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00774 Some occupational hazards for coking plant workers
75
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
resulting from road transport. The reliance of transport in the UK on the use of fossil fuels, a declining resource and highly polluting when burnt, must therefore be urgently addressed.
RF plasma system for treatment of fly ash from 98lQO773 melting furnace Sakano, M. et al. Purazuma, Kaku Yugo Gakkaishi, 1997,73, (9), 935-940. (In Japanese) A method for treatment of fly ash from a melting furnace is proposed to recover useful metals and materials from fly ash; it is called the RF (radio frequency) thermal plasma system. Metallic oxide particles injected into thermal plasma dissociate into atoms, and metals are generated separately. This process make metals recovery from fly ash possible. The stability of the RF plasma is essential for injecting the powder into the plasma sequentially. A study of the frequency effect on the properties of RF plasmas was carried out by comparing the theoretical and experimental results. The findings show a lower induction frequency generates a longer and narrower plasma region. Some occupational hazards for coking plant 98lQO774 workers Bodzek, D. et al. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1996, 41, (7), 253-257. (In Polish) Discusses the influence of aromatic hydrocarbons on living organisms and their metabolic paths are discussed. An analysis method for determination of aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites in body fluids is presented.
State of the art in biological wastewater treatment 98lQO775 in European coking plants Lohr, V. et al. Int. Cokemaking Congr. Proc., 3rd, 1996, 130-139. A comparison is made between the construction and operation of the four most efficient biological wastewater treatment plants in Europe. Along with the quality of the treated effluent, attention is also paid to the discharged quantity, expressed in function of the dry coal carbonized.
The strategy of trade sanctions in international 98KlO778 environmental agreements Barrett, S. Resource and Energy Economics, 1997, 19, (4), 345-361. The links between policies aimed at supplying a global public good and international trade in segmented markets are analysed. The credible threat to impose trade sanctions may be capable of sustaining full co-operation in the supply of the public good, provided the sanctions are accompanied by a minimum participation clause which serves to co-ordinate government behaviour. In equilibrium, trade is not restricted. But if the threat to impose sanctions were not allowed by the rules of the game, supply of the public good would be Pareto-inefficient. Studies on carbonation treatment for highly alka98lOQ777 line incinerator fly ash Noma, Y. and Kida, A. Haikibutsu Gakkai Ronbunshi, 1997, 8, (4), 129137.
Incineration of municipal solid waste causes problems at landfill sites, including that of incrustation caused by a calcium coating on water treatment equipment, pumps, mixer blades, rotating plates and the collector sewer. Inorganic compounds in the incinerator ash including Ca and heavy metals, especially air pollution control residues from slaked lime containing many free alkali Ca compounds, a major cause of Ca scale. In order to prevent the build-up of Ca scale, carbonation treatment of highly alkali municipal incinerator fly ash was studied. Moisture content, temperature and reaction time had an effect on carbonation. Carbonation was checked by the X-ray diffraction method and its effectiveness for insolubilization of Ca was determined by leaching tests and column elution tests. Carbonated incinerator fly ash did not produce Ca scale and carbonation treatment was effective for the insolubilization of alkali Ca compounds. A study of dry desulfurization process producing 98/00778 ammonium sulfate for a developing country Kim, H. J. Ryusan fo Kogyo, 1997, 50, (7) 89-95. (In Japanese) SO, from coal combustion in China is causing serious acid rain problems. Economical and effective desulfurization processes must be developed to solve this problem. A new dry desulfurization process producing useful fertilizer as a by-product has been proposed and studied. A reactor, packed with fly ash or an activated ash where the reaction occurred on the surface of the packed particles, was supplied with the reactant gas comprised of NHa, SO*, and N02. The product of the reaction was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the weight change of the packed material after the reaction was measured to calculate the removal rate of SOz. It was shown that ammonium sulfate could be formed below 140°C for activated ash and below 80°C for ash as the packed material. A coexistence of NOI improved the removal rate and enlarged the desulfurization reaction range of SO? significantly. Ultra fine (NH4)zS04 particles could be newly formed on the flake-like (NH4)zS04 surface.
84
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1998
98loo779 A study of trace element behavior in two modern coal-fired power plants. I. Development and optimization of trace element analysis using reference materials Hatanpaeao, E. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 51, (3), 205-217. In order to facilitate a comprehensive series of measurement campaigns aimed at determining trace metal balance in various coal-fired power plants, analysis methods for solid samples collected at a coal-fired power plant were developed and optimized. Commercial reference materials with certified trace element contents were used as model samples. A procedure previously developed to analyse fly ash gave good recoveries for both coal fly ash and coal in a two-laboratory intercomparison. This procedure was based on microwave digestion in a mixture of HNOJ and HF in closed vessels. Digestion of dolomitized limestone and gypsum rock samples was successful under similar conditions, but using a mixture of HNOj, HCI, and HF, although the precision of the determination was not as good as for coal and coal fly ash. Digestion procedures developed and tested can be recommended as simple, uniform methods to analyse power plant samples for a number of trace elements, excluding Hg. 98lOO780 Technology of a new type of treatment system used simultaneously on flue gas and its dust Murakawa, T. et al. Proc.-ISWA Int. Congr. Exhib., 7th, 1996. 2, 11/233-II/ 234.
It is becoming important in municipal refuse incineration plant not only to remove the dust, HCI, SO,, Hg, polychlorinated dibenzodioxinsidibenzofurans, etc., from the flue gas, but also to treat the removed fly ash rendering it harmless and inert. A new treatment system consisting of a wet scrubber called EDV (Electra Dynamic Venturi) and a bag filter has been developed. Its properties include high efficiency pollutant removal; the fly ash becomes a harmless and inert residue, reduced to about 20% of its volume on a dry basis as compared to that of the cement solidification system. Stable operation and very low operating cost for the chemicals, about 50% lower as compared to that of the conventional bag filter system, is also possible. 98lOQ781 Technology of gas cleaning with three-phase fluidized bed and its application Wang, Z. Shanghai Huanjing Kexue, 1996, 15. (lo), 19-21. (In Chinese) Consisting of partition plates, packing materials, barrier net, liquid sprayer, and sprayer a three-phase fluidized-bed cylindrical reactor was developed. Its applications in a paper-making off gas treatment and coal flue gas desulfurization and dust removal were discussed. The dust removal rate was 96-98%. the desulfurization rate was 30-70%. and the N removal rate was lo-35%.
98lOO782 Technology of separation and removal of CO2 as measures for greenhouse effect Ota, H. Bunri Gijutsu, 1997, 27, (5). 312-319. (In Japanese) In flue gas, the CO2 concentration processes were studied using CO? absorption into amine and adsorption onto zeolite and subsequent recovery. The exhaust of a coal-oil-mixture fired power plant of CO? concentration of 10.8% was used as test gas with flow rate of IO00 Nm’/h. Three amine types were used in the absorption test to evaluate the effect of SO2 absorbed in amine. For the zeolite adsorption test 8 and 2 tons of zeolite were used for the 1st and 2nd adsorber, respectively. The amine method recovered 90% CO2 and the zeolite method recovered 99%. Sulfate concentration was 8% after 2000 h operation of amine, which the amine solution from pH 12 to pH 10. The energy needed for CO2 separation by amine was 27% of total output of the station for pilot plant but it may be reduced to 20% in the full-scale plant. SO, scarcely affected its operation with the amine test and 40% of total output was required for CO2 separation with pilot plant test but because of the improvement of its system necessary energy input would be reduced to 13%.
98lQO783 Treatment of coal ash Kai, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,155,314 [97,155,314] (Cl. B09Bl/OO), 17 Jun 1997, Appl. 951325,617, 14 Dee 1995, IS pp. . (In Japanese) The treatment of coal ash from a coal-burning boiler involves mixing with 2-10 wt% Ca(OH)*, gypsum, clay and/or cement, press moulding to lo-60 mm mouldings. The coal ash and water is mixed directly or after mixing with those obtained by crushing the mouldings, and the resulting slurry is land filled.
98lOO784 Treatment of incineration ash and fly ash by melting process utilizing plasma Amemiya, T. et al. Purazumo, Kaku Yugo Gakkaishi, 1997, 73, (9), 92% 934. (In Japanese) Incineration ash and fly ash treatment with a plasma melting system has been in stable operation for over three years. The slag output from the system is non-hazardous, with no heavy metals or polychlorinated dibenzodioxins contamination. Studies of the usability of this slag as an ingredient of interlocking blocks have indicated that mixing this slag with other ingredients yields blocks with sufficient flexural strength.
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
resulting from road transport. The reliance of transport in the UK on the use of fossil fuels, a declining resource and highly polluting when burnt, must therefore be urgently addressed.
RF plasma system for treatment of fly ash from 98lQO773 melting furnace Sakano, M. et al. Purazuma, Kaku Yugo Gakkaishi, 1997,73, (9), 935-940. (In Japanese) A method for treatment of fly ash from a melting furnace is proposed to recover useful metals and materials from fly ash; it is called the RF (radio frequency) thermal plasma system. Metallic oxide particles injected into thermal plasma dissociate into atoms, and metals are generated separately. This process make metals recovery from fly ash possible. The stability of the RF plasma is essential for injecting the powder into the plasma sequentially. A study of the frequency effect on the properties of RF plasmas was carried out by comparing the theoretical and experimental results. The findings show a lower induction frequency generates a longer and narrower plasma region. Some occupational hazards for coking plant 98lQO774 workers Bodzek, D. et al. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1996, 41, (7), 253-257. (In Polish) Discusses the influence of aromatic hydrocarbons on living organisms and their metabolic paths are discussed. An analysis method for determination of aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites in body fluids is presented.
State of the art in biological wastewater treatment 98lQO775 in European coking plants Lohr, V. et al. Int. Cokemaking Congr. Proc., 3rd, 1996, 130-139. A comparison is made between the construction and operation of the four most efficient biological wastewater treatment plants in Europe. Along with the quality of the treated effluent, attention is also paid to the discharged quantity, expressed in function of the dry coal carbonized.
The strategy of trade sanctions in international 98KlO778 environmental agreements Barrett, S. Resource and Energy Economics, 1997, 19, (4), 345-361. The links between policies aimed at supplying a global public good and international trade in segmented markets are analysed. The credible threat to impose trade sanctions may be capable of sustaining full co-operation in the supply of the public good, provided the sanctions are accompanied by a minimum participation clause which serves to co-ordinate government behaviour. In equilibrium, trade is not restricted. But if the threat to impose sanctions were not allowed by the rules of the game, supply of the public good would be Pareto-inefficient. Studies on carbonation treatment for highly alka98lOQ777 line incinerator fly ash Noma, Y. and Kida, A. Haikibutsu Gakkai Ronbunshi, 1997, 8, (4), 129137.
Incineration of municipal solid waste causes problems at landfill sites, including that of incrustation caused by a calcium coating on water treatment equipment, pumps, mixer blades, rotating plates and the collector sewer. Inorganic compounds in the incinerator ash including Ca and heavy metals, especially air pollution control residues from slaked lime containing many free alkali Ca compounds, a major cause of Ca scale. In order to prevent the build-up of Ca scale, carbonation treatment of highly alkali municipal incinerator fly ash was studied. Moisture content, temperature and reaction time had an effect on carbonation. Carbonation was checked by the X-ray diffraction method and its effectiveness for insolubilization of Ca was determined by leaching tests and column elution tests. Carbonated incinerator fly ash did not produce Ca scale and carbonation treatment was effective for the insolubilization of alkali Ca compounds. A study of dry desulfurization process producing 98/00778 ammonium sulfate for a developing country Kim, H. J. Ryusan fo Kogyo, 1997, 50, (7) 89-95. (In Japanese) SO, from coal combustion in China is causing serious acid rain problems. Economical and effective desulfurization processes must be developed to solve this problem. A new dry desulfurization process producing useful fertilizer as a by-product has been proposed and studied. A reactor, packed with fly ash or an activated ash where the reaction occurred on the surface of the packed particles, was supplied with the reactant gas comprised of NHa, SO*, and N02. The product of the reaction was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the weight change of the packed material after the reaction was measured to calculate the removal rate of SOz. It was shown that ammonium sulfate could be formed below 140°C for activated ash and below 80°C for ash as the packed material. A coexistence of NOI improved the removal rate and enlarged the desulfurization reaction range of SO? significantly. Ultra fine (NH4)zS04 particles could be newly formed on the flake-like (NH4)zS04 surface.
84
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1998
98loo779 A study of trace element behavior in two modern coal-fired power plants. I. Development and optimization of trace element analysis using reference materials Hatanpaeao, E. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 51, (3), 205-217. In order to facilitate a comprehensive series of measurement campaigns aimed at determining trace metal balance in various coal-fired power plants, analysis methods for solid samples collected at a coal-fired power plant were developed and optimized. Commercial reference materials with certified trace element contents were used as model samples. A procedure previously developed to analyse fly ash gave good recoveries for both coal fly ash and coal in a two-laboratory intercomparison. This procedure was based on microwave digestion in a mixture of HNOJ and HF in closed vessels. Digestion of dolomitized limestone and gypsum rock samples was successful under similar conditions, but using a mixture of HNOj, HCI, and HF, although the precision of the determination was not as good as for coal and coal fly ash. Digestion procedures developed and tested can be recommended as simple, uniform methods to analyse power plant samples for a number of trace elements, excluding Hg. 98lOO780 Technology of a new type of treatment system used simultaneously on flue gas and its dust Murakawa, T. et al. Proc.-ISWA Int. Congr. Exhib., 7th, 1996. 2, 11/233-II/ 234.
It is becoming important in municipal refuse incineration plant not only to remove the dust, HCI, SO,, Hg, polychlorinated dibenzodioxinsidibenzofurans, etc., from the flue gas, but also to treat the removed fly ash rendering it harmless and inert. A new treatment system consisting of a wet scrubber called EDV (Electra Dynamic Venturi) and a bag filter has been developed. Its properties include high efficiency pollutant removal; the fly ash becomes a harmless and inert residue, reduced to about 20% of its volume on a dry basis as compared to that of the cement solidification system. Stable operation and very low operating cost for the chemicals, about 50% lower as compared to that of the conventional bag filter system, is also possible. 98lOQ781 Technology of gas cleaning with three-phase fluidized bed and its application Wang, Z. Shanghai Huanjing Kexue, 1996, 15. (lo), 19-21. (In Chinese) Consisting of partition plates, packing materials, barrier net, liquid sprayer, and sprayer a three-phase fluidized-bed cylindrical reactor was developed. Its applications in a paper-making off gas treatment and coal flue gas desulfurization and dust removal were discussed. The dust removal rate was 96-98%. the desulfurization rate was 30-70%. and the N removal rate was lo-35%.
98lOO782 Technology of separation and removal of CO2 as measures for greenhouse effect Ota, H. Bunri Gijutsu, 1997, 27, (5). 312-319. (In Japanese) In flue gas, the CO2 concentration processes were studied using CO? absorption into amine and adsorption onto zeolite and subsequent recovery. The exhaust of a coal-oil-mixture fired power plant of CO? concentration of 10.8% was used as test gas with flow rate of IO00 Nm’/h. Three amine types were used in the absorption test to evaluate the effect of SO2 absorbed in amine. For the zeolite adsorption test 8 and 2 tons of zeolite were used for the 1st and 2nd adsorber, respectively. The amine method recovered 90% CO2 and the zeolite method recovered 99%. Sulfate concentration was 8% after 2000 h operation of amine, which the amine solution from pH 12 to pH 10. The energy needed for CO2 separation by amine was 27% of total output of the station for pilot plant but it may be reduced to 20% in the full-scale plant. SO, scarcely affected its operation with the amine test and 40% of total output was required for CO2 separation with pilot plant test but because of the improvement of its system necessary energy input would be reduced to 13%.
98lQO783 Treatment of coal ash Kai, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,155,314 [97,155,314] (Cl. B09Bl/OO), 17 Jun 1997, Appl. 951325,617, 14 Dee 1995, IS pp. . (In Japanese) The treatment of coal ash from a coal-burning boiler involves mixing with 2-10 wt% Ca(OH)*, gypsum, clay and/or cement, press moulding to lo-60 mm mouldings. The coal ash and water is mixed directly or after mixing with those obtained by crushing the mouldings, and the resulting slurry is land filled.
98lOO784 Treatment of incineration ash and fly ash by melting process utilizing plasma Amemiya, T. et al. Purazumo, Kaku Yugo Gakkaishi, 1997, 73, (9), 92% 934. (In Japanese) Incineration ash and fly ash treatment with a plasma melting system has been in stable operation for over three years. The slag output from the system is non-hazardous, with no heavy metals or polychlorinated dibenzodioxins contamination. Studies of the usability of this slag as an ingredient of interlocking blocks have indicated that mixing this slag with other ingredients yields blocks with sufficient flexural strength.