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00709 Costly pollution abatement, competitiveness and plant location decisions
15
emissions were characterized and estimated for industrial sources. In the case of mobile sources, vehicles were classified by year model and then emissions were estimated using average emission factors calculated for each model. Preliminary results show that mobile sources account for approximately 80.8% of total emissions, followed by a power plant in Rio Bravo with 17.7%, and by industry in the region with only 1.5%. An important limitation is that in order for each source type to be representative, specific emission factors for Mexican industry and vehicles must be obtained.
Chemical fractionation of s”Sr, 106R~, 137Cs and 144Ce in Chernobyl-contaminated soils: an evolution in the course of time
98/00700
Krouglov, S. V. et al. J. Environ. Radioactivify, 1998, 38, (l), 59-76. The evaluation of the chemical species of ‘“Sr, ““Ru ‘s4 Cs, ‘“‘Cs and “?e nuclides in highly contaminated soils inside a 30Ikm restricted zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the sequential extraction procedure was used. Chemical leaching and weathering of fuel particles have resulted in a rapid increase in the relative contents in soil exchangeeasily extracted by diluted hydrochloric acid, able “‘Sr and amount of ‘?e whereas the ageing effect has helped to make caesium gradually more strongly fixed. The behaviour of “‘Cs and “‘Cs in soils was identical in all cases. The fact that only partial extraction of ““Ru by diluted and strong acid has occurred reflects the low solubility of ruthenium, probably included in fuel particles as an intermetallic impurity. The variations in radionuclides speciation with time have been used for estimating the rate of their release from fuel particles and fixation in soil.
Coal characterization for NO. prediction 98/00701 Man, C. K. et al. DGMK Tagungsher., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2). 1107-1110. A high-temperature wire-mesh apparatus, a high-temperature entrained flow reactor and a turbulent flaw furnace were used to test eight worldtraded coals. In the first two techniques, at laboratory scale, rapid heating volatile yields are in good agreement. A good correlation was observed between the results from the coal characterization tests and NO, emissions from the larger-scale turbulent flow furnace. This also gives an interesting insight into possible mechanisms for NO, reduction by furnace air staging. Coal desulfurization and utilization of coal sulfur 9alo0702 Sidorovich, Y. 1. er al. Ugol’Ukr., 1997, (213). 29-31. (In Ukrainian) The authors discuss the economical and ecological advantages of coal desulfurization with the recovery of sulfur dioxide for reuse. Based on coal treatment with steam-air mixture at 623-723 K, a method for coal desulfurization prior to its use is described. It is possible to achieve a practically complete recovery of the pyrite sulfur from coals containing 51.8-81.4%. The organic mass of the coal and, therefore, the calorific value of the desulfurized coal are not affected by the treatment process. 9atoo703
Coal-water
slurry reburning for NO, emissions
control
Morrison, D. K. et al. Proc. Inr. Tech. Conf. Coal Fuel Syst., 1995, 20, 4758. A number of natural gas reburning systems for NO, control have been designed, installed and tested by the Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER). Coal reburning has also been studied by EER and demonstrated by others. Coal-water slurry (CWS) re burning offers the potential to significantly lower the cost of NO, control. The retrofit application of coal-water slurry as a reburn fuel on a pulverized coal fired utility boiler is describes. In addition, a comparative analysis is provided with respect to boiler performance and combustion efficiency between the proposed CWS reburn fuel and the demonstrated natural gas/coal reburn fuels. An economic evaluation of the capital and operating cost of a typical utility boiler is also presented.
Combustion characteristics of coal wastes in stockpiles at Karmet Complex Govorov, V. I. et al. Kompleksn. Ispol’z. Miner. Syr’ya, 1996, (5), 74-77. (In
90lOO704
Russian). The authors determine the combustion and fire-explosion hazard potential for solid wastes from coal beneficiation, liquid wastes from coal gasification, and dust from purification of steelmaking gases.
Commute trip reduction a collaborative approach 98/00705 Kadesh, E. and Roach, W. T. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (14-15). 1217-1225. The implementation, impact and future changes to the State Commute Trip Reduction (CTR) law in King County, Washington, USA in the context of trip reduction ordinances in the United States, their future and their effectiveness is addressed in this work. The paper indicates that the collaborative approach of Washington State’s CTR law is a key factor in its success, basing success on the criteria of goal achievement and positive employer response. The legislation has met its short-term goal of gaining full participation from affected employers and is making progress toward achieving its long-term goals of reducing traffic congestion, air pollution and energy consumption. The paper concludes that mandatory trip reduction programs, particularly those stressing collaboration between the public and private sectors, have a greater impact than voluntary programs and that trip reduction ordinances are similar in cost-effectiveness to strategies involving alternative fuels.
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
Comparison of observed and predicted equilibrium PAH concentrations in coke oven emissions: I. Relative abundances of carbon-hydrogen PAH
98loo706
Thompson, D. Chemosphere, 1997, 35, (3), 597-606. In polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), the relationship between equilibrium concentrations of the C-H species observed and those measured in coke oven emissions by P.J. Kirton, et al., (1991) was studied. A thermodynamic database of the species involved for use with the MTDATA computational package was constructed and used to predict concentrations for local equilibrium among the group of PAH species at varied temperature. The temperature at which the concentration of each species observed would be in equilibrium with representative CH4 and H concentrations in coke oven gases was also calculated.
Conditioning of oily sludges with municipal solid wastes incinerator fly ash
9aloo707
Hwa, T. J. and Jeyaseelan, S. Water Sci. Technol., 1997, 35, (8), 231-238. Oil contents of 1.8-8% were contained in anaerobic digested sludge from a sewage treatment plant. Increasing oil content was accompanied by an increase of specific resistance and capillary suction time (CST) suggesting oil interferes in dewatering. Addition of municipal solid wastes incinerator fly ash decreased the specific resistances and capillary suction times of oily sludges rapidly 3% dosage. Beyond 3% fly ash, the decrease is less significant and the solids content in the sludge cake increases. With fly ash dosage, the total suspended solids of filtrate decreased, but the toxic concentrations of heavy metals increased considerably. At the optimum dosage of 3%. concentrations of heavy metals were within the limits for discharging into the sewers. The correlations of CST with the dewatering characteristics such as specific resistance and filter yield were established and can be used to predict dewaterability quickly.
Correlation of plume opacity with particles and sulfates from boilers
98/00708
Lou, J. C. er al. J. Environ. Eng., 1997, 123, (7). 698-703. An investigation into the effects of emission concentrations of particulate matters and sulfates on plume opacity was conducted by in-situ measurements. The studies are conducted for three processes of two coal-fired plants and one oil-fired that are all equipped with electrostatic precipitators. Flue-gas sampling and analysis include the concentrations of particles and total water soluble sulfates, particle size distribution, and flue-gas composition. In-stack and out-of-stack opacities were determined by a transmissometer and certified smoke inspectors, respectively. Results show that plume opacity outside the stack linearly correlates well with the instack opacity. The mixing of hot flue gas with cold ambient air would result in the condensation of hydroscopic sulfuric acid aerosols and an increase 1.6% out of typical 15-25% measured opacity. An empirical equation similar to the Beer-Lambert-Bouger form is derived for predicting the plume opacity in terms of the stack diameter and the concentrations of particles and total water soluble sulfates. Good comparisons are achieved between predictions by the empirical equation and other available field data. 98100709
Costly pollution abatement, competitiveness and plant location decisions
Markusen, J. R. Resource and Energy Economics, 1997, 19, (4). 299-320. The NAFTA debate included assertions used as arguments against trade and investment liberalization. (1) Trade liberalization increases production sensitivity to environmental restrictions (‘environmental dumping’?). (2) Investment liberalization, leading to multi-national firms, similarly increases the production and welfare response to costly environmental restrictions. I find that: (1) Trade liberalization increases production sensitivity to costly environmental restrictions, but arguments against liberal trade on welfare grounds do not follow. (2) Multi-nationals do not increase the production-reallocation effect caused by environmental restrictions or regulations. In addition, a great difference was found between restrictions that fall on fixed costs and restrictions that fall on marginal costs.
98/00719 Determination of specific emission factors and diurnal cycles for fossil-fuel burning power utilities Flissar-Baranyai, R. et al. Tramp. Chemical Transform. Pollut. Troposphere, 1997, 7, 346-351. Edited by Ebel, A. er al., Springer, Berlin, Germany. A data base was established over 2 years of a project which studied load distribution, specific emission factors. On-site measurement data was established to model diurnal variation of emissions due to the fossil fuel burning of public power utilities. The data handling software is capable of storing and evaluating daily, weekly, monthly and yearly data connected to the SOs, NO, and volatile organic compound emissions from combustion plants. The specific emission factors were validated and their variations with the load curve measured on lignite, heavy oil and gas burning boilers. Chemical analysis of the solid particulates from the filtering equipment was carried out in order to justify the atmospheric aerosol source profiling data and to give concentration values of inorganic components for the chemical mass balance.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1998 59
emissions were characterized and estimated for industrial sources. In the case of mobile sources, vehicles were classified by year model and then emissions were estimated using average emission factors calculated for each model. Preliminary results show that mobile sources account for approximately 80.8% of total emissions, followed by a power plant in Rio Bravo with 17.7%, and by industry in the region with only 1.5%. An important limitation is that in order for each source type to be representative, specific emission factors for Mexican industry and vehicles must be obtained.
Chemical fractionation of s”Sr, 106R~, 137Cs and 144Ce in Chernobyl-contaminated soils: an evolution in the course of time
98/00700
Krouglov, S. V. et al. J. Environ. Radioactivify, 1998, 38, (l), 59-76. The evaluation of the chemical species of ‘“Sr, ““Ru ‘s4 Cs, ‘“‘Cs and “?e nuclides in highly contaminated soils inside a 30Ikm restricted zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the sequential extraction procedure was used. Chemical leaching and weathering of fuel particles have resulted in a rapid increase in the relative contents in soil exchangeeasily extracted by diluted hydrochloric acid, able “‘Sr and amount of ‘?e whereas the ageing effect has helped to make caesium gradually more strongly fixed. The behaviour of “‘Cs and “‘Cs in soils was identical in all cases. The fact that only partial extraction of ““Ru by diluted and strong acid has occurred reflects the low solubility of ruthenium, probably included in fuel particles as an intermetallic impurity. The variations in radionuclides speciation with time have been used for estimating the rate of their release from fuel particles and fixation in soil.
Coal characterization for NO. prediction 98/00701 Man, C. K. et al. DGMK Tagungsher., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2). 1107-1110. A high-temperature wire-mesh apparatus, a high-temperature entrained flow reactor and a turbulent flaw furnace were used to test eight worldtraded coals. In the first two techniques, at laboratory scale, rapid heating volatile yields are in good agreement. A good correlation was observed between the results from the coal characterization tests and NO, emissions from the larger-scale turbulent flow furnace. This also gives an interesting insight into possible mechanisms for NO, reduction by furnace air staging. Coal desulfurization and utilization of coal sulfur 9alo0702 Sidorovich, Y. 1. er al. Ugol’Ukr., 1997, (213). 29-31. (In Ukrainian) The authors discuss the economical and ecological advantages of coal desulfurization with the recovery of sulfur dioxide for reuse. Based on coal treatment with steam-air mixture at 623-723 K, a method for coal desulfurization prior to its use is described. It is possible to achieve a practically complete recovery of the pyrite sulfur from coals containing 51.8-81.4%. The organic mass of the coal and, therefore, the calorific value of the desulfurized coal are not affected by the treatment process. 9atoo703
Coal-water
slurry reburning for NO, emissions
control
Morrison, D. K. et al. Proc. Inr. Tech. Conf. Coal Fuel Syst., 1995, 20, 4758. A number of natural gas reburning systems for NO, control have been designed, installed and tested by the Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER). Coal reburning has also been studied by EER and demonstrated by others. Coal-water slurry (CWS) re burning offers the potential to significantly lower the cost of NO, control. The retrofit application of coal-water slurry as a reburn fuel on a pulverized coal fired utility boiler is describes. In addition, a comparative analysis is provided with respect to boiler performance and combustion efficiency between the proposed CWS reburn fuel and the demonstrated natural gas/coal reburn fuels. An economic evaluation of the capital and operating cost of a typical utility boiler is also presented.
Combustion characteristics of coal wastes in stockpiles at Karmet Complex Govorov, V. I. et al. Kompleksn. Ispol’z. Miner. Syr’ya, 1996, (5), 74-77. (In
90lOO704
Russian). The authors determine the combustion and fire-explosion hazard potential for solid wastes from coal beneficiation, liquid wastes from coal gasification, and dust from purification of steelmaking gases.
Commute trip reduction a collaborative approach 98/00705 Kadesh, E. and Roach, W. T. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (14-15). 1217-1225. The implementation, impact and future changes to the State Commute Trip Reduction (CTR) law in King County, Washington, USA in the context of trip reduction ordinances in the United States, their future and their effectiveness is addressed in this work. The paper indicates that the collaborative approach of Washington State’s CTR law is a key factor in its success, basing success on the criteria of goal achievement and positive employer response. The legislation has met its short-term goal of gaining full participation from affected employers and is making progress toward achieving its long-term goals of reducing traffic congestion, air pollution and energy consumption. The paper concludes that mandatory trip reduction programs, particularly those stressing collaboration between the public and private sectors, have a greater impact than voluntary programs and that trip reduction ordinances are similar in cost-effectiveness to strategies involving alternative fuels.
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
Comparison of observed and predicted equilibrium PAH concentrations in coke oven emissions: I. Relative abundances of carbon-hydrogen PAH
98loo706
Thompson, D. Chemosphere, 1997, 35, (3), 597-606. In polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), the relationship between equilibrium concentrations of the C-H species observed and those measured in coke oven emissions by P.J. Kirton, et al., (1991) was studied. A thermodynamic database of the species involved for use with the MTDATA computational package was constructed and used to predict concentrations for local equilibrium among the group of PAH species at varied temperature. The temperature at which the concentration of each species observed would be in equilibrium with representative CH4 and H concentrations in coke oven gases was also calculated.
Conditioning of oily sludges with municipal solid wastes incinerator fly ash
9aloo707
Hwa, T. J. and Jeyaseelan, S. Water Sci. Technol., 1997, 35, (8), 231-238. Oil contents of 1.8-8% were contained in anaerobic digested sludge from a sewage treatment plant. Increasing oil content was accompanied by an increase of specific resistance and capillary suction time (CST) suggesting oil interferes in dewatering. Addition of municipal solid wastes incinerator fly ash decreased the specific resistances and capillary suction times of oily sludges rapidly 3% dosage. Beyond 3% fly ash, the decrease is less significant and the solids content in the sludge cake increases. With fly ash dosage, the total suspended solids of filtrate decreased, but the toxic concentrations of heavy metals increased considerably. At the optimum dosage of 3%. concentrations of heavy metals were within the limits for discharging into the sewers. The correlations of CST with the dewatering characteristics such as specific resistance and filter yield were established and can be used to predict dewaterability quickly.
Correlation of plume opacity with particles and sulfates from boilers
98/00708
Lou, J. C. er al. J. Environ. Eng., 1997, 123, (7). 698-703. An investigation into the effects of emission concentrations of particulate matters and sulfates on plume opacity was conducted by in-situ measurements. The studies are conducted for three processes of two coal-fired plants and one oil-fired that are all equipped with electrostatic precipitators. Flue-gas sampling and analysis include the concentrations of particles and total water soluble sulfates, particle size distribution, and flue-gas composition. In-stack and out-of-stack opacities were determined by a transmissometer and certified smoke inspectors, respectively. Results show that plume opacity outside the stack linearly correlates well with the instack opacity. The mixing of hot flue gas with cold ambient air would result in the condensation of hydroscopic sulfuric acid aerosols and an increase 1.6% out of typical 15-25% measured opacity. An empirical equation similar to the Beer-Lambert-Bouger form is derived for predicting the plume opacity in terms of the stack diameter and the concentrations of particles and total water soluble sulfates. Good comparisons are achieved between predictions by the empirical equation and other available field data. 98100709
Costly pollution abatement, competitiveness and plant location decisions
Markusen, J. R. Resource and Energy Economics, 1997, 19, (4). 299-320. The NAFTA debate included assertions used as arguments against trade and investment liberalization. (1) Trade liberalization increases production sensitivity to environmental restrictions (‘environmental dumping’?). (2) Investment liberalization, leading to multi-national firms, similarly increases the production and welfare response to costly environmental restrictions. I find that: (1) Trade liberalization increases production sensitivity to costly environmental restrictions, but arguments against liberal trade on welfare grounds do not follow. (2) Multi-nationals do not increase the production-reallocation effect caused by environmental restrictions or regulations. In addition, a great difference was found between restrictions that fall on fixed costs and restrictions that fall on marginal costs.
98/00719 Determination of specific emission factors and diurnal cycles for fossil-fuel burning power utilities Flissar-Baranyai, R. et al. Tramp. Chemical Transform. Pollut. Troposphere, 1997, 7, 346-351. Edited by Ebel, A. er al., Springer, Berlin, Germany. A data base was established over 2 years of a project which studied load distribution, specific emission factors. On-site measurement data was established to model diurnal variation of emissions due to the fossil fuel burning of public power utilities. The data handling software is capable of storing and evaluating daily, weekly, monthly and yearly data connected to the SOs, NO, and volatile organic compound emissions from combustion plants. The specific emission factors were validated and their variations with the load curve measured on lignite, heavy oil and gas burning boilers. Chemical analysis of the solid particulates from the filtering equipment was carried out in order to justify the atmospheric aerosol source profiling data and to give concentration values of inorganic components for the chemical mass balance.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1998 59