remaining material is cracked at >4OO”C. The cracking gas and the residual coked solids are recovered. The process produces light oils and diesel fuels and such a method is suitable for recovering fuels from mineral water bottles.
18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING 97105238 waste
97105239
French) The potential of thermogravitational diffusion, though it has not yet been used for specific industrial applications, appears interesting for application in separation processes. The fact that this physical phenomenon can use low enthalpy fluids as thermal engine, favours use in a sustainable industry. However, the low production fluxes obtained with this diffusional process show that it must be applied to high added-value separations.