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01929 Determination of coumarin in kerosene and A fuel oil by multivariate analysis
02 Liquid fuels (sources, properties, recovery) pressure of a hydrocarbon-alcohol blend can be lowered by adding a cosolvent for the hydrocarbon and the alcohol to the blend. The method is disclosed.
Characterization 96AIl925 calorimetry
of oils by differential scanning
Aboul-Gheit, A. K. er al. Thermochim. Acta, 1997, 306, (l-2), 127-130. Characterization of both lubricating and fuel oils is possible for lowtemperature specifications with better repeatability and reproducibility than the standard pour point and cloud point methods. These lowtemperature tests are non-destructive and can be followed by using the same sample for measuring the high-temperature thermal stability of the oil DSC (destructive test).
96lO1926
Coated products and use thereof in oil fields
Collins, 1. R. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 45,625 (Cl. E21B37/06), 4 Dee 1997, GB Appl. 96111,422, 31 May 1996, 26 pp. An oil field production chemical is in the form of particles thereof carrying a coating. The coating maybe polymeric such as an oligomeric polyacid polyester, a polymeric alkoxylated alcohol or a fatty acid polyamine condensate or it may also be a surfactant and may be used in the form of a suspension in an inert oil, such as diesel oil or kerosene which may be injected into a subterranean formation to inhibit the formation of deposits.
96lQl927 core
desired number of points, providing a neural network trained for conditioned signal from the spectrometer correlating the number of points to the desired parameter and processing the number of points with the neural network to determine the desired parameter.
A criterion for ordering individuals in a composite
Langaas, K. et al. J. Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1998, 19, (l/2), 2132. A theoretical study is presented addressing the influence of the properties of the individual cores in a composite core on the measured relative permeabilities of a waterflood. The assumptions are that relative permeabilities and porosities are equal for all individuals in the composite core and that the individual capillary pressures are scaled by a Leverett-.J relationship. All core and fluid properties have been selected using realistic data from a North Sea sandstone reservoir. A new criterion for how to order the individuals in a composite core is presented in the light of the study’s findings. The best ordering is after decreasing permeability along the flow direction, which will produce a residual oil saturation closest to the true one.
Detection of crude oil and its heavy part coking 96lO1926 temperature and phenomena by thermal analysis
Lin, J.-S. and Hsiao, H.-H. &you Jikan, 1997,33, (4), 39-49. (In Chinese) The crude oil’s coking temperature and its heavy part can be detected easily by thermal analysis including thermogravimetry (TG), differential temperature analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). There are three kinds of thermal behaviour during heating such as no weight loss, temperature rise and exothermic phenomena at the temperature of 3700 to 3900°C. The above phenomena are similar to the coking reaction and being considered as the coking temperature of the crude oil. A corresponding test is further performed to trace the composition change for 1 to 3 ring aromatics. It shows that at the coking temperature the content of l-2 ring aromatics decreases and 3 ring aromatics increases. This is similar to aromatic condensation reaction. The above results are used to improve the yield of vacuum gas oil (VGO) and control the penetration point of vacuum residue for asphalt during processing of reduced crude.
96101931 Fluid distribution in kaolinite- or illite-bearing cores: cryo-SEM observations versus bulk measurements
Durand, C. and Rosenberg, E. .I. Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1998, 19, (l/2), 65-72. The distribution of oil and brine in cores, which may be highly influenced by wettability properties, can be shown by cryo-SEM. Previous studies have shown special affinity between kaolinite and oil after ageing. The behaviour of illite- or kaolinite-bearing cores is clarified here and a comparison is made with measurements made at the plug scale. A qualitative agreement is found between the amount of oil and brine, depending on the state of saturation, and the bulk measurements.
Introduction to the revised Mesozoic stratigraphy 98Jo1932 and nomenclature for Yemen
Beydoun, Z. R. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1997, 14, (6), 617-629. Extensive oil exploration drilling backed by regional and/or detailed geophysical surveys (increasingly based on seismic surveys) from the late 1970s gradually unravelled a complex Mesozoic tectonic history which had given rise to the formation of a number of NW-SE and E-W trending rift basins and depressions These basins exhibit considerably thicker and rapidly varying stratigraphic sequences which reflect successive phases of rifting, subsidence and depositional settings in time, with the type and provenance of basin-fill helping to detail the developing palaeogeography for each stage. The discovery of commercial oil and gas in several of these Mesozoic rift basins accelerated competitive exploration activity by a host of operating companies leading to the proliferation of informal locallyapplicable in-house subsurface lithostratigraphic nomenclature schemes.
96lo1933 fuels
Kinetic model for cloud-point blending of diesel
96lO1934 in Bulgaria
Low temperature properties of diesel fuel produced
Saiban, S. and Brown, T. C. Fuel, 1997, 76, (14/15), 1417-1423. The authors detail the development of a semi-empirical model, with two adjustable parameters, for cloud point prediction following the blending of diesel fuel components. The model is based on a kinetic argument deduced from the cloud-point dependence of the cooling rate. Blended cloud points can be accurately predicted, either by using a constant cooling rate or standardizing the cloud point to a constant cooling rate.
Alsakkaf, M. et al. Per. Coal, 1997, 39, (l), 33-36. A study into the influence of depressants on the low temperature properties of diesel fuels from Siberian light oil and blends of low and high pour-point diesel fuels from Algerian crude oil, Zar Zaetin field is presented. In order to prepare winter grade diesel fuel, depressant concentration was determined. It was established that the effect of depressants is enhanced on increasing the heavy fracture of fuel. By increasing the total amount of Cis_z3 normal paraffins in the blends of low and high pour point fuels, the pour point and the filter plugging point were raised almost linearly.
Main factors derived from coal
96101935
Determinatlon of coumarln In kerosene and A fuel oil by multivariate analysis 9Bl01929
Mitsui, T. er al. Bunseki Kagaku, 1998, 47, (1) 55-58. (In Japanese) For the discrimination of light oil, coumarin is added to kerosene and A fuel oil. When kerosene and A fuel oil are used as light oil for the purpose of tax evaluation, the coumarin content in the oil is checked with fluorescence. However the official method for determining coumarin could not obtain a high degree of accuracy. A multivariate analysis was used to improve the official method. The analysis method is as follows. Five ml of 1.5 N sodium hydroxide is added to 10 ml of sample oil. The coumarin is changed to the crs-o-hydroxy cinnamic acid. After shaking, a sodium hydroxide layer is diluted 50 times with water. One ml of this solution is put into a quartz cell. The cis-o-hydroxy cinnamic acid in sodium hydroxide solution is changed to the isomer (trans-o-hydroxy cinnamic acid) by UV rays. The coumarin in kerosene and A fuel oil was determined by multivariate analysis. By this method, the coumarin in kerosene and A fuel oil could be determined to a high degree of accuracy. gal01 930 Evaluation method of hydrocarbon fuels Ranson, A. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,305,567 [97,305,567] (Cl. G06F15/18), 28 Nov 1997, Appl. 96/112,861, 7 May 1996, 13 pp. (In Japanese) Hydrocarbon fuels, e.g. chosen from gasoline, diesel fuels, kerosene, naphtha, and jet engine fuels, can be evaluated with this method. The desired parameters selected from any combinations of Reid vapour pressure, simulated distillation values, research octane number, motor octane number, oxygen content, specific density octane number, Br number, aniline point and smoke point are determined and a near-IR (NIR) signal from the hydrocarbons or other substances to be evaluated is obtained by a sensor. The NIR spectroscopy obtained from the sensor is transmitted to a spectrometer by a transmitting means and processed. The processing includes correcting the base line of the signal, reducing the signal to a
influencing
the expulsion
of oh
Zhao, C. and Cheng, K. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1997, 42, (22), 1905-1908. The action mechanism between hydrocarbon molecules and pore surface in coal and tectonic-compressive stress as a factor controlling the expulsion of petroleum derived from coal are discussed.
96101936 NMR and FIYS structural analysis of the oil obtained from the pyrolysis of Bemolanga tar-sand bitumen (Madagascar) according to a post combustion process Rafenomanantsoa, A. et al. Fuel, 1998 (Pub. 1997), 77, (l/2), 33-41. A process stemming from the gas combustion process used for bituminous shales produced the oils. This technique allows one to obtain a yield in light products higher than those from the TOSCO and TACIUK processes, already used in the case of the Bemolanga sandstone studied here. The oil can either be used as a gas oil, since the simulated distillation shows that it does not contain really vacuum residues, or be treated by a further hydrogenation. The oil was analysed by NMR and FIMS techniques after a chromatography separation into saturated, olefinic and aromatic fractions. When compared with those obtained for the initial bitumen, the results show that the process led to the total combustion of the asphaltenes and that the other fractions were changed in lighter fractions because of the opening of the naphthenic rings and the breaking of the lateral side chains.
96lo1937 A novel experimental apparatus for determination of three-phase relative permeabllitles at reservoir conditions ~~;eS$, E. er al. 1. Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1998, 19, (l/2), Using the newest available pumping system and separator, a new threephase flow apparatus has been developed and tested. The flooding apparatus is designed for simultaneous injection and recycling of one, two, or three phases at reservoir conditions. Highly accurate pumps inject three phases virtually pulse-free into the core sample, the downstream end
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1996
1TI
Characterization 96AIl925 calorimetry
of oils by differential scanning
Aboul-Gheit, A. K. er al. Thermochim. Acta, 1997, 306, (l-2), 127-130. Characterization of both lubricating and fuel oils is possible for lowtemperature specifications with better repeatability and reproducibility than the standard pour point and cloud point methods. These lowtemperature tests are non-destructive and can be followed by using the same sample for measuring the high-temperature thermal stability of the oil DSC (destructive test).
96lO1926
Coated products and use thereof in oil fields
Collins, 1. R. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 45,625 (Cl. E21B37/06), 4 Dee 1997, GB Appl. 96111,422, 31 May 1996, 26 pp. An oil field production chemical is in the form of particles thereof carrying a coating. The coating maybe polymeric such as an oligomeric polyacid polyester, a polymeric alkoxylated alcohol or a fatty acid polyamine condensate or it may also be a surfactant and may be used in the form of a suspension in an inert oil, such as diesel oil or kerosene which may be injected into a subterranean formation to inhibit the formation of deposits.
96lQl927 core
desired number of points, providing a neural network trained for conditioned signal from the spectrometer correlating the number of points to the desired parameter and processing the number of points with the neural network to determine the desired parameter.
A criterion for ordering individuals in a composite
Langaas, K. et al. J. Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1998, 19, (l/2), 2132. A theoretical study is presented addressing the influence of the properties of the individual cores in a composite core on the measured relative permeabilities of a waterflood. The assumptions are that relative permeabilities and porosities are equal for all individuals in the composite core and that the individual capillary pressures are scaled by a Leverett-.J relationship. All core and fluid properties have been selected using realistic data from a North Sea sandstone reservoir. A new criterion for how to order the individuals in a composite core is presented in the light of the study’s findings. The best ordering is after decreasing permeability along the flow direction, which will produce a residual oil saturation closest to the true one.
Detection of crude oil and its heavy part coking 96lO1926 temperature and phenomena by thermal analysis
Lin, J.-S. and Hsiao, H.-H. &you Jikan, 1997,33, (4), 39-49. (In Chinese) The crude oil’s coking temperature and its heavy part can be detected easily by thermal analysis including thermogravimetry (TG), differential temperature analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). There are three kinds of thermal behaviour during heating such as no weight loss, temperature rise and exothermic phenomena at the temperature of 3700 to 3900°C. The above phenomena are similar to the coking reaction and being considered as the coking temperature of the crude oil. A corresponding test is further performed to trace the composition change for 1 to 3 ring aromatics. It shows that at the coking temperature the content of l-2 ring aromatics decreases and 3 ring aromatics increases. This is similar to aromatic condensation reaction. The above results are used to improve the yield of vacuum gas oil (VGO) and control the penetration point of vacuum residue for asphalt during processing of reduced crude.
96101931 Fluid distribution in kaolinite- or illite-bearing cores: cryo-SEM observations versus bulk measurements
Durand, C. and Rosenberg, E. .I. Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1998, 19, (l/2), 65-72. The distribution of oil and brine in cores, which may be highly influenced by wettability properties, can be shown by cryo-SEM. Previous studies have shown special affinity between kaolinite and oil after ageing. The behaviour of illite- or kaolinite-bearing cores is clarified here and a comparison is made with measurements made at the plug scale. A qualitative agreement is found between the amount of oil and brine, depending on the state of saturation, and the bulk measurements.
Introduction to the revised Mesozoic stratigraphy 98Jo1932 and nomenclature for Yemen
Beydoun, Z. R. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1997, 14, (6), 617-629. Extensive oil exploration drilling backed by regional and/or detailed geophysical surveys (increasingly based on seismic surveys) from the late 1970s gradually unravelled a complex Mesozoic tectonic history which had given rise to the formation of a number of NW-SE and E-W trending rift basins and depressions These basins exhibit considerably thicker and rapidly varying stratigraphic sequences which reflect successive phases of rifting, subsidence and depositional settings in time, with the type and provenance of basin-fill helping to detail the developing palaeogeography for each stage. The discovery of commercial oil and gas in several of these Mesozoic rift basins accelerated competitive exploration activity by a host of operating companies leading to the proliferation of informal locallyapplicable in-house subsurface lithostratigraphic nomenclature schemes.
96lo1933 fuels
Kinetic model for cloud-point blending of diesel
96lO1934 in Bulgaria
Low temperature properties of diesel fuel produced
Saiban, S. and Brown, T. C. Fuel, 1997, 76, (14/15), 1417-1423. The authors detail the development of a semi-empirical model, with two adjustable parameters, for cloud point prediction following the blending of diesel fuel components. The model is based on a kinetic argument deduced from the cloud-point dependence of the cooling rate. Blended cloud points can be accurately predicted, either by using a constant cooling rate or standardizing the cloud point to a constant cooling rate.
Alsakkaf, M. et al. Per. Coal, 1997, 39, (l), 33-36. A study into the influence of depressants on the low temperature properties of diesel fuels from Siberian light oil and blends of low and high pour-point diesel fuels from Algerian crude oil, Zar Zaetin field is presented. In order to prepare winter grade diesel fuel, depressant concentration was determined. It was established that the effect of depressants is enhanced on increasing the heavy fracture of fuel. By increasing the total amount of Cis_z3 normal paraffins in the blends of low and high pour point fuels, the pour point and the filter plugging point were raised almost linearly.
Main factors derived from coal
96101935
Determinatlon of coumarln In kerosene and A fuel oil by multivariate analysis 9Bl01929
Mitsui, T. er al. Bunseki Kagaku, 1998, 47, (1) 55-58. (In Japanese) For the discrimination of light oil, coumarin is added to kerosene and A fuel oil. When kerosene and A fuel oil are used as light oil for the purpose of tax evaluation, the coumarin content in the oil is checked with fluorescence. However the official method for determining coumarin could not obtain a high degree of accuracy. A multivariate analysis was used to improve the official method. The analysis method is as follows. Five ml of 1.5 N sodium hydroxide is added to 10 ml of sample oil. The coumarin is changed to the crs-o-hydroxy cinnamic acid. After shaking, a sodium hydroxide layer is diluted 50 times with water. One ml of this solution is put into a quartz cell. The cis-o-hydroxy cinnamic acid in sodium hydroxide solution is changed to the isomer (trans-o-hydroxy cinnamic acid) by UV rays. The coumarin in kerosene and A fuel oil was determined by multivariate analysis. By this method, the coumarin in kerosene and A fuel oil could be determined to a high degree of accuracy. gal01 930 Evaluation method of hydrocarbon fuels Ranson, A. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,305,567 [97,305,567] (Cl. G06F15/18), 28 Nov 1997, Appl. 96/112,861, 7 May 1996, 13 pp. (In Japanese) Hydrocarbon fuels, e.g. chosen from gasoline, diesel fuels, kerosene, naphtha, and jet engine fuels, can be evaluated with this method. The desired parameters selected from any combinations of Reid vapour pressure, simulated distillation values, research octane number, motor octane number, oxygen content, specific density octane number, Br number, aniline point and smoke point are determined and a near-IR (NIR) signal from the hydrocarbons or other substances to be evaluated is obtained by a sensor. The NIR spectroscopy obtained from the sensor is transmitted to a spectrometer by a transmitting means and processed. The processing includes correcting the base line of the signal, reducing the signal to a
influencing
the expulsion
of oh
Zhao, C. and Cheng, K. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1997, 42, (22), 1905-1908. The action mechanism between hydrocarbon molecules and pore surface in coal and tectonic-compressive stress as a factor controlling the expulsion of petroleum derived from coal are discussed.
96101936 NMR and FIYS structural analysis of the oil obtained from the pyrolysis of Bemolanga tar-sand bitumen (Madagascar) according to a post combustion process Rafenomanantsoa, A. et al. Fuel, 1998 (Pub. 1997), 77, (l/2), 33-41. A process stemming from the gas combustion process used for bituminous shales produced the oils. This technique allows one to obtain a yield in light products higher than those from the TOSCO and TACIUK processes, already used in the case of the Bemolanga sandstone studied here. The oil can either be used as a gas oil, since the simulated distillation shows that it does not contain really vacuum residues, or be treated by a further hydrogenation. The oil was analysed by NMR and FIMS techniques after a chromatography separation into saturated, olefinic and aromatic fractions. When compared with those obtained for the initial bitumen, the results show that the process led to the total combustion of the asphaltenes and that the other fractions were changed in lighter fractions because of the opening of the naphthenic rings and the breaking of the lateral side chains.
96lo1937 A novel experimental apparatus for determination of three-phase relative permeabllitles at reservoir conditions ~~;eS$, E. er al. 1. Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1998, 19, (l/2), Using the newest available pumping system and separator, a new threephase flow apparatus has been developed and tested. The flooding apparatus is designed for simultaneous injection and recycling of one, two, or three phases at reservoir conditions. Highly accurate pumps inject three phases virtually pulse-free into the core sample, the downstream end
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1996
1TI