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04078 Reaction kinetics of fuel NOx formation for gas turbine conditions
10 Engines (power generation and propulsion, electrical vehicles) investigated in detail. It is shown that the conductance of the Rll vapour generator changes the load allotment between two turbines and the high cut characteristic of the Rll evaporator joining two turbines thermally is dominant in the system behaviour. In addition, the dynamic behaviour of the system using the Rll evaporators respectively which are different in the rating is clarified. These simulation results with our network model are shown in the step and frequency responses, taking into account their steady state characteristics. 9alo4071
Engine evaluation of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel,
phase I
Ryan, T. W., III and Montalvo, D. A. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (2), 664-666. In comparison with two petroleum-derived reference fuels, the average emissions of hydrocarbons, CO, NO,, particulate matter (PM) and soluble organic fraction of PM from a Series 60 Detroit diesel engine operating on three Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuels were lower. 9alo4072
Flow separation in the inlet valve gap of piston
engines
Weclas, M. et al. Prog. Energy Cornbust. Sci, 1998, 24, (3), 165-195. Based on both data available in the literature and experimental data obtained under steady and unsteady flow conditions with a moving piston at fixed valve lifts, the separation of the inlet flow in an internal combustion engine around the valve gap has been analysed. Mass flow rate and pressure drop measurements, surface flow visualization and spatial and temporal distributions of velocity components in the valve gap measured by laserDoppler anemometry (LDA) were used in the analysis. The simple fourmode model widely used in the literature was found to be inadequate for the proper description of the complex flow separation phenomenon. As the flow separation is distributed non-uniformly across the valve gap width and around the valve periphery, single-point investigations using LDA or hotwire anemometry techniques must be criticized. The authors advise more attention is given to a proper comparison of results obtained by different authors or by experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The valve lift and valve geometry alone are not sufficient for proper data comparison and interpretation; the valve location in the engine head must also be taken into account. Moreover, two additional parameters, crank angle and engine (piston) speed, are very important for time-dependent flow conditions.
Gas turbines 90/04073 Perkavec, M. and Schmidt, R. G. Erennsr.-Waerme-Kraf, 1997,49, (4), 97104. (In German) The actual state and trends in gas turbine technology is discussed. Topics turbines, combustion chambers, include assessment of compressors, emissions, fuels, control and maintenance, combined processes, coal firing, and development of new materials. MILP optimization of energy systems with a condensing turbine
98/04074
Bojic, M. et al. Energy, 1998, 23, (3), 231-238. Factories use heat and power to support their technology. Inputs may be produced internally or purchased in the market. To produce inputs internally, factories use the TPC, i.e. an energy system consisting of a steam boiler and a purely condensing turbine. Factories may also use an energy system consisting of a steam boiler and a turbine with steam extraction (TSE). Using a steady-state, bottom-up approach in a network of energy modules and mixed integer linear programming (MILP), cost-region diagrams have been derived for both the TPC and TSE. These diagrams provide the plant operator with guidance for optimum resource utilization which results in a cost saving of 71.8%.
Optical diagnostics for soot and temperature measurement in diesel engines
98/04075
Prog. Energy Combusr. Sci., 1998, 24, (3).
Zhao, H. and Ladommatos, N. 221-255. The optical techniques for in-cylinder combustion temperature measurement are reviewed here, in particular the measurement of soot in diesel engines. The two-colour method for in-cylinder soot and combustion temperature measurement is presented first and both signal point and fullfield temperature and soot measurements are considered. In the second part, the soot diagnostics based on light scattering, especially the light extinction method for in-cylinder soot concentration measurements, are discussed. Optical techniques for spatially resolved two-dimensional measurements of soot particles in diesel engines are featured in part three and the operating principle and implementation of laser induced incandescence (LII) are discussed in detail. This paper provides a comprehensive review for those who are interested in using optical diagnostics for in-cylinder soot and combustion temperature measurement in diesel engines.
PAH emissions influenced by W-based and turbocharging from a heavy-duty diesel engine
98lQ4076
additive
Yang, H.-H. et al. Environment Int., 1998, 24, (4), 389-403. To investigate the effects on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions from a natural-aspirated heavy-duty diesel-powered engine, a manganese-based additive was implemented. A similar turbocharged engine was tested and compared with the natural-aspirated engine. The concen-
trations of 21 individual PAHs (gas and particle phases) and the metal element (manganese) of the particulate from the engine exhaust and in the diesel fuel, respectively, were determined. A PAH sampling system was used to collect the engine exhaust over the modified JAMA J-13 mode. By adding 400 mgikg of manganese-based additive in the diesel, the reduction fraction of mean total-PAH emission was 37.2%, while the mean reduction fraction for the 10 higher molecular weight (HMW) PAHs was 64.5%. These results indicate that the manganese-based additive in the diesel engine can act as a catalyst enhancing the oxidation process and reducing a considerable amount of PAH emission. In addition, the amount of 10 HMW PAR emission from the turbocharged engine averaged 92.4% of magnitude lower than that of the natural-aspirated engine. The turbocharged engine was found to have higher pressure and temperature, making it a more complete fuel combustion. 9alo4077 Production of bio-fuel for diesel engines Haupt, .I. and Radig, W. Ger. DE 19,622,601 (Cl. CiOL1/02), 12 Mar 1998, Appl. 19,622,601, 5 Jun 1996, 8 pp. (In German) Based on mixtures of fatty acid and fatty ester, diesel engine fuels are produced from waste fats separated during wastewater treatment. The procedure is described. 9aIO4978 Reaction kinetics of fuel NO. formation for gas turbine conditions Nakata, T. et al. Proc. ASME-JSME Therm. Eng. Jr. Conf., 4th, 1995, 3, 227-234. Edited by Fletcher, L. S. and Aihara, T., American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York. During combustion in the gas turbine of an integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) system, ammonia contained in the coal gasification fuel is converted to nitrogen oxides (NO,). Research data on fuel-NO, formation is insufficient and much remains to be explored. The present research aims at obtaining fundamental knowledge of fuel-NO, formation characteristics by applying reaction kinetics to gas turbine conditions. In the cross-section of the gas turbine combustor, an instantaneous mixing condition was assumed and both the gradual mixing condition and instantaneous mixing condition were assumed at the secondary air inlet section. In the primary combustion zone under fuel rich condition, HCN and other intermediate products were formed as ammonia contained in the fuel decompositions. The formation characteristics of fuel-NO, are affected by the condition of secondary air mixing. The conversion ratio from ammonia to NO, declines as the pressure inside the combustor rises under the condition of gradual mixing at the secondary air inlet. Approximate agreement was found between these results and the experimentation.
98/04079
Recycled waste oil: a fuel for medium speed diesel
engines? Cheng, A. B. L. et al. ICE (Am. Sot. Mechanical Eng.), 1996.27-3, 73-80. Trials carried out to dispose of recycled waste oil using a Mirrlees Blackstone medium speed diesel engine are reported. The level of pre-treatment required to achieve sensible levels of engine durability is indicated by the results. 98/04080
Representation of combined thermodynamic pro-
cesses Hassler, G. and Hassler, R. VGB Krafrwerkstech., 1997, 77, (lo), 800-801. (In German) A single temperature/entropy diagram is used to present the course of a combined gas steam turbine process of a power plant.
98lO4081 Three-dimensional coupled aerodynamic and thermal analysis of a turbine nozzle guide vane Bohn, D. and Schoenenborn, H. Heat Transfer Sci. Technol. 1996, [Int. Symp. Hear Transfer], 4th, 1996, 565-570. Edited by Buxuan, W., Higher Education Press, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. One of the most difficult engineering tasks in the design of any modern gas turbine is the thermal design of contemporary high-pressure turbine nozzle guide vanes. One of the major challenges to present research on blade cooling is the combination of both the flow behaviour in the interior of cooling channels and the aerodynamic aspects of the blade passage. Results for the 3-D coupled aerodynamic and thermal numerical investigation of a convection-cooled, high-pressure turbine nozzle guide vane are presented. In its interior, the blade is cooled by ten channels to which cooling air has been admitted; the flow in these channels is included in the simulations. Thus, for the blade itself, no further boundary conditions are necessary, except at the casing and shroud. The temperature distribution in the blade is determined fully coupled, depending only on the flow conditions in the passage and in the cooling channels. The potential of the code for the prediction of both the flow field and the temperature field is illustrated by the comparison of numerical and experimental results. The calculations employ a code for the coupled simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in solid bodies. The numerical scheme works on the basis of an implicit finite volume method combined with a multi-block technique. The full, compressible 3-D Navier-Stokes equations are solved within the fluid region and the Fourier equation for heat conduction is solved within the solid body region.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1998 381
Engine evaluation of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel,
phase I
Ryan, T. W., III and Montalvo, D. A. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (2), 664-666. In comparison with two petroleum-derived reference fuels, the average emissions of hydrocarbons, CO, NO,, particulate matter (PM) and soluble organic fraction of PM from a Series 60 Detroit diesel engine operating on three Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuels were lower. 9alo4072
Flow separation in the inlet valve gap of piston
engines
Weclas, M. et al. Prog. Energy Cornbust. Sci, 1998, 24, (3), 165-195. Based on both data available in the literature and experimental data obtained under steady and unsteady flow conditions with a moving piston at fixed valve lifts, the separation of the inlet flow in an internal combustion engine around the valve gap has been analysed. Mass flow rate and pressure drop measurements, surface flow visualization and spatial and temporal distributions of velocity components in the valve gap measured by laserDoppler anemometry (LDA) were used in the analysis. The simple fourmode model widely used in the literature was found to be inadequate for the proper description of the complex flow separation phenomenon. As the flow separation is distributed non-uniformly across the valve gap width and around the valve periphery, single-point investigations using LDA or hotwire anemometry techniques must be criticized. The authors advise more attention is given to a proper comparison of results obtained by different authors or by experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The valve lift and valve geometry alone are not sufficient for proper data comparison and interpretation; the valve location in the engine head must also be taken into account. Moreover, two additional parameters, crank angle and engine (piston) speed, are very important for time-dependent flow conditions.
Gas turbines 90/04073 Perkavec, M. and Schmidt, R. G. Erennsr.-Waerme-Kraf, 1997,49, (4), 97104. (In German) The actual state and trends in gas turbine technology is discussed. Topics turbines, combustion chambers, include assessment of compressors, emissions, fuels, control and maintenance, combined processes, coal firing, and development of new materials. MILP optimization of energy systems with a condensing turbine
98/04074
Bojic, M. et al. Energy, 1998, 23, (3), 231-238. Factories use heat and power to support their technology. Inputs may be produced internally or purchased in the market. To produce inputs internally, factories use the TPC, i.e. an energy system consisting of a steam boiler and a purely condensing turbine. Factories may also use an energy system consisting of a steam boiler and a turbine with steam extraction (TSE). Using a steady-state, bottom-up approach in a network of energy modules and mixed integer linear programming (MILP), cost-region diagrams have been derived for both the TPC and TSE. These diagrams provide the plant operator with guidance for optimum resource utilization which results in a cost saving of 71.8%.
Optical diagnostics for soot and temperature measurement in diesel engines
98/04075
Prog. Energy Combusr. Sci., 1998, 24, (3).
Zhao, H. and Ladommatos, N. 221-255. The optical techniques for in-cylinder combustion temperature measurement are reviewed here, in particular the measurement of soot in diesel engines. The two-colour method for in-cylinder soot and combustion temperature measurement is presented first and both signal point and fullfield temperature and soot measurements are considered. In the second part, the soot diagnostics based on light scattering, especially the light extinction method for in-cylinder soot concentration measurements, are discussed. Optical techniques for spatially resolved two-dimensional measurements of soot particles in diesel engines are featured in part three and the operating principle and implementation of laser induced incandescence (LII) are discussed in detail. This paper provides a comprehensive review for those who are interested in using optical diagnostics for in-cylinder soot and combustion temperature measurement in diesel engines.
PAH emissions influenced by W-based and turbocharging from a heavy-duty diesel engine
98lQ4076
additive
Yang, H.-H. et al. Environment Int., 1998, 24, (4), 389-403. To investigate the effects on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions from a natural-aspirated heavy-duty diesel-powered engine, a manganese-based additive was implemented. A similar turbocharged engine was tested and compared with the natural-aspirated engine. The concen-
trations of 21 individual PAHs (gas and particle phases) and the metal element (manganese) of the particulate from the engine exhaust and in the diesel fuel, respectively, were determined. A PAH sampling system was used to collect the engine exhaust over the modified JAMA J-13 mode. By adding 400 mgikg of manganese-based additive in the diesel, the reduction fraction of mean total-PAH emission was 37.2%, while the mean reduction fraction for the 10 higher molecular weight (HMW) PAHs was 64.5%. These results indicate that the manganese-based additive in the diesel engine can act as a catalyst enhancing the oxidation process and reducing a considerable amount of PAH emission. In addition, the amount of 10 HMW PAR emission from the turbocharged engine averaged 92.4% of magnitude lower than that of the natural-aspirated engine. The turbocharged engine was found to have higher pressure and temperature, making it a more complete fuel combustion. 9alo4077 Production of bio-fuel for diesel engines Haupt, .I. and Radig, W. Ger. DE 19,622,601 (Cl. CiOL1/02), 12 Mar 1998, Appl. 19,622,601, 5 Jun 1996, 8 pp. (In German) Based on mixtures of fatty acid and fatty ester, diesel engine fuels are produced from waste fats separated during wastewater treatment. The procedure is described. 9aIO4978 Reaction kinetics of fuel NO. formation for gas turbine conditions Nakata, T. et al. Proc. ASME-JSME Therm. Eng. Jr. Conf., 4th, 1995, 3, 227-234. Edited by Fletcher, L. S. and Aihara, T., American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York. During combustion in the gas turbine of an integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) system, ammonia contained in the coal gasification fuel is converted to nitrogen oxides (NO,). Research data on fuel-NO, formation is insufficient and much remains to be explored. The present research aims at obtaining fundamental knowledge of fuel-NO, formation characteristics by applying reaction kinetics to gas turbine conditions. In the cross-section of the gas turbine combustor, an instantaneous mixing condition was assumed and both the gradual mixing condition and instantaneous mixing condition were assumed at the secondary air inlet section. In the primary combustion zone under fuel rich condition, HCN and other intermediate products were formed as ammonia contained in the fuel decompositions. The formation characteristics of fuel-NO, are affected by the condition of secondary air mixing. The conversion ratio from ammonia to NO, declines as the pressure inside the combustor rises under the condition of gradual mixing at the secondary air inlet. Approximate agreement was found between these results and the experimentation.
98/04079
Recycled waste oil: a fuel for medium speed diesel
engines? Cheng, A. B. L. et al. ICE (Am. Sot. Mechanical Eng.), 1996.27-3, 73-80. Trials carried out to dispose of recycled waste oil using a Mirrlees Blackstone medium speed diesel engine are reported. The level of pre-treatment required to achieve sensible levels of engine durability is indicated by the results. 98/04080
Representation of combined thermodynamic pro-
cesses Hassler, G. and Hassler, R. VGB Krafrwerkstech., 1997, 77, (lo), 800-801. (In German) A single temperature/entropy diagram is used to present the course of a combined gas steam turbine process of a power plant.
98lO4081 Three-dimensional coupled aerodynamic and thermal analysis of a turbine nozzle guide vane Bohn, D. and Schoenenborn, H. Heat Transfer Sci. Technol. 1996, [Int. Symp. Hear Transfer], 4th, 1996, 565-570. Edited by Buxuan, W., Higher Education Press, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. One of the most difficult engineering tasks in the design of any modern gas turbine is the thermal design of contemporary high-pressure turbine nozzle guide vanes. One of the major challenges to present research on blade cooling is the combination of both the flow behaviour in the interior of cooling channels and the aerodynamic aspects of the blade passage. Results for the 3-D coupled aerodynamic and thermal numerical investigation of a convection-cooled, high-pressure turbine nozzle guide vane are presented. In its interior, the blade is cooled by ten channels to which cooling air has been admitted; the flow in these channels is included in the simulations. Thus, for the blade itself, no further boundary conditions are necessary, except at the casing and shroud. The temperature distribution in the blade is determined fully coupled, depending only on the flow conditions in the passage and in the cooling channels. The potential of the code for the prediction of both the flow field and the temperature field is illustrated by the comparison of numerical and experimental results. The calculations employ a code for the coupled simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in solid bodies. The numerical scheme works on the basis of an implicit finite volume method combined with a multi-block technique. The full, compressible 3-D Navier-Stokes equations are solved within the fluid region and the Fourier equation for heat conduction is solved within the solid body region.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1998 381