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03707 Removal of hydrogen cyanide from synthesis gas
03
Gaseous fuels (transport, storage)
Process for removal of hydrogen cyanide from 98lQ3703 synthesis gas Koveal, R. J. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 39,979 (Cl. COlB3/58), 30 Ott 1997, US Appl. 636,425, 23 Apr 1996, 21 pp. The synthesis gas is treated in the presence of water vapour, at elevated temperature and pressure with a composite metal oxide-containing catalyst comprising molybdenum oxide, Ti02, and Al203 and in substantial absence of Group VIII elements or compounds. The resulting synthesis gas is washed. Refining method of coke-oven gas 98lQ3704 Uenoyama, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 60,449 [98 60,449] (Cl. ClOB27/00), 3 Mar 1998, Appl. 96/221,492, 22 Aug 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) A NH2, HaS and HCN removal method for refining coke-oven gas byproduct in the manufacture of coke by coal coking is presented. The cokeoven gas (COG) is introduced into a first gas-liquid absorption tower for absorbing HaS and HCN from the COG to absorption liquid. The absorption liquid is contacted with fine air in an oxidation tank to oxidize each ammonium salt of thiosulfuric acid, sulfuric acid and rhodanic acid and restore the absorption capacity of the absorption liquid. Subsequently, the absorption liquid is recycled to the first gas-liquid absorption tower, and COG with the HaS and HCN removed is passed to a second gas-liquid absorption tower. Here, the residual NHs is absorbed in the COG to absorption water, separating NH3 vapour and water vapour in a distillation tower. The absorption liquid from the distillation tower is then recycled to the second gas-liquid absorption tower. Refining method of the oil-containing pyrolysis gas 98103705 Abe, R. et al. Tokkyo Koho JP 09.279.171 [97,279,171] (Cl. C103/10), 28 Ott 1997, Appl. 96/88,511, 10 Apr 1996,4 pp. (In Japanese) Oil-containing pyrolysis gas generated from thermal decomposition of wastes can be refined by the following process: (1) the pyrolysis gas is passed to a pyrolysis oil recycled absorption tower in a cooling temperature range in which water is not condensed, to absorb and recover high-boiling oil from the pyrolysis gas; (2) the pyrolysis gas is passed to a washing tower using an aqueous alkali solution as washing liquid for cooling and washing; (3) gaseous HCI is removed from liquid HCI with neutralization; (4) lowboiling oil is separated and recovered from water discharged from the washing tower by an oil-water separation tank; and (5) and the pyrolysis gas is recovered from the washing tower as fuel gas.
98103710 Steam reforming with nickel-based catalysts on gas from biomass gasification Berg, M. et al. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Convers., 1997, 2, 1117-l 130. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B. Blackie, London, UK. With special attention given to the effect of sulfur poisoning, the work focuses on the conversion of tars and methane present in the raw gas from biomass gasification. Experimental work on catalytic hydrocarbon steam reforming of biomass pyrolysis gas has been performed using a commercial nickel-based catalyst. This is part of a larger project to study hot gas cleaning for a product gas from biomass gasification for use in advanced applications (methanol synthesis and fuel cells, for example). Such advanced applications require cleaning from sulfur in excess of that required by environmental restrictions. Since no feasible method for the removal of sulfur at temperatures corresponding to the gasifier operating temperature is possible, the steam reforming will be performed with a sulfur-containing feed gas. At KTH, a model gas mixture, free from tar, but containing all the other major components, was used to calculate a value for the activation energy describing both steam reforming kinetics and the effect of sulfur poisoning. At TPS, a pyrolysis gas, containing a relevant spectrum of hydrocarbons and other contaminants, was produced under reproducible conditions. Hydrogen sulfide and steam were added to this gas and apart from these two parameters, the temperature, space velocity and particle size were also varied. Finally, the results from both types of experiments were compared. In the light of the assumptions made, the agreement between the two series of experiments is remarkably good, implying that with good approximation, the methane conversion in a biomass gasification gas can be calculated as a function of temperature and hydrogen sulfide concentration. 9alo3711 Study of ammonia removal from coal-gasified fuel Hasegawa, T. and Sato, M. Combustion and Flame, 1998, 114, (l/2), 246258. The ammonia in gasified fuel is passed through a hot/dry type gas clean-up facility into a gas turbine in integrated coal gasification combined-cycle power-generation (IGCC) systems. The gas turbine combustion process converts ammonia to nitrogen oxides; ammonia removal from coal-gasified fuel therefore effectively reduces NO, emissions in IGCC systems. The optimum NO/NH3 ratio, the optimum concentration of added Oa and the influence of CO, Ha. and methane in the coal-gasified fuel on NH1 decomposition and NO reduction were clarified through experiments using a tubular flow reactor and numerical analysis based on reaction kinetics.
Transport, Removal of acidic gas in refining of natural gas or 98iO3706 petroleum Sasaki, T. Bunn’ Gijutsu, 1997, 27, (5), 326-330. (In Japanese) The selective removal of HIS from natural gas or IGCC gas by chemical absorption method using an amine is reviewed. The solvents and commercial processes are described. Removal of hydrogen cyanide from synthesis gas 9alo3707 Koveal, R. J., Jr. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 767,137 (Cl. COlB3/58), 9 Apr 1997, US Appl. 538,555, 3 Ott 1995, 6 pp. By contacting the feed with a cobalt-containing catalyst at conditions that do not promote or catalyse the Fischer-Tropsch process, HCN can be removed from HCN-containing synthesis gas streams useful as FischerTropsch feed.
Storage
98103712 Cryotanks in future vehicles Heydenreich, R. Cryogenics, 1998, 38, (1) 125-130. Future transportation systems will require the cryogenic storage of liquid hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, MAN Technologie is studying various concepts for cryogenic tanks made of carbon reinforced plastics (CFRP) material. For space application the demand of a CFRP cryotank derives from the mechanical loads in combination with the thermal environment. In order to separate the influence of complex requirements on the tank components test samples are proposed with the help of scaling factors. For future aircraft the need for replacement of kerosene is growing. Due to the storage conditions the insulation requirement is very stringent, For ground traffic there are relatively small and cheap tanks to be produced in future. An overview on all these applications is given.
Removal of hydrogen cyanide from synthesis 98/93708 gases Karvat, H. Ger. Offen. DE 19,634,830 (Cl. ClOKl/lO), 5 Mar 1998, Appl. 19,634,830, 28 Aug 1996, 4 pp. (In German) Scrubbing is employed to remove HCN from synthesis gases produced from hydrocarbons or coal. HCN dissolved in a wash liquor is converted to a thiocyanate by reaction with polysulfides and ammonia. The resulting thiocyanate is separated and fed back to the synthesis gas-manufacturing apparatus, in the form of an aqueous solution or concentrated salt solution, and gasified together with a coal or hydrocarbon charge. The dewatered thiocyanate can optionally be added to the coal or hydrocarbon charge.
98103713 integration of distribution structures in the environment Derquin, C. and Moreau, J.-C. Gaz dilujourd’hui, 1998, 122, (3), 136-145. The preoccupations on the subject of the environment intensify daily and in this area, natural gas possesses all the recognized and ecologically important assets in comparison with other fossil fuels. However, due to their impact on the environment, the structures necessary to distribute gas to the place of use have not escaped the attention of those in the area of socio-economics. Furthermore, they must conform to the new standards that have been imposed in this area. If quality and security were always at it is indisputable that, today, the centre of these preoccupations, environmental factors must be taken into account with the same importance. This article is a report by a working group of ATG’s distribution commission.
Simulation and analysis of sulfur-tolerant methana98lO3709 tion reactor for town gas Yu, G. et al. Huadong Ligong Dame Xuebao, 1997, 23, (6), 650-656. (In Chinese) This study establishes the mathematical model for sulfur-tolerant methanation reactor. The implicit difference method was used to solve the equations. The sensitivity of equipment parameters and operation parameters for a 5 x lo4 m3/d gas reactor was analysed. The temperature distribution of the reactor appears to be determined by tube diameter, while gas inlet temperature and flow rate of molten salt have no remarkable influence on reactor performance. In addition, reactor operation is sensitive to gas inlet pressure and the inlet temperature of molten salt.
98l93714 Low-temperature resistant, elastic adhesives and sealants for gas tank insulation Karrer, R. Cryogenics, 1998, 38, (l), 119-123. In the domain of liquid natural gas (LNG)/liquid petroleum gas (LPG) carriers, the leading European insulating firms have developed special sandwich elements for the insulation of liquid gas tanks. The trend to increase tank volumes and, at the same time, to reduce the number of cargo tanks in modern liquid gas carriers with loading capacities of up to 135,000 m3 has, in some cases, entailed major changes with respect to tank design. The design and the assembly of the panels used for insulation have been equally influenced by these changes, as well as the adhesives and sealants applied for this purpose. This article describes the requirement
348
Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 1998
Gaseous fuels (transport, storage)
Process for removal of hydrogen cyanide from 98lQ3703 synthesis gas Koveal, R. J. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 39,979 (Cl. COlB3/58), 30 Ott 1997, US Appl. 636,425, 23 Apr 1996, 21 pp. The synthesis gas is treated in the presence of water vapour, at elevated temperature and pressure with a composite metal oxide-containing catalyst comprising molybdenum oxide, Ti02, and Al203 and in substantial absence of Group VIII elements or compounds. The resulting synthesis gas is washed. Refining method of coke-oven gas 98lQ3704 Uenoyama, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 60,449 [98 60,449] (Cl. ClOB27/00), 3 Mar 1998, Appl. 96/221,492, 22 Aug 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) A NH2, HaS and HCN removal method for refining coke-oven gas byproduct in the manufacture of coke by coal coking is presented. The cokeoven gas (COG) is introduced into a first gas-liquid absorption tower for absorbing HaS and HCN from the COG to absorption liquid. The absorption liquid is contacted with fine air in an oxidation tank to oxidize each ammonium salt of thiosulfuric acid, sulfuric acid and rhodanic acid and restore the absorption capacity of the absorption liquid. Subsequently, the absorption liquid is recycled to the first gas-liquid absorption tower, and COG with the HaS and HCN removed is passed to a second gas-liquid absorption tower. Here, the residual NHs is absorbed in the COG to absorption water, separating NH3 vapour and water vapour in a distillation tower. The absorption liquid from the distillation tower is then recycled to the second gas-liquid absorption tower. Refining method of the oil-containing pyrolysis gas 98103705 Abe, R. et al. Tokkyo Koho JP 09.279.171 [97,279,171] (Cl. C103/10), 28 Ott 1997, Appl. 96/88,511, 10 Apr 1996,4 pp. (In Japanese) Oil-containing pyrolysis gas generated from thermal decomposition of wastes can be refined by the following process: (1) the pyrolysis gas is passed to a pyrolysis oil recycled absorption tower in a cooling temperature range in which water is not condensed, to absorb and recover high-boiling oil from the pyrolysis gas; (2) the pyrolysis gas is passed to a washing tower using an aqueous alkali solution as washing liquid for cooling and washing; (3) gaseous HCI is removed from liquid HCI with neutralization; (4) lowboiling oil is separated and recovered from water discharged from the washing tower by an oil-water separation tank; and (5) and the pyrolysis gas is recovered from the washing tower as fuel gas.
98103710 Steam reforming with nickel-based catalysts on gas from biomass gasification Berg, M. et al. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Convers., 1997, 2, 1117-l 130. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B. Blackie, London, UK. With special attention given to the effect of sulfur poisoning, the work focuses on the conversion of tars and methane present in the raw gas from biomass gasification. Experimental work on catalytic hydrocarbon steam reforming of biomass pyrolysis gas has been performed using a commercial nickel-based catalyst. This is part of a larger project to study hot gas cleaning for a product gas from biomass gasification for use in advanced applications (methanol synthesis and fuel cells, for example). Such advanced applications require cleaning from sulfur in excess of that required by environmental restrictions. Since no feasible method for the removal of sulfur at temperatures corresponding to the gasifier operating temperature is possible, the steam reforming will be performed with a sulfur-containing feed gas. At KTH, a model gas mixture, free from tar, but containing all the other major components, was used to calculate a value for the activation energy describing both steam reforming kinetics and the effect of sulfur poisoning. At TPS, a pyrolysis gas, containing a relevant spectrum of hydrocarbons and other contaminants, was produced under reproducible conditions. Hydrogen sulfide and steam were added to this gas and apart from these two parameters, the temperature, space velocity and particle size were also varied. Finally, the results from both types of experiments were compared. In the light of the assumptions made, the agreement between the two series of experiments is remarkably good, implying that with good approximation, the methane conversion in a biomass gasification gas can be calculated as a function of temperature and hydrogen sulfide concentration. 9alo3711 Study of ammonia removal from coal-gasified fuel Hasegawa, T. and Sato, M. Combustion and Flame, 1998, 114, (l/2), 246258. The ammonia in gasified fuel is passed through a hot/dry type gas clean-up facility into a gas turbine in integrated coal gasification combined-cycle power-generation (IGCC) systems. The gas turbine combustion process converts ammonia to nitrogen oxides; ammonia removal from coal-gasified fuel therefore effectively reduces NO, emissions in IGCC systems. The optimum NO/NH3 ratio, the optimum concentration of added Oa and the influence of CO, Ha. and methane in the coal-gasified fuel on NH1 decomposition and NO reduction were clarified through experiments using a tubular flow reactor and numerical analysis based on reaction kinetics.
Transport, Removal of acidic gas in refining of natural gas or 98iO3706 petroleum Sasaki, T. Bunn’ Gijutsu, 1997, 27, (5), 326-330. (In Japanese) The selective removal of HIS from natural gas or IGCC gas by chemical absorption method using an amine is reviewed. The solvents and commercial processes are described. Removal of hydrogen cyanide from synthesis gas 9alo3707 Koveal, R. J., Jr. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 767,137 (Cl. COlB3/58), 9 Apr 1997, US Appl. 538,555, 3 Ott 1995, 6 pp. By contacting the feed with a cobalt-containing catalyst at conditions that do not promote or catalyse the Fischer-Tropsch process, HCN can be removed from HCN-containing synthesis gas streams useful as FischerTropsch feed.
Storage
98103712 Cryotanks in future vehicles Heydenreich, R. Cryogenics, 1998, 38, (1) 125-130. Future transportation systems will require the cryogenic storage of liquid hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, MAN Technologie is studying various concepts for cryogenic tanks made of carbon reinforced plastics (CFRP) material. For space application the demand of a CFRP cryotank derives from the mechanical loads in combination with the thermal environment. In order to separate the influence of complex requirements on the tank components test samples are proposed with the help of scaling factors. For future aircraft the need for replacement of kerosene is growing. Due to the storage conditions the insulation requirement is very stringent, For ground traffic there are relatively small and cheap tanks to be produced in future. An overview on all these applications is given.
Removal of hydrogen cyanide from synthesis 98/93708 gases Karvat, H. Ger. Offen. DE 19,634,830 (Cl. ClOKl/lO), 5 Mar 1998, Appl. 19,634,830, 28 Aug 1996, 4 pp. (In German) Scrubbing is employed to remove HCN from synthesis gases produced from hydrocarbons or coal. HCN dissolved in a wash liquor is converted to a thiocyanate by reaction with polysulfides and ammonia. The resulting thiocyanate is separated and fed back to the synthesis gas-manufacturing apparatus, in the form of an aqueous solution or concentrated salt solution, and gasified together with a coal or hydrocarbon charge. The dewatered thiocyanate can optionally be added to the coal or hydrocarbon charge.
98103713 integration of distribution structures in the environment Derquin, C. and Moreau, J.-C. Gaz dilujourd’hui, 1998, 122, (3), 136-145. The preoccupations on the subject of the environment intensify daily and in this area, natural gas possesses all the recognized and ecologically important assets in comparison with other fossil fuels. However, due to their impact on the environment, the structures necessary to distribute gas to the place of use have not escaped the attention of those in the area of socio-economics. Furthermore, they must conform to the new standards that have been imposed in this area. If quality and security were always at it is indisputable that, today, the centre of these preoccupations, environmental factors must be taken into account with the same importance. This article is a report by a working group of ATG’s distribution commission.
Simulation and analysis of sulfur-tolerant methana98lO3709 tion reactor for town gas Yu, G. et al. Huadong Ligong Dame Xuebao, 1997, 23, (6), 650-656. (In Chinese) This study establishes the mathematical model for sulfur-tolerant methanation reactor. The implicit difference method was used to solve the equations. The sensitivity of equipment parameters and operation parameters for a 5 x lo4 m3/d gas reactor was analysed. The temperature distribution of the reactor appears to be determined by tube diameter, while gas inlet temperature and flow rate of molten salt have no remarkable influence on reactor performance. In addition, reactor operation is sensitive to gas inlet pressure and the inlet temperature of molten salt.
98l93714 Low-temperature resistant, elastic adhesives and sealants for gas tank insulation Karrer, R. Cryogenics, 1998, 38, (l), 119-123. In the domain of liquid natural gas (LNG)/liquid petroleum gas (LPG) carriers, the leading European insulating firms have developed special sandwich elements for the insulation of liquid gas tanks. The trend to increase tank volumes and, at the same time, to reduce the number of cargo tanks in modern liquid gas carriers with loading capacities of up to 135,000 m3 has, in some cases, entailed major changes with respect to tank design. The design and the assembly of the panels used for insulation have been equally influenced by these changes, as well as the adhesives and sealants applied for this purpose. This article describes the requirement
348
Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 1998