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Cretaceous source rocks within the Seychelles microcontinent
02
Liquid fuels (sources, properties,
recoveryl
straw, hardwood and pine pyrolysis oils was determined and compared with each other. Correlations between the physical properties and chemical composition of the oils were drawn.
99lOO151 Chemical and rheological evaluation properties of SBS polymer modlfled bitumens
of agelng
Lu, X. and Isacsson, U. Fuel, 1998, 77, (9/10), 961-972. Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Foutier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy the ageing properties of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) polymer modified bitumens were evaluated. The binders were aged by means of the Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) and the Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT), respectively. It was observed that ageing resulted in degradation of the SBS polymer and oxidation of the bitumen. The polymer was also observed to resist formation of sulphoxides. Changes in the rheological properties of aged-modified hinders were dependent on a combined effect of polymer degradation and bitumen oxidation, which varied with polymer type1 and bitumen source/grade content. In all cases, the aged modified binders showed better rheological properties than aged base bitumens. The study also indicated that the ageing index obtained using DMA was largely influenced by temperature and frequency.
99/00152
Clean coal slurries, their processing for burning
Barsky, L. A. and Timnat, Y. M. HTD (Am. Sot. Mechanical Eng.), 1997, 352, (2), 217-222. A possible alternative to liquid fuel is clean coal slurry. The mine problems in use of coal in engines (ash content and particles size) are solved via a novel slurry processing technique consisting of superfine grinding of the coal, selective separation of the coal particles and other inorganic ingredients, and finally combustion of the fine fraction coal in slurry droplets. An experimental rig for column flotation and selective flocculation was built. A vibroinertial grinding facility reduces the coal particles to 40~ or less. After addition of appropriate amounts of a suitable oil and Hz0 an emulsion flotation step produces coal-Hz0 slurry with ash content under 4%.
Coal-water slur fuel productlon: Its evolution 9WOO153 and current status In the Un7 ted States
Morrison, J. L. er al. Proc. Annu. Inl. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, 29, 27-35. A review on coal feedstocks, formulation, and production of coal-water slurry fuel.
Coal-water slurry fuels on the basis of coking ig?’ 54 Sciazko, M. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pirrsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (23), 1522. As a fuel replacing fuel oil, the feasibility of preparation of highlyconcentrated (70%) stable coal-water slurry. For a wide range of parameters the combustion was stable and highly efficient fuel conversion (98%) was attained.
Deposltlonal environments and oil potentlal of 99/w 155 JurasslclCretaceous source rocks wlthln the Seychelles mlcrocontlnent Plummer, P. S. et al. Marine and Pefroleum Geology, 1998, 15, (5). 385401. Recent geochemical analysis of cuttings from the Seagull Shoals-i well has identified an oil-orone liotinitic (Tvoe II) coalv shale within early Middle Jurassic abandoned deltaic depos& This coaiy source rock is regionally developed, having also been identihed in the Majunga and Morondava basins of Madagascar. Oil-prone Type II organic matter has also been identified in the Owen Bank A-I well within restricted marine shales of late Middle Jurassic age. These shales are part of a thick post-rift source rock sequence that extends into the Early Cretaenus and is in part correlative with the proven Late Jurassic Uarandab Shale of Somalia. Analysis of Campanian marine shales from Reith Bank-I identified significant dilution of total organic carbon content in composite, compared to picked, well cuttings samples. This finding supports a published inference that these post-rift shales have source rock potential. The very limited drilling of the various Jurassic/Cretaceous source rock sequences in Seychelles (only three penetrations, all within a 13 km radius) indicates that they span the entire maturity window and that some have generated hydrocarbons. However, the petroleum system associated with the Triassic-Early Cretaceous rift/ drift sequence has been tested only by three invalid wells at the western extremity of the Seychelles Plateau, whilst that associated with the Late Cretaceous rift drift sequence remains untested.
Determination 99100156 agglomeration of lignite8
of
brldglng
llquld
type
In
oil
Cebeci, Y. and Eroglu, N. Fuel, 1998, 77, (5), 419-424. In this study, the aim was to determine the appropriate bridging liquid for lignites at selective agglomeration. Kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, spindle oil, heavy neutral, bright stock, light neutral and various surface active components were used. The best results were obtained with a mixture of 70% fuel oil + 15% Acorga MS 640 + 15% 2-Et hexanol or other alcohol type of reagents. From a coal with an ash content of 35.27% a clean coal having an ash content of 17% with a combustible recovery more than 90% was produced.
16 Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1999
99100157 Determination of spontaneous ignition temperatures of ester-based aviation lubricants using pressure dlfferentlal scanning calorimetry Basken, A. er al. Synth. Lubr., 1998, 15, (1) 13-18. Demonstrated is the usefulness of pressure differential scanning calorimetry in the determination of spontaneous ignition temperatures of newly developed ester-based aviation turbine engine oils. Data on the reproducibility of measurements on aluminium and steel surfaces is given.
99100156 Device for distinguishing between liquids and for dispensing Ilqulds, especially fuels Clark, A. Q. and Read, H. GE A@., 1997, 14, 270, 47 pp. One way of distinguishing between liquids, e.g. to stop mis-fuelling of vehicles, involves controlling the liquid movement between one tank and another, e.g. between a bulk tank and a vehicle, via a line between them and reversible closure means. The vapour in the second and/or first tank is analysed, the results compared to those of a standard or to those of the other tank and the results of the comparison used to control operation of the closure. If the detector detects the wrong liqud a novel liquid dispenser, e.g. for hydrocarbon fuels, has associated with it a detector open to vapour from the receiving tank to achieve the above distinction, in particular one with a processor and controller to operate closure means, e.g. the dispenser valve.
well completion Drilling, and engineering actlvltles In preparatlon of the flrst underground coal gaslflcatlon trial In the framework of a European community collaboration, Alcorlsa, Spain
99100159
Fievez, P. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (16). 3647. Located near Alcorisa, province of Teruel, Spain is the ‘El Tremedal’ underground coal gasification (UCG) test site. The main objective is to demonstrate the technological feasibility of UCG at an intermediate depth of about 600 m.
Effect of catalyst characteristics on the product dlstrlbutlon obtained from the catalytic upgrading of a biomass-derived oil
99iOO160
Idem, R. 0. et al. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Biomass Conf. Am., 3rd, 1997, (1), 811-821. Edited by Overend, R. P. and Chornet, E. Obtained from rapid thermal pyrolysis of maple wood, a biomass-derived oil was upgraded in a fixed-bed microreactor at atmospheric pressure, and at temperatures and space velocities (WHSV) in the range 330-410” and 1.8-7.2 hh’. A variety of catalysts were used. HZSM-5 catalyst gave the largest hydrocarbon fraction in the product (mostly aromatics in the gasoline boiling range). HY catalysts were highly selective for kerosene range hydrocarbons. Product from SAPO-11 catalyst consisted of a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons whereas those from silica-alumina consisted mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The product slate was dramatically altered by changing the functionality of the catalyst. For example, a mixture of 20 wt% HZSM-5 and 80 wt% silica-alumina catalyst produced almost all aliphatic hydrocarbons. For bio-oil upgrading over the various groups of catalysts used an attempt has been made to present the possible reaction pathways.
99iOOl61 The effect of minerals on retortlng enthalples of some Australian Tertiary oil shales Berkovicha, A. J. er al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (9/10), 987-993. Simultaneous thermogravimetryldifferential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used for the determination of reaction heats and mass losses, respectively, of oil shales for the temperature range of the drying/preheating process and retorting. The samples originated from the Stuart, Condor, Nagoorin, Lowmead and Duaringa Tertiary oil shale deposits in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. The results showed that the enthalpy associated with retorting ranged between 68 J gg’ and 194 J g-‘. The mass losses associated with drying/preheating and retorting were found to range between 1.0% and 6.0%, and 5.4% and 30.9%, respectively. A correlation between retort enthalpy and siderite and clay contents of the oil shales was established.
99100162 Effect of the mineral matrix In the reactions of oil shales: 1. Pyrolysis reactlons of Turkish Giiynuk and US Green River oil shales Karabakan, A. and Yiirilm, Y Fuel, 1998, 77, (12), 1303-1309. In this study the effect of the mineral matrix of Turkish Gdynuk and Green River oil shales on the conversion of kerogen into organic material in pyrolysis reactions was investigated. For the original and demineralized products of oil shales the conversion of kerogen to volatile organic material in pyrolysis reactions increased with increased reaction temperatures. Increasing the heating rate also caused greater kerogen conversion. It was discovered that pyrolysis reactions were catalysed by alkaline earth metal cations in carbonates and inhibited by silicates. The inhibition effect of the silicates seemed to be greater than the catalytic effect of the carbonates in the pyrolysis reactions of the original Guynuk and Green River oil shales.
Liquid fuels (sources, properties,
recoveryl
straw, hardwood and pine pyrolysis oils was determined and compared with each other. Correlations between the physical properties and chemical composition of the oils were drawn.
99lOO151 Chemical and rheological evaluation properties of SBS polymer modlfled bitumens
of agelng
Lu, X. and Isacsson, U. Fuel, 1998, 77, (9/10), 961-972. Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Foutier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy the ageing properties of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) polymer modified bitumens were evaluated. The binders were aged by means of the Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) and the Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT), respectively. It was observed that ageing resulted in degradation of the SBS polymer and oxidation of the bitumen. The polymer was also observed to resist formation of sulphoxides. Changes in the rheological properties of aged-modified hinders were dependent on a combined effect of polymer degradation and bitumen oxidation, which varied with polymer type1 and bitumen source/grade content. In all cases, the aged modified binders showed better rheological properties than aged base bitumens. The study also indicated that the ageing index obtained using DMA was largely influenced by temperature and frequency.
99/00152
Clean coal slurries, their processing for burning
Barsky, L. A. and Timnat, Y. M. HTD (Am. Sot. Mechanical Eng.), 1997, 352, (2), 217-222. A possible alternative to liquid fuel is clean coal slurry. The mine problems in use of coal in engines (ash content and particles size) are solved via a novel slurry processing technique consisting of superfine grinding of the coal, selective separation of the coal particles and other inorganic ingredients, and finally combustion of the fine fraction coal in slurry droplets. An experimental rig for column flotation and selective flocculation was built. A vibroinertial grinding facility reduces the coal particles to 40~ or less. After addition of appropriate amounts of a suitable oil and Hz0 an emulsion flotation step produces coal-Hz0 slurry with ash content under 4%.
Coal-water slur fuel productlon: Its evolution 9WOO153 and current status In the Un7 ted States
Morrison, J. L. er al. Proc. Annu. Inl. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, 29, 27-35. A review on coal feedstocks, formulation, and production of coal-water slurry fuel.
Coal-water slurry fuels on the basis of coking ig?’ 54 Sciazko, M. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pirrsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (23), 1522. As a fuel replacing fuel oil, the feasibility of preparation of highlyconcentrated (70%) stable coal-water slurry. For a wide range of parameters the combustion was stable and highly efficient fuel conversion (98%) was attained.
Deposltlonal environments and oil potentlal of 99/w 155 JurasslclCretaceous source rocks wlthln the Seychelles mlcrocontlnent Plummer, P. S. et al. Marine and Pefroleum Geology, 1998, 15, (5). 385401. Recent geochemical analysis of cuttings from the Seagull Shoals-i well has identified an oil-orone liotinitic (Tvoe II) coalv shale within early Middle Jurassic abandoned deltaic depos& This coaiy source rock is regionally developed, having also been identihed in the Majunga and Morondava basins of Madagascar. Oil-prone Type II organic matter has also been identified in the Owen Bank A-I well within restricted marine shales of late Middle Jurassic age. These shales are part of a thick post-rift source rock sequence that extends into the Early Cretaenus and is in part correlative with the proven Late Jurassic Uarandab Shale of Somalia. Analysis of Campanian marine shales from Reith Bank-I identified significant dilution of total organic carbon content in composite, compared to picked, well cuttings samples. This finding supports a published inference that these post-rift shales have source rock potential. The very limited drilling of the various Jurassic/Cretaceous source rock sequences in Seychelles (only three penetrations, all within a 13 km radius) indicates that they span the entire maturity window and that some have generated hydrocarbons. However, the petroleum system associated with the Triassic-Early Cretaceous rift/ drift sequence has been tested only by three invalid wells at the western extremity of the Seychelles Plateau, whilst that associated with the Late Cretaceous rift drift sequence remains untested.
Determination 99100156 agglomeration of lignite8
of
brldglng
llquld
type
In
oil
Cebeci, Y. and Eroglu, N. Fuel, 1998, 77, (5), 419-424. In this study, the aim was to determine the appropriate bridging liquid for lignites at selective agglomeration. Kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, spindle oil, heavy neutral, bright stock, light neutral and various surface active components were used. The best results were obtained with a mixture of 70% fuel oil + 15% Acorga MS 640 + 15% 2-Et hexanol or other alcohol type of reagents. From a coal with an ash content of 35.27% a clean coal having an ash content of 17% with a combustible recovery more than 90% was produced.
16 Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1999
99100157 Determination of spontaneous ignition temperatures of ester-based aviation lubricants using pressure dlfferentlal scanning calorimetry Basken, A. er al. Synth. Lubr., 1998, 15, (1) 13-18. Demonstrated is the usefulness of pressure differential scanning calorimetry in the determination of spontaneous ignition temperatures of newly developed ester-based aviation turbine engine oils. Data on the reproducibility of measurements on aluminium and steel surfaces is given.
99100156 Device for distinguishing between liquids and for dispensing Ilqulds, especially fuels Clark, A. Q. and Read, H. GE A@., 1997, 14, 270, 47 pp. One way of distinguishing between liquids, e.g. to stop mis-fuelling of vehicles, involves controlling the liquid movement between one tank and another, e.g. between a bulk tank and a vehicle, via a line between them and reversible closure means. The vapour in the second and/or first tank is analysed, the results compared to those of a standard or to those of the other tank and the results of the comparison used to control operation of the closure. If the detector detects the wrong liqud a novel liquid dispenser, e.g. for hydrocarbon fuels, has associated with it a detector open to vapour from the receiving tank to achieve the above distinction, in particular one with a processor and controller to operate closure means, e.g. the dispenser valve.
well completion Drilling, and engineering actlvltles In preparatlon of the flrst underground coal gaslflcatlon trial In the framework of a European community collaboration, Alcorlsa, Spain
99100159
Fievez, P. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (16). 3647. Located near Alcorisa, province of Teruel, Spain is the ‘El Tremedal’ underground coal gasification (UCG) test site. The main objective is to demonstrate the technological feasibility of UCG at an intermediate depth of about 600 m.
Effect of catalyst characteristics on the product dlstrlbutlon obtained from the catalytic upgrading of a biomass-derived oil
99iOO160
Idem, R. 0. et al. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Biomass Conf. Am., 3rd, 1997, (1), 811-821. Edited by Overend, R. P. and Chornet, E. Obtained from rapid thermal pyrolysis of maple wood, a biomass-derived oil was upgraded in a fixed-bed microreactor at atmospheric pressure, and at temperatures and space velocities (WHSV) in the range 330-410” and 1.8-7.2 hh’. A variety of catalysts were used. HZSM-5 catalyst gave the largest hydrocarbon fraction in the product (mostly aromatics in the gasoline boiling range). HY catalysts were highly selective for kerosene range hydrocarbons. Product from SAPO-11 catalyst consisted of a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons whereas those from silica-alumina consisted mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The product slate was dramatically altered by changing the functionality of the catalyst. For example, a mixture of 20 wt% HZSM-5 and 80 wt% silica-alumina catalyst produced almost all aliphatic hydrocarbons. For bio-oil upgrading over the various groups of catalysts used an attempt has been made to present the possible reaction pathways.
99iOOl61 The effect of minerals on retortlng enthalples of some Australian Tertiary oil shales Berkovicha, A. J. er al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (9/10), 987-993. Simultaneous thermogravimetryldifferential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used for the determination of reaction heats and mass losses, respectively, of oil shales for the temperature range of the drying/preheating process and retorting. The samples originated from the Stuart, Condor, Nagoorin, Lowmead and Duaringa Tertiary oil shale deposits in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. The results showed that the enthalpy associated with retorting ranged between 68 J gg’ and 194 J g-‘. The mass losses associated with drying/preheating and retorting were found to range between 1.0% and 6.0%, and 5.4% and 30.9%, respectively. A correlation between retort enthalpy and siderite and clay contents of the oil shales was established.
99100162 Effect of the mineral matrix In the reactions of oil shales: 1. Pyrolysis reactlons of Turkish Giiynuk and US Green River oil shales Karabakan, A. and Yiirilm, Y Fuel, 1998, 77, (12), 1303-1309. In this study the effect of the mineral matrix of Turkish Gdynuk and Green River oil shales on the conversion of kerogen into organic material in pyrolysis reactions was investigated. For the original and demineralized products of oil shales the conversion of kerogen to volatile organic material in pyrolysis reactions increased with increased reaction temperatures. Increasing the heating rate also caused greater kerogen conversion. It was discovered that pyrolysis reactions were catalysed by alkaline earth metal cations in carbonates and inhibited by silicates. The inhibition effect of the silicates seemed to be greater than the catalytic effect of the carbonates in the pyrolysis reactions of the original Guynuk and Green River oil shales.