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00112 Coke loss during dry quenching, its mechanisms and causes, and determination
01
Solid fuels (derived solid fuels)
Investment practices in Australian coal-the prac98/00104 tice and profit of quasi-integration in the Australia-Japan coal trade Colley, P. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (12), 1013-1025. The Australian coal industry has frequently been described as a perpetual case of ‘profitless prosperity’. This problem is usually attributed to government charges on the industry and to labour costs, in industry literature. However, these alleged problems do not appear to have diminished the enthusiasm for new investment in the industry. This study argues that a more complete explanation must look at who is investing in the Australian coal industry, what the rationale for those investments is, how they are financed and what their specific profitability is. The particular examination made here is of the quasi-integration investment practices of Japanese trading, steel and power companies-easily the largest group of buyers in the international coal trade. The close co-operation between Japanese government and business in this strategic raw materials industry is documented, as are the methods of subsidized investment. An examination of the financial performance of these companies’ Australian coal investments shows that the profitability of their investments is significantly below that of most other investors in Australian mining over a recent 5-year period. Taken together, there is significant support for the conclusion that a process of co-ordinated quasi-integration has taken place and that the principal aim of such investments has not been to make profits from coalmining. These results should make other prospective investors reconsider the benefits of quasi-integration, and should also be a public policy issue for Australian governments seeking to encourage the development of ‘profitable prosperity’ in the Australian coal industry. Peat industry in the Ukraine 98100105 Yurchenko, V. I. Ugol’ (ikr., 1997, (I), 48-50. (In Russian) The paper discusses peat reserves, production potential, and production methods in the Ukraine.
98lOO106 Narasimban,
Utility of coal water slurry technology in India K. S. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Uril. Fuel Syst., 1997, 22,
843-852.
The 44,000 MW installed thermal power in India currently has a realization of about 60%. Performance is low due to the low plant load factor (PLF) of old and small power plants. The poor quality of coal used in such stations is considered a major contributing factor to this low PLF. Therefore, renovation and modernization of such utilities are necessary. To this end, retrofitting with one or the other concept of clean coal technologies is to be considered. In this paper the options among coal-water slurry (CWS) G-dvis Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and Pressurized Fluid Bed Combustion (PFBC) are examined. Analysis indicates that CWS technology is more profitable in terms of the investment and the unit cost of additional power generation compare3 with other options. The specific investment cost for such a retrofit is far below the green field site capital investment of even for conventional pulverized fuel technology.
Derived Solid Fuels
The blast-furnace coke manufacture method with 98100107 binder addition Kato, K. and Matsueda, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,241,653 [97,241,653] (Cl. ClOB57/04), 16 Sep 1997, Appl. 96154,361, 12 Mar 1996, 6 pp. (In Japanese) High-strength blast-furnace coke is manufactured by mixing a coal blend containing O-60 wt% non-slightly caking coal with a heavy fraction of tar as the binder and then coking the mixture. A coal tar fraction is distilled at 200-350°C to recover a hiavy fraction containing hexane solubles ~20, hexane insolubles and toluene solubles 40-80, and toluene insolubles O-40 wt%, which produces the binder.
Blending high sulfur coal with refuse derived fuel 98lOO108 to make SOP compliant slurry fuels Klosky, M. and Anderson, C. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst.,
98lOOllO Changes of the graphite crystallite sizes of coalderived materials as a result of heat treatment to 2500°C Dlugosz, A. et al. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1996, 41, (3), 82-85. (In Polish) The results of the investigation of increase in crystallite size formed on petroleum coke and blast furnace coke are presented and the crystallites formed on graphite electrodes by heat treatment were analysed. The size of crystallites in all investigated material treated at 1400°C was similar and in the range of 4.0-6.3 nm. When the graphitizing temperature was 1850°C fundamental differences were observed. In the same material can be observed several areas with different susceptibility to graphitizing and a difference in the graphitizing degree of particular areas still exist at 2500°C. 98lOOlll Coal properties-measurement and application to cokemaking Huntington, H. D. Iron Steel Eng., 1997, 74, (ll), 28-31. Up to the point when it is charged as coke to the blast furnace, coke quality can be optimized in a number of ways and this is becoming increasingly important as economics drive blast furnace operators to reduce coke rates. This requires careful selection of coals and formulation of blends, together with regular monitoring of the quality of coals destined for the coke plant. 98100112 Coke loss during dry quenching, its mechanisms and causes, and determination Przybylak, A. et al. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1996, 41, (I I), 454-457. (In Polish) 98lOO113 Coke quality improvement. Possibilities and limitations Vander, T. et al. Int. Cokemaking Congr. Proc., Srd, 1996, 28-37. The paper presents the maximum attainable coke qualities found in Europe in terms of the commonly-used coke quality indexes in Europe i.e.: 140,110, 120, M40, MlO, micum slope, CSR and CRI. The properties are mainly determined by the coal blend and, to a lesser extent, by carbonization conditions. Coke quality improvement generally leads to an increase in cost. Although coke cost is dependent upon local circumstances, the authors attempt to quantify the relationship between coke quality and cost for those coke plants that import coals from all over the world.
Coke quality inspection and control at the Nova Hut 98lOO114 Ostrava based on the Al-neuron expert system Machek, V. et al. Int. Cokemaking Congr. Proc., 3rd. 1996, 38-45. Optimization of the blast furnace coke parameters requires not only a more objective and realistic assessment of the coke feasibility for the blast furnace process, but also a mathematical quantification of the relations between the utilized coal properties and the produced coke. In addition to statistical prediction models a neural expert system was designed and implemented. 98/00115 Comparison of coking behavior of coal blends in the single chamber system and in conventional high capacity coke ovens Rohde, W. and Strunk, J. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2), 845-848. Between early 1993 and mid-1996, the European Cokemaking Technology Center (ECTC), Bottrap, Germany, operated a single chamber reactor combined with coal preheating. Their objective was the development of the single chamber system (SCS) for industrial use. A main feature of the advanced technology is the production of high quality blast-furnace coke based on a significantly widened coking coal range. The paper deals with a variety of coking coal blends, the different conditions of carbonization and the resulting coke qualities and compares the results of the single chamber system with those of conventional multi chamber/wet coal charging coke batteries.
Coprocessing waste hydrocarbons with coal (syn98lOO116 thetic fuels) Orr, E. C. Avail. UMI, Order No. DA9724463. From Diss. Absrr. fnr., B, 1997, 58, (3), 1505.
1995, 20, 457-465.
From an emission reduction standpoint the paper considers experience of solid municipal garbage and sulfurous lignite.
the co-firing
Carbonization behavior of fractions recovered from 98lOO109 various pitches by charge-transfer fractionation (CTF) Kaczmarska, H. and Wiecek, 1. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1996,41, (7), 247-252. (In Polish) Fractionation of coal tar pitches and petroleum pitch Ashland A240 was performed by CTF method with iodine as an electron acceptor. The raw materials and their fractions were coked and the resultant cokes were investigated. The optical texture of the cokes was found to depend on the pitch origin.
10
Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 1998
98lOO117 Determination apparatus for coke strength Yamamoto, S. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09.165.579 [97,165,579] (Cl. ClOB41/00), 24 Jun 1997, Appl. 951327,037, 15 Dee 1995, 7 pp. (In Japanese) The non-linear determination of coke strength is possible with this apparatus which comprises a classification neural network. This uses inputs of parameters of coal blend characteristics and operation conditions and outputs of coke classes. Also included are a teaching signal-management apparatus for management of classification information of corresponding parameters, a learning treatment apparatus for renewal of the classification neural network based on the classification information, and a determination neural network by corresponding coke classes calculated from the parameters, coke-strength outputs, and the classification neural network.
Solid fuels (derived solid fuels)
Investment practices in Australian coal-the prac98/00104 tice and profit of quasi-integration in the Australia-Japan coal trade Colley, P. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (12), 1013-1025. The Australian coal industry has frequently been described as a perpetual case of ‘profitless prosperity’. This problem is usually attributed to government charges on the industry and to labour costs, in industry literature. However, these alleged problems do not appear to have diminished the enthusiasm for new investment in the industry. This study argues that a more complete explanation must look at who is investing in the Australian coal industry, what the rationale for those investments is, how they are financed and what their specific profitability is. The particular examination made here is of the quasi-integration investment practices of Japanese trading, steel and power companies-easily the largest group of buyers in the international coal trade. The close co-operation between Japanese government and business in this strategic raw materials industry is documented, as are the methods of subsidized investment. An examination of the financial performance of these companies’ Australian coal investments shows that the profitability of their investments is significantly below that of most other investors in Australian mining over a recent 5-year period. Taken together, there is significant support for the conclusion that a process of co-ordinated quasi-integration has taken place and that the principal aim of such investments has not been to make profits from coalmining. These results should make other prospective investors reconsider the benefits of quasi-integration, and should also be a public policy issue for Australian governments seeking to encourage the development of ‘profitable prosperity’ in the Australian coal industry. Peat industry in the Ukraine 98100105 Yurchenko, V. I. Ugol’ (ikr., 1997, (I), 48-50. (In Russian) The paper discusses peat reserves, production potential, and production methods in the Ukraine.
98lOO106 Narasimban,
Utility of coal water slurry technology in India K. S. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Uril. Fuel Syst., 1997, 22,
843-852.
The 44,000 MW installed thermal power in India currently has a realization of about 60%. Performance is low due to the low plant load factor (PLF) of old and small power plants. The poor quality of coal used in such stations is considered a major contributing factor to this low PLF. Therefore, renovation and modernization of such utilities are necessary. To this end, retrofitting with one or the other concept of clean coal technologies is to be considered. In this paper the options among coal-water slurry (CWS) G-dvis Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and Pressurized Fluid Bed Combustion (PFBC) are examined. Analysis indicates that CWS technology is more profitable in terms of the investment and the unit cost of additional power generation compare3 with other options. The specific investment cost for such a retrofit is far below the green field site capital investment of even for conventional pulverized fuel technology.
Derived Solid Fuels
The blast-furnace coke manufacture method with 98100107 binder addition Kato, K. and Matsueda, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,241,653 [97,241,653] (Cl. ClOB57/04), 16 Sep 1997, Appl. 96154,361, 12 Mar 1996, 6 pp. (In Japanese) High-strength blast-furnace coke is manufactured by mixing a coal blend containing O-60 wt% non-slightly caking coal with a heavy fraction of tar as the binder and then coking the mixture. A coal tar fraction is distilled at 200-350°C to recover a hiavy fraction containing hexane solubles ~20, hexane insolubles and toluene solubles 40-80, and toluene insolubles O-40 wt%, which produces the binder.
Blending high sulfur coal with refuse derived fuel 98lOO108 to make SOP compliant slurry fuels Klosky, M. and Anderson, C. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst.,
98lOOllO Changes of the graphite crystallite sizes of coalderived materials as a result of heat treatment to 2500°C Dlugosz, A. et al. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1996, 41, (3), 82-85. (In Polish) The results of the investigation of increase in crystallite size formed on petroleum coke and blast furnace coke are presented and the crystallites formed on graphite electrodes by heat treatment were analysed. The size of crystallites in all investigated material treated at 1400°C was similar and in the range of 4.0-6.3 nm. When the graphitizing temperature was 1850°C fundamental differences were observed. In the same material can be observed several areas with different susceptibility to graphitizing and a difference in the graphitizing degree of particular areas still exist at 2500°C. 98lOOlll Coal properties-measurement and application to cokemaking Huntington, H. D. Iron Steel Eng., 1997, 74, (ll), 28-31. Up to the point when it is charged as coke to the blast furnace, coke quality can be optimized in a number of ways and this is becoming increasingly important as economics drive blast furnace operators to reduce coke rates. This requires careful selection of coals and formulation of blends, together with regular monitoring of the quality of coals destined for the coke plant. 98100112 Coke loss during dry quenching, its mechanisms and causes, and determination Przybylak, A. et al. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1996, 41, (I I), 454-457. (In Polish) 98lOO113 Coke quality improvement. Possibilities and limitations Vander, T. et al. Int. Cokemaking Congr. Proc., Srd, 1996, 28-37. The paper presents the maximum attainable coke qualities found in Europe in terms of the commonly-used coke quality indexes in Europe i.e.: 140,110, 120, M40, MlO, micum slope, CSR and CRI. The properties are mainly determined by the coal blend and, to a lesser extent, by carbonization conditions. Coke quality improvement generally leads to an increase in cost. Although coke cost is dependent upon local circumstances, the authors attempt to quantify the relationship between coke quality and cost for those coke plants that import coals from all over the world.
Coke quality inspection and control at the Nova Hut 98lOO114 Ostrava based on the Al-neuron expert system Machek, V. et al. Int. Cokemaking Congr. Proc., 3rd. 1996, 38-45. Optimization of the blast furnace coke parameters requires not only a more objective and realistic assessment of the coke feasibility for the blast furnace process, but also a mathematical quantification of the relations between the utilized coal properties and the produced coke. In addition to statistical prediction models a neural expert system was designed and implemented. 98/00115 Comparison of coking behavior of coal blends in the single chamber system and in conventional high capacity coke ovens Rohde, W. and Strunk, J. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2), 845-848. Between early 1993 and mid-1996, the European Cokemaking Technology Center (ECTC), Bottrap, Germany, operated a single chamber reactor combined with coal preheating. Their objective was the development of the single chamber system (SCS) for industrial use. A main feature of the advanced technology is the production of high quality blast-furnace coke based on a significantly widened coking coal range. The paper deals with a variety of coking coal blends, the different conditions of carbonization and the resulting coke qualities and compares the results of the single chamber system with those of conventional multi chamber/wet coal charging coke batteries.
Coprocessing waste hydrocarbons with coal (syn98lOO116 thetic fuels) Orr, E. C. Avail. UMI, Order No. DA9724463. From Diss. Absrr. fnr., B, 1997, 58, (3), 1505.
1995, 20, 457-465.
From an emission reduction standpoint the paper considers experience of solid municipal garbage and sulfurous lignite.
the co-firing
Carbonization behavior of fractions recovered from 98lOO109 various pitches by charge-transfer fractionation (CTF) Kaczmarska, H. and Wiecek, 1. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1996,41, (7), 247-252. (In Polish) Fractionation of coal tar pitches and petroleum pitch Ashland A240 was performed by CTF method with iodine as an electron acceptor. The raw materials and their fractions were coked and the resultant cokes were investigated. The optical texture of the cokes was found to depend on the pitch origin.
10
Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 1998
98lOO117 Determination apparatus for coke strength Yamamoto, S. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09.165.579 [97,165,579] (Cl. ClOB41/00), 24 Jun 1997, Appl. 951327,037, 15 Dee 1995, 7 pp. (In Japanese) The non-linear determination of coke strength is possible with this apparatus which comprises a classification neural network. This uses inputs of parameters of coal blend characteristics and operation conditions and outputs of coke classes. Also included are a teaching signal-management apparatus for management of classification information of corresponding parameters, a learning treatment apparatus for renewal of the classification neural network based on the classification information, and a determination neural network by corresponding coke classes calculated from the parameters, coke-strength outputs, and the classification neural network.