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03784 Underground coal gasification
04
By-products
related to fuels
and for a period of 10-3-10-2 s. The cycle is then repeated at a frequency of >350/min. The method may use as the raw material methane, ethane, or other gaseous hydrocarbons mainly produced during the separation of the large fraction of light hydrocarbons from petroleum gas. The method has a yield 2.5 times superior to that of conventional methods.
Pyrolysis gas from biomass and pulverized bio9Bi03777 mass as reburn fuels in staged coal combustion Rudiger, H. et al. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Convers., 1997, 2, 13871398. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. Research into the possibility of a combined application of hard coal and biomass using two different co-combustion technologies is presented. A 0.5 MWti, test rig and in a 50 kW,k small-scale test facility was used for the experiments. Reburn investigations with three pulverized biomasses in the 0.5 MW,,, facility resulted in NO, emissions of -300 mg/m3. Feedstock depending on the biomass particle size, and no burnout was -99%, problems arose from CO emissions. With pyrolysis gas as reburn fuel in the 50 kWth facility, it is possible to achieve minimum NO, emissions of 200 mg/m3 at 6% Oa in the flue gas. With biomass feedstock, the pyrolysis temperature showed only a weak influence on the reburn behaviour. A positive effect on NO, reduction in the reburn zone of the combustion reactor seems to arise from nitrogen concentration, especially in the tar components of the pyrolysis gas.
dissociation at high temperatures; CO2 dissociation reaction also occurs at >673 K. Carbide carbons are believed to be active species in CO generation by reacting with oxygen atoms dissociated from CO*. Co’“’ particles in the reaction are responsible for dissociating methane to form active carbon, abstracting an oxygen atom from a COz molecule and transferring oxygen atom to carbon to form CO.
98103783 Synthetic fuel gas generated from C5_6 hydrocarbons for domestic use Chen, W. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1.144.263 (Cl. ClOL3/12), 5 Mar 1997, Appl. 95,115,518, 25 Aug 1995, 4 pp. (In Chinese) By-product C5_h hydrocarbons from the chemical plant of a petroleum refinery were used as the main raw materials and catalysts, additives, accelerators, etc., were added. A powdered mixture containing ferrocene 7.06, Al203 16.47, Ca(ClO)* 21.76, KMn04 13.53, sulfur powder 23.53 and K2Cr207 17.65 wt% is added to generate the fuel gas. The fuel gas is suitable as a replacement for conventional liquefied petroleum gas.
98/03784
Underground coal gasification
Kuznetsov. V. P. et al. Russ. RU 2.091.574 (Cl. E21B43/295). 27 Seo 1997. SU Appl. .4,903,204, 16 Jan 1991. ‘(In ‘Russian). From Izod~eteniyd 1997: (28) 342-343.
Pyrometric particle temperature measurements in a 98163778 pressurized fiuidired bed gasification reactor
Joutsenoja, T. et al. Combusr. Sci. Technol., 1996, 121, (l-6) 123-132. For the measurement of fuel particle temperature in a fluidized bed reactor, a fibre-optic pyrometric technique is presented. In fibre-optic pyrometry, the thermal radiation emitted by bed and fuel particles is collected and transmitted to a radiometric unit by an optical light-guide immersed into the reactor. The radiation intensity is measured on two narrow wavelength bands and temperatures of the bed and individual fuel particles are determined from these signals. Experimental results obtained in an industrial pressurized fluidized bed gasification pilot plant of 15 MW of thermal power are reported. The fluidized bed temperature was 11401215 K and the pressure in the reactor was 1.6-2 MPa. Many fuel particles that were both hotter and colder than the surrounding bed were clearly detected. For the hotter particles the temperature elevation with respect to the bed was typically 40-100 K.
Steam gasification of biomass chars: potential of 98193779 producing high BTU gas
Katikaneni, S. P. R. et al. Biomass Gasif. Pyrolysis, [Conf.]. 1997, 191-196. Edited by Kaltschmitt, M. and Bridgwater, A. V., CPL Press, Newbury, UK. An Inconel-alloy microreactor was used for the steam gasification of char at temperatures of 600, 700 and 8OO”C, at a steam rate of 10 g/h. Chars from two processes were used: (1) from bio-oil upgrading using HZSM-5 catalyst (2) from vacuum distillation of bio-oil. The results obtained suggest that catalytic char is capable of producing a high BTU gas by simple steam gasification alone. The process also has the potential of producing hydrogen which may be used in generating power through the use of fuel cells.
Steam gasification of wheat straw, barley straw, 98103780 willow and giganteus Hansen, L. K. et al. Risoe Natl. Lab., [Rep.] Risoe-R, 1997, (Risoe-R-944) 1-31. A pressurized thermogravimetric analyser was used for a thorough experimental study of the Hz0 gasification char-reactivity of wheat straw, barley straw, willow and giganteus. The experimental conditions were l-10 bar total pressure, 0.15-1.5 bar Hz0 and O-l.0 bar Ha and 750-925°C. The experiments and their results are reported. The project has been carried out under the EFP-95 programme for the Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy and for the Danish utility associations Elsam and Elkraft.
Studies of catalytic partial oxidation of methane to 98/037al synthesis gas Yu, J.-S. er al. J. Nat. Gas Chem., 1997, 6, (l), 30-36. Using a fixed-bed flow reactor, the activities of Ni/AlzOs and platinumdoped Ni/A120s catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas were studied. By examining the effects of the amount of platinum doped on the catalytic properties of catalysts, it became clear that the activity and selectivity for CO and Hz of platinum-doped Ni/AlzOs were much better than that of the NilA catalyst. The interaction between platinum and nickel in the catalyst was investigated by temperature-programmed reduction, CO*-temperature-programmed desorption and CO-temperature-programmed desorption. The results showed that platinum promoted the reduction of nickel and affected the CO and COz adsorption capacity of platinum-doped Ni/AlsOs catalyst. This indicated that there might be some strong interaction between platinum and nickel, which enhanced the activity and stability of platinum-doped Ni/AlzOs catalyst.
Studies on the reaction mechanism of CO,-reform98103782 ing of methane over Co/-+&O8 catalyst
Lu, Y. er al. Chin. Chem. Left., 1997, 8, (2). 121-124. In order to study the reaction mechanism of CO*-reforming of methane to syngas over CO/T-A120s catalysts, TPPR and XPS characterizations were combined. Methane shows a tendency to form surface carbons by deep
354
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1996
04
BY-PRODUCTS TO FUELS
RELATED
9ato3786 Analysis of products of high-temperature pyrolysis of various hydrocarbons
Murphy, D. B. et al. Carbon, 1998, 35, (12), 1819-1823. The-volatile products from the pyrolysis of ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane and neopentane at 1173 K, and methane at 1372 K in a flow system, have been analysed. Eleven aromatic hydrocarbons, containing 14 or fewer carbon atoms, accounted for over 98% of the liquid products recovered in each case. The main product was benzene, followed by naphthalene and no compounds with branched chains or multiple substituents were present. Compounds containing even numbers of carbons comprised 93-99% of each mixture. In the gaseous effluent of each of the initial hydrocarbons, acetylene was a major component. The effect of temperature on the composition of the gaseous effluent during pyrolysis of methane, ethane and ethylene was determined. It is proposed that acetylene may be a common factor in the pyrolysis of aliphatic hydrocarbons, perhaps acting as the precursor of both surface carbon and aromatic hydrocarbons by a process of head-to-tail linkage of two-carbon units at active surface sites to form chains that then undergo dehydrogenation to carbon or cyclization and desorption as aromatic species.
98103786
Apparatus for manufacture of gypsum from fly ash
98/03787 ash slag
Dry binding mixture based on fly ash and recycled
Shinozaki, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 36,118 [98 36,118] (Cl. COlF11/46), 10 Feb 1998, Appl. 96/196,332,25 Jul 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) A repulper to generate a slurry from fly ash and water, an apparatus for solid-liquid separating the slurry, a reactor tank for neutralizing the separated cake by adding water and HzS04 and an apparatus for solidliquid separating the generated gypsum are included in the apparatus. Fly ash can be recycled as gypsum which is suitable for building materials.
Shumilov, T. I. and Sobkalov, P. F. Strait. Maler., 1997, (9), 23-25. (In Russian) Industrial experience with the production of ash-slag-cement dry binding mixtures is evaluated.
98/037aa Fatigue performance and equations of roller compacted concrete with fly ash Sun, W. et al. Cem. Concr. Res., 1998, 28, (2), 309-315. The paper studies the influence of fly ash on the fatigue performance of roller compacted concrete. The fatigue equations of roller compacted concrete both with and without fly ash are proposed through the method of the regressive analysis, and compared with that of the same grade common concrete pavement.
98/03789 mortar
Filling method of fly ash as filler to concrete or
Kato, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 59,755 (98 59,755] (Cl. CO4B18/08), 3 Mar 1998, Appl. 96/232,602, 14 Aug 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) The colour measuring method described in JIS Z 8722 was applied to fly ash to determine its colour indicator decided by modified Munsell colour system described in JIS Z 8721 and the fly ash is classified and/or the filling amount of fly ash is set according to the colour indicator.
By-products
related to fuels
and for a period of 10-3-10-2 s. The cycle is then repeated at a frequency of >350/min. The method may use as the raw material methane, ethane, or other gaseous hydrocarbons mainly produced during the separation of the large fraction of light hydrocarbons from petroleum gas. The method has a yield 2.5 times superior to that of conventional methods.
Pyrolysis gas from biomass and pulverized bio9Bi03777 mass as reburn fuels in staged coal combustion Rudiger, H. et al. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Convers., 1997, 2, 13871398. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. Research into the possibility of a combined application of hard coal and biomass using two different co-combustion technologies is presented. A 0.5 MWti, test rig and in a 50 kW,k small-scale test facility was used for the experiments. Reburn investigations with three pulverized biomasses in the 0.5 MW,,, facility resulted in NO, emissions of -300 mg/m3. Feedstock depending on the biomass particle size, and no burnout was -99%, problems arose from CO emissions. With pyrolysis gas as reburn fuel in the 50 kWth facility, it is possible to achieve minimum NO, emissions of 200 mg/m3 at 6% Oa in the flue gas. With biomass feedstock, the pyrolysis temperature showed only a weak influence on the reburn behaviour. A positive effect on NO, reduction in the reburn zone of the combustion reactor seems to arise from nitrogen concentration, especially in the tar components of the pyrolysis gas.
dissociation at high temperatures; CO2 dissociation reaction also occurs at >673 K. Carbide carbons are believed to be active species in CO generation by reacting with oxygen atoms dissociated from CO*. Co’“’ particles in the reaction are responsible for dissociating methane to form active carbon, abstracting an oxygen atom from a COz molecule and transferring oxygen atom to carbon to form CO.
98103783 Synthetic fuel gas generated from C5_6 hydrocarbons for domestic use Chen, W. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1.144.263 (Cl. ClOL3/12), 5 Mar 1997, Appl. 95,115,518, 25 Aug 1995, 4 pp. (In Chinese) By-product C5_h hydrocarbons from the chemical plant of a petroleum refinery were used as the main raw materials and catalysts, additives, accelerators, etc., were added. A powdered mixture containing ferrocene 7.06, Al203 16.47, Ca(ClO)* 21.76, KMn04 13.53, sulfur powder 23.53 and K2Cr207 17.65 wt% is added to generate the fuel gas. The fuel gas is suitable as a replacement for conventional liquefied petroleum gas.
98/03784
Underground coal gasification
Kuznetsov. V. P. et al. Russ. RU 2.091.574 (Cl. E21B43/295). 27 Seo 1997. SU Appl. .4,903,204, 16 Jan 1991. ‘(In ‘Russian). From Izod~eteniyd 1997: (28) 342-343.
Pyrometric particle temperature measurements in a 98163778 pressurized fiuidired bed gasification reactor
Joutsenoja, T. et al. Combusr. Sci. Technol., 1996, 121, (l-6) 123-132. For the measurement of fuel particle temperature in a fluidized bed reactor, a fibre-optic pyrometric technique is presented. In fibre-optic pyrometry, the thermal radiation emitted by bed and fuel particles is collected and transmitted to a radiometric unit by an optical light-guide immersed into the reactor. The radiation intensity is measured on two narrow wavelength bands and temperatures of the bed and individual fuel particles are determined from these signals. Experimental results obtained in an industrial pressurized fluidized bed gasification pilot plant of 15 MW of thermal power are reported. The fluidized bed temperature was 11401215 K and the pressure in the reactor was 1.6-2 MPa. Many fuel particles that were both hotter and colder than the surrounding bed were clearly detected. For the hotter particles the temperature elevation with respect to the bed was typically 40-100 K.
Steam gasification of biomass chars: potential of 98193779 producing high BTU gas
Katikaneni, S. P. R. et al. Biomass Gasif. Pyrolysis, [Conf.]. 1997, 191-196. Edited by Kaltschmitt, M. and Bridgwater, A. V., CPL Press, Newbury, UK. An Inconel-alloy microreactor was used for the steam gasification of char at temperatures of 600, 700 and 8OO”C, at a steam rate of 10 g/h. Chars from two processes were used: (1) from bio-oil upgrading using HZSM-5 catalyst (2) from vacuum distillation of bio-oil. The results obtained suggest that catalytic char is capable of producing a high BTU gas by simple steam gasification alone. The process also has the potential of producing hydrogen which may be used in generating power through the use of fuel cells.
Steam gasification of wheat straw, barley straw, 98103780 willow and giganteus Hansen, L. K. et al. Risoe Natl. Lab., [Rep.] Risoe-R, 1997, (Risoe-R-944) 1-31. A pressurized thermogravimetric analyser was used for a thorough experimental study of the Hz0 gasification char-reactivity of wheat straw, barley straw, willow and giganteus. The experimental conditions were l-10 bar total pressure, 0.15-1.5 bar Hz0 and O-l.0 bar Ha and 750-925°C. The experiments and their results are reported. The project has been carried out under the EFP-95 programme for the Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy and for the Danish utility associations Elsam and Elkraft.
Studies of catalytic partial oxidation of methane to 98/037al synthesis gas Yu, J.-S. er al. J. Nat. Gas Chem., 1997, 6, (l), 30-36. Using a fixed-bed flow reactor, the activities of Ni/AlzOs and platinumdoped Ni/A120s catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas were studied. By examining the effects of the amount of platinum doped on the catalytic properties of catalysts, it became clear that the activity and selectivity for CO and Hz of platinum-doped Ni/AlzOs were much better than that of the NilA catalyst. The interaction between platinum and nickel in the catalyst was investigated by temperature-programmed reduction, CO*-temperature-programmed desorption and CO-temperature-programmed desorption. The results showed that platinum promoted the reduction of nickel and affected the CO and COz adsorption capacity of platinum-doped Ni/AlsOs catalyst. This indicated that there might be some strong interaction between platinum and nickel, which enhanced the activity and stability of platinum-doped Ni/AlzOs catalyst.
Studies on the reaction mechanism of CO,-reform98103782 ing of methane over Co/-+&O8 catalyst
Lu, Y. er al. Chin. Chem. Left., 1997, 8, (2). 121-124. In order to study the reaction mechanism of CO*-reforming of methane to syngas over CO/T-A120s catalysts, TPPR and XPS characterizations were combined. Methane shows a tendency to form surface carbons by deep
354
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1996
04
BY-PRODUCTS TO FUELS
RELATED
9ato3786 Analysis of products of high-temperature pyrolysis of various hydrocarbons
Murphy, D. B. et al. Carbon, 1998, 35, (12), 1819-1823. The-volatile products from the pyrolysis of ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane and neopentane at 1173 K, and methane at 1372 K in a flow system, have been analysed. Eleven aromatic hydrocarbons, containing 14 or fewer carbon atoms, accounted for over 98% of the liquid products recovered in each case. The main product was benzene, followed by naphthalene and no compounds with branched chains or multiple substituents were present. Compounds containing even numbers of carbons comprised 93-99% of each mixture. In the gaseous effluent of each of the initial hydrocarbons, acetylene was a major component. The effect of temperature on the composition of the gaseous effluent during pyrolysis of methane, ethane and ethylene was determined. It is proposed that acetylene may be a common factor in the pyrolysis of aliphatic hydrocarbons, perhaps acting as the precursor of both surface carbon and aromatic hydrocarbons by a process of head-to-tail linkage of two-carbon units at active surface sites to form chains that then undergo dehydrogenation to carbon or cyclization and desorption as aromatic species.
98103786
Apparatus for manufacture of gypsum from fly ash
98/03787 ash slag
Dry binding mixture based on fly ash and recycled
Shinozaki, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 36,118 [98 36,118] (Cl. COlF11/46), 10 Feb 1998, Appl. 96/196,332,25 Jul 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) A repulper to generate a slurry from fly ash and water, an apparatus for solid-liquid separating the slurry, a reactor tank for neutralizing the separated cake by adding water and HzS04 and an apparatus for solidliquid separating the generated gypsum are included in the apparatus. Fly ash can be recycled as gypsum which is suitable for building materials.
Shumilov, T. I. and Sobkalov, P. F. Strait. Maler., 1997, (9), 23-25. (In Russian) Industrial experience with the production of ash-slag-cement dry binding mixtures is evaluated.
98/037aa Fatigue performance and equations of roller compacted concrete with fly ash Sun, W. et al. Cem. Concr. Res., 1998, 28, (2), 309-315. The paper studies the influence of fly ash on the fatigue performance of roller compacted concrete. The fatigue equations of roller compacted concrete both with and without fly ash are proposed through the method of the regressive analysis, and compared with that of the same grade common concrete pavement.
98/03789 mortar
Filling method of fly ash as filler to concrete or
Kato, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 59,755 (98 59,755] (Cl. CO4B18/08), 3 Mar 1998, Appl. 96/232,602, 14 Aug 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) The colour measuring method described in JIS Z 8722 was applied to fly ash to determine its colour indicator decided by modified Munsell colour system described in JIS Z 8721 and the fly ash is classified and/or the filling amount of fly ash is set according to the colour indicator.