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01779 Measuring industrial energy intensity: practical issues and problems
18 Energy conversion and recycling Measuring industrial energy intensity: practical issues and problems
9ato1779
Freeman, S. L. er al. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7-9), 703-714. Due to limitations concerning the availability and quality of data, energy analysts and policy makers are forced to use in adequate indicators of industrial energy intensity. In this paper, several issues and problems that arise in the construction of commonly used industrial energy intensity indicators are discussed, focusing on issues that arise due to the use of alternative measures of output in intensity indicators. Several commonlyused indicators of industry-level energy intensity were constructed for several US manufacturing industries in order to illustrate these issues and problems. It was found that energy intensity trends based on value of output can diverge quite sharply from those based on volume of output. Discrepancies between value- and volume-based indicators of energy intensity in large part appear to be due to the way in which industrial output statistics are constructed under the US Standard Industrial Classification system. Discrepancies may also be the result of measurement errors in price deflators and simple definitional differences between various value-based measures of output. Policy makers are advised to carefully examine and understand the limitations of commonly-used energy intensity indicators before such indicators serve as a basis for policy decisions.
The need to link energy efflclency indicators to related policies-a practical experience based on 20 years of facts and trends in France (1973-1993) gal01 780
Bosseboeuf, D. and Richard, C. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7-9) 813-823. The evaluation of environmental and energy efficiency policy is a priority for a public agency such as ADEME which is responsible for implementing policy decisions in these domains. The breadth and variety of public instruments used and the availability of statistics make the experience acquired in France a good subject for the application of the methodology and interpretation of techno-economic energy efficiency indicators (EEIs). Using over 200 explanatory EEIs (the ‘techno-economic effects’), we have evaluated and characterized the sectoral trends in energy efficiency over 20 years (1973-1993) in particular as a function of the allocation of the 60 billion francs of public funds, while pointing out the methodological limitations. Final demand, responding to socio-economic pressures alone, should have risen by 47 Mtoe (Million ton oil equivalent). However, over the same period, due to energy management policy resulting from government efforts and market forces, savings of 33 Mtoe were achieved, the equivalent of 25% of the analysed final demand in 1993. It is also observed that the repercussions of the oil price counter-shock have not entirely receded. Although each instrument has shown some degree of efficacy, it seems that the optimal solution involves a combination of these instruments, with variations according to the sector and price context.
The political relevance of energy and CO2 indica90lOl781 tors-an introduction Schipper, L. and Haas, R. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7-9), 639-649. While energy supplies are apparently plentiful and cheap, concerns mount over the environmental problems associated with production, transformation, distribution and consumption of energy. This is the root of the core dilemma of today’s energy policy makers. Of particular concern to many is the greenhouse effect, because of the potential for damaging climate change in the future without a clear feedback mechanism today to provoke changes in the way greenhouse gases, particularly those from the use of fossil fuels, are emitted. Quantifying the link between energy use and emissions is one important step in developing policy mechanisms to restrain those emissions. An equally important reason for this step is to be able to view the underlying components of energy use and what drives them, providing policy makers with insights on which strategies truly succeed in changing the coupling between energy, emissions and human activity, and which do not. Developing the ability to understand these couplings in an international, cross-country framework provides a key step towards internationalizing this process of restraint. The ‘energy indicators’ described and analysed here serve that purpose.
9alQl702
Reforms In sub-Saharan Africa’s powermdustrles
Girod, J. and Percebois, J. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (l), 21-32. Power company reforms are desired by most sub-Saharan countries, but up to now, only three countries have operated major changes in their statutory system. A few others are well engaged in the process, but many still find themselves at a stage of definition and preparation of reforms. Delays observed in relation to agendas fixed initially can mainly be explained by hesitation of the decision-makers over the schemes to be maintained, as much because the solutions proposed do not provide totally satisfactory answers to the questions they are confronted with, because of the desire to explore other possibilities better adapted to the African reality. The recent advent of independent power production and of interconnection development projects in these countries, the impact of which needs to be fully assessed, can have an initial effect of slowing down the pace of reforms, but
154 Fuel and Energy Abatmcts
March 1999
the possibilities these developments offer for diversification of power supply sources endow them with particular interest for the definition of new sectorial models.
The US/Japan comparison Estimating the real gap
98101783
of energy intensity.
Nagata, Y. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7-9) 683-691. National energy efficiency is commonly measured by dividing total primary energy requirement (TPER) by gross domestic product (GDP). However, this indicator is too approximate to represent actual efficiency and is misleading. This paper tries to estimate a ‘real and single’ indicator that can be used for international comparison of energy intensity directly. A case study between the US and Japan indicates that the US consumes only 23% more energy than Japan, while a comparison using TPER/GDP shows that the US consumes 72% more.
18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING Coprocessing waste plastics with coal and petroleum resid into liquid chemical feedstock as a tertiary recycling (liquefaction) Joo, H. 1997, 224 pp. Avail. UMI, Order No. DA9728107. From Din. Absrr. hr., B, 1997, 58, (3). 1405. 98/017&l
98101785 polymers
Process and apparatus for treatment
of waste
Asanuma, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,239,343 [97,239,343] (Cl. B09B3/00), 16 Sep 1997, Appl. 96/81,030, 8 Mar 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) HCI can be recovered from wastewater by thermal decomposition in roasting furnaces. The process comprises combusting Cl-containing polymers in the furnace, and recovering HCI generated along with HCI gas. THe apparatus includes polymer crushing equipment and a crushed polymer feeding system. The process is useful for using Cl-containing waste polymers as fuels for recovery of HCI from steel acid pickling wastewater.
99lo1795
Test results for fuel-cell operation on landfill gas
9#01787 cartons
The reuse of waste lamlnated paper such as milk
Spiegel, R. J. et al. Energy, 1997, 22, (8), 777-786. The paper presents test results from a demonstration of fuel-cell (FC) energy recovery and control of landfill gas emissions. The project addressed two major issues: (1) the design, construction, and testing of a landfill-gas clean-up system; and (2) a field test of a commercial phosphone acid fuel cell (PAFC) power plant operating on the cleaned landfill gas. A summary of test results on the clean-up system and FC operational data are given. These results may encourage the use of landfill gas in FCs, one of the cleanest energy-conversion technologies available.
Sano, T. Kami Parupu Gijum Tojmusu, 1997, 40, (11) Japanese) The reuse of milk cartons from polyethylene-laminated paper both a steam boiler and a pulp sludge furnace is discussed.
99/01788
8-11.
(In
as fuel for
Use of lime for refuse-derived fuel
Nakazawa, S. Mu&i Materianc, 1997, 4, (270) 469-474. (In Japanese) The development of refuse derived fuel, its manufacture, the use of lime in manufacture, its combustion characteristics and its uses are discussed. 90lO1789 Utilization method of low calorific fuels generated from residues and wastes in steam power-generating plant Schingnitz, M. and Goehler, P. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,241,666 [97,241,666] (Cl. ClOL5/40)., 16 Sep 1997, DE Appl. 19,609,721, 13 Mar 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) Polluted residues and wastes and low heating value fuels are gasified to manufacture a combustible gasification gas. This gas is then washed with aqueous washing liquid and the partially purified gasification gas is supplied from the washing to a steam generator in the power plant. The heat of the chemical bonding is used to generate hot water or steam and the SO, and NO, produced from the combustion of sulfur compounds is carried with the gasification gas and harmful substances from the combustion of fuels containing mainly fossil fuels is kept in the flue gas purification apparatus.
9ato1779
Freeman, S. L. er al. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7-9), 703-714. Due to limitations concerning the availability and quality of data, energy analysts and policy makers are forced to use in adequate indicators of industrial energy intensity. In this paper, several issues and problems that arise in the construction of commonly used industrial energy intensity indicators are discussed, focusing on issues that arise due to the use of alternative measures of output in intensity indicators. Several commonlyused indicators of industry-level energy intensity were constructed for several US manufacturing industries in order to illustrate these issues and problems. It was found that energy intensity trends based on value of output can diverge quite sharply from those based on volume of output. Discrepancies between value- and volume-based indicators of energy intensity in large part appear to be due to the way in which industrial output statistics are constructed under the US Standard Industrial Classification system. Discrepancies may also be the result of measurement errors in price deflators and simple definitional differences between various value-based measures of output. Policy makers are advised to carefully examine and understand the limitations of commonly-used energy intensity indicators before such indicators serve as a basis for policy decisions.
The need to link energy efflclency indicators to related policies-a practical experience based on 20 years of facts and trends in France (1973-1993) gal01 780
Bosseboeuf, D. and Richard, C. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7-9) 813-823. The evaluation of environmental and energy efficiency policy is a priority for a public agency such as ADEME which is responsible for implementing policy decisions in these domains. The breadth and variety of public instruments used and the availability of statistics make the experience acquired in France a good subject for the application of the methodology and interpretation of techno-economic energy efficiency indicators (EEIs). Using over 200 explanatory EEIs (the ‘techno-economic effects’), we have evaluated and characterized the sectoral trends in energy efficiency over 20 years (1973-1993) in particular as a function of the allocation of the 60 billion francs of public funds, while pointing out the methodological limitations. Final demand, responding to socio-economic pressures alone, should have risen by 47 Mtoe (Million ton oil equivalent). However, over the same period, due to energy management policy resulting from government efforts and market forces, savings of 33 Mtoe were achieved, the equivalent of 25% of the analysed final demand in 1993. It is also observed that the repercussions of the oil price counter-shock have not entirely receded. Although each instrument has shown some degree of efficacy, it seems that the optimal solution involves a combination of these instruments, with variations according to the sector and price context.
The political relevance of energy and CO2 indica90lOl781 tors-an introduction Schipper, L. and Haas, R. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7-9), 639-649. While energy supplies are apparently plentiful and cheap, concerns mount over the environmental problems associated with production, transformation, distribution and consumption of energy. This is the root of the core dilemma of today’s energy policy makers. Of particular concern to many is the greenhouse effect, because of the potential for damaging climate change in the future without a clear feedback mechanism today to provoke changes in the way greenhouse gases, particularly those from the use of fossil fuels, are emitted. Quantifying the link between energy use and emissions is one important step in developing policy mechanisms to restrain those emissions. An equally important reason for this step is to be able to view the underlying components of energy use and what drives them, providing policy makers with insights on which strategies truly succeed in changing the coupling between energy, emissions and human activity, and which do not. Developing the ability to understand these couplings in an international, cross-country framework provides a key step towards internationalizing this process of restraint. The ‘energy indicators’ described and analysed here serve that purpose.
9alQl702
Reforms In sub-Saharan Africa’s powermdustrles
Girod, J. and Percebois, J. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (l), 21-32. Power company reforms are desired by most sub-Saharan countries, but up to now, only three countries have operated major changes in their statutory system. A few others are well engaged in the process, but many still find themselves at a stage of definition and preparation of reforms. Delays observed in relation to agendas fixed initially can mainly be explained by hesitation of the decision-makers over the schemes to be maintained, as much because the solutions proposed do not provide totally satisfactory answers to the questions they are confronted with, because of the desire to explore other possibilities better adapted to the African reality. The recent advent of independent power production and of interconnection development projects in these countries, the impact of which needs to be fully assessed, can have an initial effect of slowing down the pace of reforms, but
154 Fuel and Energy Abatmcts
March 1999
the possibilities these developments offer for diversification of power supply sources endow them with particular interest for the definition of new sectorial models.
The US/Japan comparison Estimating the real gap
98101783
of energy intensity.
Nagata, Y. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7-9) 683-691. National energy efficiency is commonly measured by dividing total primary energy requirement (TPER) by gross domestic product (GDP). However, this indicator is too approximate to represent actual efficiency and is misleading. This paper tries to estimate a ‘real and single’ indicator that can be used for international comparison of energy intensity directly. A case study between the US and Japan indicates that the US consumes only 23% more energy than Japan, while a comparison using TPER/GDP shows that the US consumes 72% more.
18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING Coprocessing waste plastics with coal and petroleum resid into liquid chemical feedstock as a tertiary recycling (liquefaction) Joo, H. 1997, 224 pp. Avail. UMI, Order No. DA9728107. From Din. Absrr. hr., B, 1997, 58, (3). 1405. 98/017&l
98101785 polymers
Process and apparatus for treatment
of waste
Asanuma, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,239,343 [97,239,343] (Cl. B09B3/00), 16 Sep 1997, Appl. 96/81,030, 8 Mar 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) HCI can be recovered from wastewater by thermal decomposition in roasting furnaces. The process comprises combusting Cl-containing polymers in the furnace, and recovering HCI generated along with HCI gas. THe apparatus includes polymer crushing equipment and a crushed polymer feeding system. The process is useful for using Cl-containing waste polymers as fuels for recovery of HCI from steel acid pickling wastewater.
99lo1795
Test results for fuel-cell operation on landfill gas
9#01787 cartons
The reuse of waste lamlnated paper such as milk
Spiegel, R. J. et al. Energy, 1997, 22, (8), 777-786. The paper presents test results from a demonstration of fuel-cell (FC) energy recovery and control of landfill gas emissions. The project addressed two major issues: (1) the design, construction, and testing of a landfill-gas clean-up system; and (2) a field test of a commercial phosphone acid fuel cell (PAFC) power plant operating on the cleaned landfill gas. A summary of test results on the clean-up system and FC operational data are given. These results may encourage the use of landfill gas in FCs, one of the cleanest energy-conversion technologies available.
Sano, T. Kami Parupu Gijum Tojmusu, 1997, 40, (11) Japanese) The reuse of milk cartons from polyethylene-laminated paper both a steam boiler and a pulp sludge furnace is discussed.
99/01788
8-11.
(In
as fuel for
Use of lime for refuse-derived fuel
Nakazawa, S. Mu&i Materianc, 1997, 4, (270) 469-474. (In Japanese) The development of refuse derived fuel, its manufacture, the use of lime in manufacture, its combustion characteristics and its uses are discussed. 90lO1789 Utilization method of low calorific fuels generated from residues and wastes in steam power-generating plant Schingnitz, M. and Goehler, P. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,241,666 [97,241,666] (Cl. ClOL5/40)., 16 Sep 1997, DE Appl. 19,609,721, 13 Mar 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) Polluted residues and wastes and low heating value fuels are gasified to manufacture a combustible gasification gas. This gas is then washed with aqueous washing liquid and the partially purified gasification gas is supplied from the washing to a steam generator in the power plant. The heat of the chemical bonding is used to generate hot water or steam and the SO, and NO, produced from the combustion of sulfur compounds is carried with the gasification gas and harmful substances from the combustion of fuels containing mainly fossil fuels is kept in the flue gas purification apparatus.