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04315 Recent trends in high-energy materials
16
Fuel science and technology (fundamental
science, analysis, instrumentation)
90io4305 Post-retrofit operating and NO. ence on five tangentially fired units
emissions
experi-
Thompson, R. E. et al. FACT, 1996, 21, (Proceedings of the International Joint Power Generation Conference, Volume 1: Environmental Control/ Fuels and Combustion Technologies, 1996). 77-86. For five Phase I tangentially-fired units ranging in size from 135 to 250 MW,, a summary of the post-retrofit operating and NO, emissions experience is presented. All units were retrofit with low-NO, concentric firing systems (LNCFS) which included low-NO, burners and overfire air (OFA). One 250 MW, unit was recently retrofit with a state-of-the-art controls system under a jointly funded project with EPRI. Start up and operational issues concerning burner nozzle flame attachment and overheating, pulverizer high efficiency exhauster modifications and operation with a high sulfur slagging coal are addressed. At full load, NO, emission guarantees were generally met without difficulty, but at reduced loads, trade-offs between NO, emissions and steam temperatures were necessary. The operating ranges of the burner tilts and damper settings were restricted to ensure reliable long-term operation with certain coals. After start-up, the combustion tuning and performance optimization also involved adjustments to the OFA dampers to improve combustion uniformity.
Producing carbon-based catalysts from coal, for use in dehalogenation and hydrocracking reactions 98/04306
Farcasiu, M. et al. U.S. US 5,721,186 (Cl. 502-184; BOlJ21/18), 24 Feb 1998, Appl. 708,991, 6 Sep 1996, 8 pp. An aqueous alkali solution is mixed with the coal and then heated and dried. The mixture is then reheated to form carbonized material, cooled and excess alkali is removed from the carbonized material. The carbonized material is subsequently recovered. The entire process is carried out in controlled atmospheres and the carbonized material is a hydrocracking or hydrodehalogenation catalyst for liquid phase reactions. The catalysts may also be produced from coal by a one-step method comprising mixing an aqueous alkali solution with the coal, heating the aqueous mixture from an ambient temperature to a predetermined temperature at a predetermined rate, cooling the mixture and washing the mixture to remove excess alkali from the treated and carbonized material.
Progress in commercial and potential industrial processes based on carbon monoxide
98104307
Macho, V. et al. Pet. Coal, 1997, 39, (l), 6-12. Chemistry based on C,-compounds, especially carbon monoxide, is expected to grow coherently with the depletion of crude oil reserves, because it can be produced practically from whatever raw material containing carbon. A vast pallet of organic compounds can be prepared from carbon monoxide; more than 70 types of compounds were prepared on a laboratory scale. Details are given.
98104308
Prospects for use of converted artillery technology
in mines Arens, V. Z. et al. Up1 1997, (lo), 6-10. (In Russian). The paper discusses the unconventional method of coal loosing in mines by using artillery technology. Conditions necessary for reliable demolition of coal are analysed and the design and main parameters of the propelling apparatus that give required kinetic energy and operation safety are described.
98lo4310
Quantifying and minimizing entropy generation in
AMTEC cells Hendricks, T. J. and Huang, C. Proc. Intersoc. Energy Comers. Eng. Conf., 1997, 32. 1165-1171. Advanced Modular Power Systems, Inc. are doing an on-going project to identify, quantity, and minimize entropy generation mechanisms within an alkali metal thermoelectric conversion (AMTEC) cell. The objective is to determine cost-effective design approaches for maximizing AMTEC cell power generation. Various entropy generation mechanisms have been identified and quantified. Several cell design techniques have been tested in the project in a solar-driven AMTEC system to minimize cell entropy generation and produce designs of maximum power cells. In many cases, various sources of entropy generation are interrelated such that minimizing entropy generation requires cell and system design optimization. Some of the trade-offs between various entropy generation mechanisms are quantified and explained and their implications on cell design are discussed. Also presented is the relationship between AMTEC cell power and efficiency and entropy generation.
9810431i Reaction process with a three-phase bubble column suitable for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Casanave, D. et al. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 820,806 (Cl. BOlJ8/00), 28 Jan 1998, FR Appl. 96/9,552, 26 Jul 1996, l-3. (In French) Containing catalytic particles, this three-phase slurry reactor involves bubbling gaseous reactant into the circulating slurry at the base of the reactor and discharging product gases at the top of the reactor. The reactor has a discharge outlet for the slurry. A part of the liquid (and solid) phase is recirculated such that the recirculation velocity is at least greater than the particle sedimentation velocity, e.g. >O 5 cm/s. The gas and the suspension can be circulated counter-currently or cocurrently, internally or externally. naturally or mechanically assisted. More than one heat exchanger is included in the recirculation loop and the reactor can be used for conducting exothermic reactions at >lOo”C and absolute pressure >O.l MPa. The reactor can be applied to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. 90lo4312
Reactor for burning or gasification of fine-grained
coal Albrecht, 3. et al. Ger. Offen. DE 19,634,288 (Cl. ClOJ3/26), 26 Feb 1998, Appl. 19,634,288, 24 Aug 1996, 6 pp. (In German) Reported in this paper is a reactor designed for the combustion or gasification of ash-containing solid fuels at 1100-l 800°C. using an oxygencontaining gas (and optionally steam) to form a product gas containing entrained slag droplets. The system is described and is suitable for processing coal, brown coal, wastewater treatment sludge and waste solids.
Realizing the integrative electromechanical gasmaking system in an urban gasworks Zou, Y. et al. Huagong Zidonghua Ji Yibiao, 1997, 24, (l), 14-17. (In
9m4313
Chinese) Provides a description of the technical requirements for the automation for use in the gas-making process in an urban gasworks. The structure, functions, feature, the hardware configuration and the software design of the JCK series gas-making automation were presented. The beneficial results of the gas-making system remodelled were analysed, showing obvious savings in electrical power, an increase in gas-making output and service cost reduction. 9m4314
Recent developments in coal mine inertisation in
Australia and gasification in a bench-scale highPyrolysis pressure fluldized-bed reactor
90lo4309
Megaritis, A. et al. Energy Fuels, 1998, 12, (I), 144-151. Designed for pyrolysis, gasification and combustion experiments, a-benchscale high-pressure fluidized-bed reactor has been constructed and commissioned. The system is intended to generate fuel reactivity data rapidly and cheaply, under realistic experimental conditions; it is relatively simple to construct and capable of operation by a single researcher. The reactor body serves as the resistance heater and is designed to withstand the reaction pressure, obviating use of a ‘cold’ pressure casing. A loosely fitting quartz tube lines the reactor to limit corrosion and catalytic effects. A sample is held between two air actuated valves and injected batchwise through a water-cooled probe. The design of the reactor allows determination of tar/oil and char yields. Previous to entering the analysis stage, the exhaust gases are passed through a dryer. The report focuses on equipment design and preliminary data from pyrolysis and gasification experiments with Daw Mill coal (UK) at up to 1000°C and 30 bar. Calculation of the extents of gasification was conducted by subtracting the total volatile yields in COz from mass loss during pyrolysis in helium, performed under otherwise identical conditions. Combustion reactivities of chars were determined in an atmospheric pressure TGA instrument. Several design adjustments are described, enabling total volatile yields from the FB reactor to match those from a high-pressure wire-mesh reactor. As expected, tar yields from the fluidized-bed reactor were significantly lower than those from the wire-mesh instrument, due to longer residence times of volatiles in the bed of solids and the reactor freeboard.
400
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1998
Bell, S. et al. Simtars, 1998, 5, (2), 6-11. In separate Queensland underground coal mines two different types of coal mine inertization equipment were subjected to trial in 1997. In April 1997 tests of the Polish developed GAG-3A inert gas generator were carried out at the Collinsville No. 2 Coal Mine. The unit was assembled rapidly and operated safely during surface and underground trials and no mechanical problems were encountered with the device. The GAG-3A is not suitable for every fire scenario particularly if large volumes of fresh air are being drawn into the mine, but the unit performed up to the specifications required, with respect to the selection criteria developed by the Moura Implementation Process Task Group 5 criteria. In May 1997 tests were carried out at the Cook and Laleham Collieries using a Tomlinson diesel boiler. These demonstrations indicated that a low volume generator, such as the boiler, can proactively inert a large goaf area effectively. The boiler is not, however, suitable for emergency use, due to the low flow rate of inert gas generated. Both test programs were financially supported by ACARP and the Department of Mines and Energy. BHP Shell, and MIM also contributed to the GAG-3A project and Cook Resources Mining contributed to the Tomlinson boiler project.
99lo43 15
Recent trends in high-energy materials
Agrawalt, J. P. Prog. Energy Cornbust. Sci., 1998, 24, (1). I-30. In recent years, a number of new high-energy materials have been reported in literature. This review paper critically examines them under several headings, from the point of view of stability, reliability, safety and specific application. Problems associated with their processing are identified and suggestions are made to overcome them.
Fuel science and technology (fundamental
science, analysis, instrumentation)
90io4305 Post-retrofit operating and NO. ence on five tangentially fired units
emissions
experi-
Thompson, R. E. et al. FACT, 1996, 21, (Proceedings of the International Joint Power Generation Conference, Volume 1: Environmental Control/ Fuels and Combustion Technologies, 1996). 77-86. For five Phase I tangentially-fired units ranging in size from 135 to 250 MW,, a summary of the post-retrofit operating and NO, emissions experience is presented. All units were retrofit with low-NO, concentric firing systems (LNCFS) which included low-NO, burners and overfire air (OFA). One 250 MW, unit was recently retrofit with a state-of-the-art controls system under a jointly funded project with EPRI. Start up and operational issues concerning burner nozzle flame attachment and overheating, pulverizer high efficiency exhauster modifications and operation with a high sulfur slagging coal are addressed. At full load, NO, emission guarantees were generally met without difficulty, but at reduced loads, trade-offs between NO, emissions and steam temperatures were necessary. The operating ranges of the burner tilts and damper settings were restricted to ensure reliable long-term operation with certain coals. After start-up, the combustion tuning and performance optimization also involved adjustments to the OFA dampers to improve combustion uniformity.
Producing carbon-based catalysts from coal, for use in dehalogenation and hydrocracking reactions 98/04306
Farcasiu, M. et al. U.S. US 5,721,186 (Cl. 502-184; BOlJ21/18), 24 Feb 1998, Appl. 708,991, 6 Sep 1996, 8 pp. An aqueous alkali solution is mixed with the coal and then heated and dried. The mixture is then reheated to form carbonized material, cooled and excess alkali is removed from the carbonized material. The carbonized material is subsequently recovered. The entire process is carried out in controlled atmospheres and the carbonized material is a hydrocracking or hydrodehalogenation catalyst for liquid phase reactions. The catalysts may also be produced from coal by a one-step method comprising mixing an aqueous alkali solution with the coal, heating the aqueous mixture from an ambient temperature to a predetermined temperature at a predetermined rate, cooling the mixture and washing the mixture to remove excess alkali from the treated and carbonized material.
Progress in commercial and potential industrial processes based on carbon monoxide
98104307
Macho, V. et al. Pet. Coal, 1997, 39, (l), 6-12. Chemistry based on C,-compounds, especially carbon monoxide, is expected to grow coherently with the depletion of crude oil reserves, because it can be produced practically from whatever raw material containing carbon. A vast pallet of organic compounds can be prepared from carbon monoxide; more than 70 types of compounds were prepared on a laboratory scale. Details are given.
98104308
Prospects for use of converted artillery technology
in mines Arens, V. Z. et al. Up1 1997, (lo), 6-10. (In Russian). The paper discusses the unconventional method of coal loosing in mines by using artillery technology. Conditions necessary for reliable demolition of coal are analysed and the design and main parameters of the propelling apparatus that give required kinetic energy and operation safety are described.
98lo4310
Quantifying and minimizing entropy generation in
AMTEC cells Hendricks, T. J. and Huang, C. Proc. Intersoc. Energy Comers. Eng. Conf., 1997, 32. 1165-1171. Advanced Modular Power Systems, Inc. are doing an on-going project to identify, quantity, and minimize entropy generation mechanisms within an alkali metal thermoelectric conversion (AMTEC) cell. The objective is to determine cost-effective design approaches for maximizing AMTEC cell power generation. Various entropy generation mechanisms have been identified and quantified. Several cell design techniques have been tested in the project in a solar-driven AMTEC system to minimize cell entropy generation and produce designs of maximum power cells. In many cases, various sources of entropy generation are interrelated such that minimizing entropy generation requires cell and system design optimization. Some of the trade-offs between various entropy generation mechanisms are quantified and explained and their implications on cell design are discussed. Also presented is the relationship between AMTEC cell power and efficiency and entropy generation.
9810431i Reaction process with a three-phase bubble column suitable for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Casanave, D. et al. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 820,806 (Cl. BOlJ8/00), 28 Jan 1998, FR Appl. 96/9,552, 26 Jul 1996, l-3. (In French) Containing catalytic particles, this three-phase slurry reactor involves bubbling gaseous reactant into the circulating slurry at the base of the reactor and discharging product gases at the top of the reactor. The reactor has a discharge outlet for the slurry. A part of the liquid (and solid) phase is recirculated such that the recirculation velocity is at least greater than the particle sedimentation velocity, e.g. >O 5 cm/s. The gas and the suspension can be circulated counter-currently or cocurrently, internally or externally. naturally or mechanically assisted. More than one heat exchanger is included in the recirculation loop and the reactor can be used for conducting exothermic reactions at >lOo”C and absolute pressure >O.l MPa. The reactor can be applied to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. 90lo4312
Reactor for burning or gasification of fine-grained
coal Albrecht, 3. et al. Ger. Offen. DE 19,634,288 (Cl. ClOJ3/26), 26 Feb 1998, Appl. 19,634,288, 24 Aug 1996, 6 pp. (In German) Reported in this paper is a reactor designed for the combustion or gasification of ash-containing solid fuels at 1100-l 800°C. using an oxygencontaining gas (and optionally steam) to form a product gas containing entrained slag droplets. The system is described and is suitable for processing coal, brown coal, wastewater treatment sludge and waste solids.
Realizing the integrative electromechanical gasmaking system in an urban gasworks Zou, Y. et al. Huagong Zidonghua Ji Yibiao, 1997, 24, (l), 14-17. (In
9m4313
Chinese) Provides a description of the technical requirements for the automation for use in the gas-making process in an urban gasworks. The structure, functions, feature, the hardware configuration and the software design of the JCK series gas-making automation were presented. The beneficial results of the gas-making system remodelled were analysed, showing obvious savings in electrical power, an increase in gas-making output and service cost reduction. 9m4314
Recent developments in coal mine inertisation in
Australia and gasification in a bench-scale highPyrolysis pressure fluldized-bed reactor
90lo4309
Megaritis, A. et al. Energy Fuels, 1998, 12, (I), 144-151. Designed for pyrolysis, gasification and combustion experiments, a-benchscale high-pressure fluidized-bed reactor has been constructed and commissioned. The system is intended to generate fuel reactivity data rapidly and cheaply, under realistic experimental conditions; it is relatively simple to construct and capable of operation by a single researcher. The reactor body serves as the resistance heater and is designed to withstand the reaction pressure, obviating use of a ‘cold’ pressure casing. A loosely fitting quartz tube lines the reactor to limit corrosion and catalytic effects. A sample is held between two air actuated valves and injected batchwise through a water-cooled probe. The design of the reactor allows determination of tar/oil and char yields. Previous to entering the analysis stage, the exhaust gases are passed through a dryer. The report focuses on equipment design and preliminary data from pyrolysis and gasification experiments with Daw Mill coal (UK) at up to 1000°C and 30 bar. Calculation of the extents of gasification was conducted by subtracting the total volatile yields in COz from mass loss during pyrolysis in helium, performed under otherwise identical conditions. Combustion reactivities of chars were determined in an atmospheric pressure TGA instrument. Several design adjustments are described, enabling total volatile yields from the FB reactor to match those from a high-pressure wire-mesh reactor. As expected, tar yields from the fluidized-bed reactor were significantly lower than those from the wire-mesh instrument, due to longer residence times of volatiles in the bed of solids and the reactor freeboard.
400
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1998
Bell, S. et al. Simtars, 1998, 5, (2), 6-11. In separate Queensland underground coal mines two different types of coal mine inertization equipment were subjected to trial in 1997. In April 1997 tests of the Polish developed GAG-3A inert gas generator were carried out at the Collinsville No. 2 Coal Mine. The unit was assembled rapidly and operated safely during surface and underground trials and no mechanical problems were encountered with the device. The GAG-3A is not suitable for every fire scenario particularly if large volumes of fresh air are being drawn into the mine, but the unit performed up to the specifications required, with respect to the selection criteria developed by the Moura Implementation Process Task Group 5 criteria. In May 1997 tests were carried out at the Cook and Laleham Collieries using a Tomlinson diesel boiler. These demonstrations indicated that a low volume generator, such as the boiler, can proactively inert a large goaf area effectively. The boiler is not, however, suitable for emergency use, due to the low flow rate of inert gas generated. Both test programs were financially supported by ACARP and the Department of Mines and Energy. BHP Shell, and MIM also contributed to the GAG-3A project and Cook Resources Mining contributed to the Tomlinson boiler project.
99lo43 15
Recent trends in high-energy materials
Agrawalt, J. P. Prog. Energy Cornbust. Sci., 1998, 24, (1). I-30. In recent years, a number of new high-energy materials have been reported in literature. This review paper critically examines them under several headings, from the point of view of stability, reliability, safety and specific application. Problems associated with their processing are identified and suggestions are made to overcome them.