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00048 Apparatus and process for fluidized-bed drying and separation of coal
07
further drying leads to intercalation compound ‘coal-MOH’ formation. This work has demonstrated that reorganization of over-molecular structure for all investigated coals is found. Emphasis is put on brown coal of (Cd”’ 73.6%) and anthracite (Cd”’ 95.2%) as extreme representatives rank coals. 98100038 Structural comparison of hazardous and nonhazardous coals based on gas sorption experiments Lakatas, _I.er al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume I), 79-82. COz and CxHx sorption at ambient temperature was compared and the results were used for characterizing the difference of the structure of hazardous and non-hazardous coals. Hazardous coals were found to be more microporous or contain more closed pores than non-hazardous ones, but this difference could not be enlarged and attributed to one petrographical component by producing the density fractions. Gas sorption isobars (N?, CH.,, CxHx) are proposed to make a distinction between fine pure structure of coals. 98~00039 Structural rearrangement of strained coals Larsen, J. W. et al. Energy Fuels, 1997, 11, (5), 998-1002. Native coals are strained and glassy. This strain is relieved when coals are swollen as the coal structure rearranges to a lower free energy and more highly non-covalently associated state. Testing was carried out on four coals ranging in carbon content from 77% to 84%. They were warmed in the weak swelling solvent chlorobenzene at 132°C for 2 weeks, and at intervals samples were withdrawn. After chlorobenzene evaporation, the pyridine extractability of the treated coals had decreased, sometimes by a factor of two. The pyridine swelling of Pittsburgh No. 8 coal was sharply reduced. The extractability and swelling decreases with time demonstrate that changes in coal structure occurred with the rearranged coal being more associated. The rearranged Pittsburgh No. 8 coal was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that over the 2-week chlorobenzene reflux period, the heat capacity decreased by a factor of 2; the coal had rearranged to a more highly associated, more rigid structure. X-ray diffraction studies show_ enhanced i,ltensity for a regular structural feature occurring at about 20 A with no other alterations, including the aromatic face-to-face stacking. The conditions defy increases in covalent bonding as the source of the observed changes. The driving force for the rearrangement is believed to be the release of stored elastic strain. Coal swelling provides the macromolecules with the opportunity to undergo conformational rearrangements and to adopt a lower free energy more highly associated structure. In the case of high-rank Upper Freeport coal behaviour is contrasting to lower rank coal, as it apparently rearranges to a less associated structure. 9aiooo40 Structural study of Ostrava-Karvina bituminous coals Straka, P. and Buchtule, J. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume l), 243-246. A study into the important structural features of three hard coals of the Ostrava-Karvina coal basin and their maceral fractions. Solid-state NMR results revealed the aromaticity and the fraction of aromatic bridgehead/ inner carbon. Based on these results, the cluster size was estimated to be between 3-5 rings. In coal fractions, 32-48% of 0 was in aryl hydroxy compounds, only small amounts in carbonyl groups and the rest was found as ethers and furans. Therefore, hydroxy and etheric forms dominated. In addition, the molecular component/mobil phase of coals was investigated by supercritical fluid chromatography with CO*. Alkanes ClO-C24 were found to be in mobil low-molecule phase.
98100041 Structural study on Chinese bituminous Zao Zhuang coal Nomura, M. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997,9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume l), 159-162. The choice of Chinese bituminous coal, Zao Zhuang coal. for this studv is explained first of all. The RICO (Ru ion catalysed oxidation) reaction &as performed to reveal the aliphatic portion of this coal. Its 13C NMR measurement and Curie-point pyrolysis were carried out to evaluate the frame structure by referring to the structural information accumulated so far. Considering previous experimental results on this coal, it was possible to discuss the covalent and non-covalent bonding properties of the Zao Zhuang coal. 98100042 Studies on reactivity of coal surfaces at low temperature Yamada, 0. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996,33, 177180. (In Japanese) Using “O2 in a closed system equipped with a circulator, Miike coal was quantitatively oxidized at 150°C. Gas evolution during oxidation was monitored by mass spectrometer (MS). The surface reactivity was investigated by pulverizing the oxidized coal under vacuum. Out gas composition was monitored by MS. Water and carbon monoxide were main products in both oxidation and pulverization. Changes in coal surface before and after oxidation was observed by an environment controlled atmospheric force microscope (AFM). No pure structure was observed under inert atmosphere and a slight surface deformation was detected when coal surface was exposed to oxygen.
Solid fuels (preparation)
9alooo43 Study of organic sulfur functionalities in coal by thermal analysis Maes, I. I. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume l), 143-146. The organic sulfur distribution in a suite of vitrinite concentrates covering a wide coal rank region was employed to monitor the atmospheric pressure temperature-programmed reduction (AP-TPR) technique. Nine Polish coals were chosen, ranging from sub-bituminous to anthracite, from which vitrinite samples were separated to study the organic sulfur groups without the interference of minerals. 9aiooo44 Study on stacking structure of carbon-atom layers in coals by X-ray RDF method Zhang, D. et al. Ranliao Hunrue Xuebao, 1997, 25, (4), 368-372. (In Chinese) In coal macromolecules the ordered carbon atoms are in the form of hexagonal aromatic carbon, alicyclic carbon and their closest side chain aliphatic carbon, etc. According to the theory of X-ray RDF, a new method studying the stacking structure of carbon-atom layers in coals was developed. The probability of N carbon-atom layers stacking is proportional to the jump of its G(r) function in relative interlayer distance. The paper studied the structural parameters of coal macromolecules of three vitrinites in different ranks using the new method. The parameters include the fraction of ordered carbon, a fraction of alicyclic carbon, probability of N carbon-atom layers stacking and height of stacking.
98100045
Sulfur compound types in Bulgarian lignite extracts Marinov, S. P. and Stefanova, M. D. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume l), 235-238. Organic sulfur compounds can be determined by their specific chemical derivatization-oxidation/reduction-which resulted in functional group differentiation. Aliphatic S types were determined by a combination of IR spectroscopy and selective oxidation. These were much more easily oxidized than thiophenes, changing from sulfides to sulfoxides and resulted in a distinct band at 1035 cm- m the IR spectrum. The thiols and disulfides were measured by HI reduction while thiophenes and aromatic sulfides were calculated by difference. Some peculiarities for S distribution in two lignite extracts under study were illustrated by experimental results. 9alooQ46 Trace element geochemistry of the Obed Mountain deposit coals, Alberta, Canada Gentzis, T. and Goodarzi, F. Fuel, 1997, 76, (14/15), 1491-1501. The elemental concentrations and vertical variation of coal seams from the Obed Mountain deposit, Alberta Foothills, Canada were studied. The results and their implications are presented in detail.
Preparation
Active carbon precursors modified by nitrogen 98/00047 function incorporation Bimer, J. el al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3), 1819-1822. Nitrogenating reagents were used to treat lignite and sub-bituminous coal. The amount of incorporated N corresponded, on the whole, to the carboxyl group content in the substrates. The reactions of coals with urea appeared more efficient. The products yields and their N contents suggest the chemistry of these reactions involving not only urea itself, but also its thermal transformation products.
9aiooo48 Apparatus and process for fluidized-bed drying and separation of coal Yokomizo, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,194,848 [97,194,848] (Cl. ClOB57/10), 29 Jul 1997, Appl. 9616,464, 18 Jan 1996, 8 pp. (In Japanese) A dispersion plate is located between a plenum chamber and a free board, with a drop in the downstream end and partition plates at the position of the drop in the plenum chamber and the free board so that coal flows. Coal is fed onto the dispersion plate, dried and classified by low-moisture heated gas blowing upward from the plenum chamber to the free board on the first step of the dispersion plate. It is then cooled and classified by low-moisture room-temperature gas or heated by low-moisture high-temperature gas blowing upward from the plenum chamber. The apparatus can cool and/or quickly heat dried-classified coal without microparticle generation. 9aiooo49
Biological processing of coal and carbonaceous material Catcheside, D. E. A. and Ralph, J. P. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume l), 11-18. The biological solubilization and conversion of coal, especially low-rank coal, is discussed. Some fungi with lignin-degrading enzymes are able to depolymerize coal macromolecules under aerobic conditions. However, specific coal degradation products were not found in cultures, but in lignin peroxidase-treated solubilized and methylated coal, suggesting a catabolic uptake of coal by cells. A possible route for coal conversion to low-
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1996
5
further drying leads to intercalation compound ‘coal-MOH’ formation. This work has demonstrated that reorganization of over-molecular structure for all investigated coals is found. Emphasis is put on brown coal of (Cd”’ 73.6%) and anthracite (Cd”’ 95.2%) as extreme representatives rank coals. 98100038 Structural comparison of hazardous and nonhazardous coals based on gas sorption experiments Lakatas, _I.er al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume I), 79-82. COz and CxHx sorption at ambient temperature was compared and the results were used for characterizing the difference of the structure of hazardous and non-hazardous coals. Hazardous coals were found to be more microporous or contain more closed pores than non-hazardous ones, but this difference could not be enlarged and attributed to one petrographical component by producing the density fractions. Gas sorption isobars (N?, CH.,, CxHx) are proposed to make a distinction between fine pure structure of coals. 98~00039 Structural rearrangement of strained coals Larsen, J. W. et al. Energy Fuels, 1997, 11, (5), 998-1002. Native coals are strained and glassy. This strain is relieved when coals are swollen as the coal structure rearranges to a lower free energy and more highly non-covalently associated state. Testing was carried out on four coals ranging in carbon content from 77% to 84%. They were warmed in the weak swelling solvent chlorobenzene at 132°C for 2 weeks, and at intervals samples were withdrawn. After chlorobenzene evaporation, the pyridine extractability of the treated coals had decreased, sometimes by a factor of two. The pyridine swelling of Pittsburgh No. 8 coal was sharply reduced. The extractability and swelling decreases with time demonstrate that changes in coal structure occurred with the rearranged coal being more associated. The rearranged Pittsburgh No. 8 coal was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that over the 2-week chlorobenzene reflux period, the heat capacity decreased by a factor of 2; the coal had rearranged to a more highly associated, more rigid structure. X-ray diffraction studies show_ enhanced i,ltensity for a regular structural feature occurring at about 20 A with no other alterations, including the aromatic face-to-face stacking. The conditions defy increases in covalent bonding as the source of the observed changes. The driving force for the rearrangement is believed to be the release of stored elastic strain. Coal swelling provides the macromolecules with the opportunity to undergo conformational rearrangements and to adopt a lower free energy more highly associated structure. In the case of high-rank Upper Freeport coal behaviour is contrasting to lower rank coal, as it apparently rearranges to a less associated structure. 9aiooo40 Structural study of Ostrava-Karvina bituminous coals Straka, P. and Buchtule, J. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume l), 243-246. A study into the important structural features of three hard coals of the Ostrava-Karvina coal basin and their maceral fractions. Solid-state NMR results revealed the aromaticity and the fraction of aromatic bridgehead/ inner carbon. Based on these results, the cluster size was estimated to be between 3-5 rings. In coal fractions, 32-48% of 0 was in aryl hydroxy compounds, only small amounts in carbonyl groups and the rest was found as ethers and furans. Therefore, hydroxy and etheric forms dominated. In addition, the molecular component/mobil phase of coals was investigated by supercritical fluid chromatography with CO*. Alkanes ClO-C24 were found to be in mobil low-molecule phase.
98100041 Structural study on Chinese bituminous Zao Zhuang coal Nomura, M. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997,9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume l), 159-162. The choice of Chinese bituminous coal, Zao Zhuang coal. for this studv is explained first of all. The RICO (Ru ion catalysed oxidation) reaction &as performed to reveal the aliphatic portion of this coal. Its 13C NMR measurement and Curie-point pyrolysis were carried out to evaluate the frame structure by referring to the structural information accumulated so far. Considering previous experimental results on this coal, it was possible to discuss the covalent and non-covalent bonding properties of the Zao Zhuang coal. 98100042 Studies on reactivity of coal surfaces at low temperature Yamada, 0. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996,33, 177180. (In Japanese) Using “O2 in a closed system equipped with a circulator, Miike coal was quantitatively oxidized at 150°C. Gas evolution during oxidation was monitored by mass spectrometer (MS). The surface reactivity was investigated by pulverizing the oxidized coal under vacuum. Out gas composition was monitored by MS. Water and carbon monoxide were main products in both oxidation and pulverization. Changes in coal surface before and after oxidation was observed by an environment controlled atmospheric force microscope (AFM). No pure structure was observed under inert atmosphere and a slight surface deformation was detected when coal surface was exposed to oxygen.
Solid fuels (preparation)
9alooo43 Study of organic sulfur functionalities in coal by thermal analysis Maes, I. I. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume l), 143-146. The organic sulfur distribution in a suite of vitrinite concentrates covering a wide coal rank region was employed to monitor the atmospheric pressure temperature-programmed reduction (AP-TPR) technique. Nine Polish coals were chosen, ranging from sub-bituminous to anthracite, from which vitrinite samples were separated to study the organic sulfur groups without the interference of minerals. 9aiooo44 Study on stacking structure of carbon-atom layers in coals by X-ray RDF method Zhang, D. et al. Ranliao Hunrue Xuebao, 1997, 25, (4), 368-372. (In Chinese) In coal macromolecules the ordered carbon atoms are in the form of hexagonal aromatic carbon, alicyclic carbon and their closest side chain aliphatic carbon, etc. According to the theory of X-ray RDF, a new method studying the stacking structure of carbon-atom layers in coals was developed. The probability of N carbon-atom layers stacking is proportional to the jump of its G(r) function in relative interlayer distance. The paper studied the structural parameters of coal macromolecules of three vitrinites in different ranks using the new method. The parameters include the fraction of ordered carbon, a fraction of alicyclic carbon, probability of N carbon-atom layers stacking and height of stacking.
98100045
Sulfur compound types in Bulgarian lignite extracts Marinov, S. P. and Stefanova, M. D. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume l), 235-238. Organic sulfur compounds can be determined by their specific chemical derivatization-oxidation/reduction-which resulted in functional group differentiation. Aliphatic S types were determined by a combination of IR spectroscopy and selective oxidation. These were much more easily oxidized than thiophenes, changing from sulfides to sulfoxides and resulted in a distinct band at 1035 cm- m the IR spectrum. The thiols and disulfides were measured by HI reduction while thiophenes and aromatic sulfides were calculated by difference. Some peculiarities for S distribution in two lignite extracts under study were illustrated by experimental results. 9alooQ46 Trace element geochemistry of the Obed Mountain deposit coals, Alberta, Canada Gentzis, T. and Goodarzi, F. Fuel, 1997, 76, (14/15), 1491-1501. The elemental concentrations and vertical variation of coal seams from the Obed Mountain deposit, Alberta Foothills, Canada were studied. The results and their implications are presented in detail.
Preparation
Active carbon precursors modified by nitrogen 98/00047 function incorporation Bimer, J. el al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3), 1819-1822. Nitrogenating reagents were used to treat lignite and sub-bituminous coal. The amount of incorporated N corresponded, on the whole, to the carboxyl group content in the substrates. The reactions of coals with urea appeared more efficient. The products yields and their N contents suggest the chemistry of these reactions involving not only urea itself, but also its thermal transformation products.
9aiooo48 Apparatus and process for fluidized-bed drying and separation of coal Yokomizo, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,194,848 [97,194,848] (Cl. ClOB57/10), 29 Jul 1997, Appl. 9616,464, 18 Jan 1996, 8 pp. (In Japanese) A dispersion plate is located between a plenum chamber and a free board, with a drop in the downstream end and partition plates at the position of the drop in the plenum chamber and the free board so that coal flows. Coal is fed onto the dispersion plate, dried and classified by low-moisture heated gas blowing upward from the plenum chamber to the free board on the first step of the dispersion plate. It is then cooled and classified by low-moisture room-temperature gas or heated by low-moisture high-temperature gas blowing upward from the plenum chamber. The apparatus can cool and/or quickly heat dried-classified coal without microparticle generation. 9aiooo49
Biological processing of coal and carbonaceous material Catcheside, D. E. A. and Ralph, J. P. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume l), 11-18. The biological solubilization and conversion of coal, especially low-rank coal, is discussed. Some fungi with lignin-degrading enzymes are able to depolymerize coal macromolecules under aerobic conditions. However, specific coal degradation products were not found in cultures, but in lignin peroxidase-treated solubilized and methylated coal, suggesting a catabolic uptake of coal by cells. A possible route for coal conversion to low-
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1996
5