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00165 Geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of oil shale bearing deposits in the Hatildag oil shale field, Goynuk, Turkey
02 Fluid-flow 99100163 pathways in actively deforming sediments: the role of pore fluId_pressures and v&me change Bolton. A. and Maltman, A. Marine and Pefroleum Geolow, - 1998, 15, (4), 281-297. Depending largely on the case with which fluids can escape is the manner in which sediments respond to burial and shear. Rapid increase of overburden pressure or shear prevents efficient dewatering and can lead to the generation of excess pore fluid pressures. A principal control on the development of overpressure and hence mechanical strength is the permeability of the sediments. Observations from modern plate-margin accretionary prisms indicate that many faults are associated with both overpressuring and efficient fluid flow that operates in pulses, indicative of permeability that is constantly changing. Presented are the results of laboratory experiments exploring how the permeability of sediment retrieved from the Barbados accretionary prism and laboratory analogues varies with progressive strain. Material that has been initially consolidated and then subjected to reduction of effective stress, either a reduction of load or a raised fluid nressure. dilates durine shear zone formation and displays an increase in iermeability during str;n. Shear fabrics can localize flow further where the principal mode of deformation is intensely localized and brittle, and effeciive stress approaches zero. Conversely, normally consolidated sediments deform by bulk volume loss without generating discrete fabrics, and hence do not enhance flow under reduced effective stress conditions. Permeability can increase during strain by up to one order of magnitude when deformation results in sudden porosity collapse and pore water expulsion. Microstructural analysis and permeability testing before, during, and after shear have helped constrain the principal factors that control the evolution of flow conduits in fine-grained low permeability sediments.
99106164 Genetic features basins of eastern China
of petroleum
systems In rift
Qiang, J. and McCabe, P. J. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1998, 15, (4), 343-358. In eastern China most oil-bearing basins are Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental rifts which have played a habitat for oil and gas. Investigation of the petroleum systems may give a better understanding of the oil and gas habitats in these basins. Of the essential elements of the petroleum system, The source rock is the most important out of all the essential elements in rift basins. However, rift tectonic evolution controls all the essential elements and processes necessary for a petroleum system. For the controls in the rift basin a four stage evolution model is suggested. A rift basin may consist of sub-basins, depressions, sub-depressions, and major, moderate, and minor uplifts. A depression or sub-depression has its own depocentre and all kinds of lacustrine sediments, and thus has all the essential elements of a petroleum system. However, only those depressions or sub-depressions which are rich in organic matter and deeply buried to generate oil and gas form petroleum systems. Immature oil, another characteristic, complicates the petroleum system in the rift basins. Three types of oil and gas habitats are described as a result of this analysis of the petroleum systems of the 26 largest oil and gas fields discovered in eastern China rift basins: uplifts between oil source centres are the most prospective areas for oil and gas accumulations, slopes connecting oil source centres and uplifts are the second, and the third type is subtle traps in the oil source centre.
Geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of oil shale bearing deposits in the Hatildag oil shale field, Goynuk, Turkey
99100165
Sener, M. and Senguler, I. Fuel, 1998, 77, (8), 871-880. In the east-west trending Hatildag oil shale field the Paleocene-Eocene lacustrine sedimentary succession is 800 m thick and divided into the Hasanlar. Kabalar and Daehacilar formations. Oil shale bearine strata is in the middie part of the KabYalar formation. Mineral and macerartypes show that the liptinite and bituminite tend to be associated with calcite. An absence of-enrichment of trace elements in oil shales is suggested by the negative correlation between trace elements and organic carbon.
Influence of depyritization on NMR relaxation 99100166 parameters of Aleksinac oil shale kerogen Zujovic, Z. el al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (9/10), 1001-1003. Cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) and parallel proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements are reported on Aleksinac oil shale kerogen concentrate and pyrite-free kerogen concentrate. Possible relaxation mechanisms considered include proton-proton and ‘?-proton interactions. The influence of depyritization on relaxation parameters is estimated. Depyritization prolongs the TIH relaxation time constant by about five times. However, depyritization has no significant influence on relaxation in the rotating frame. The probable explanation is that there is a certain motion of structural units with spectral density in the kHz region, which averages dipolar interactions between protons and pyrite. The repetition delay is found to be 150 ms for kerogen concentrate and l-2 s for depyritized kerogen concentrate. The favourable value of contact time is identical for both samples. At the same time there are no significant changes observed in the CP/ MAS spectra of Aleksinac oil shale kerogen due to depyritization treatment, except for a small band assigned to alcoholic groups which appeared as a result of the partial reduction of carbonyl groups.
Liquid fuels (sources, properties, recovery)
99lW167 Isolation and characterization of ethanol-tolerant mutants of Escherichia coil KOll for fuel ethanol production Yomano, L. P. el al. J. Ind. Microbial. Biotechnology, 1998, 20, (2), 132138. From all sugar constituents of lignocellulose, genetically engineered Escherichiu coli KOll is capable of efficiently producing ethanol but lacks the high ethanol tolerance bf yeasts currently Lsed for commercial starchbased ethanol processes. Using an enrichment method which selects alternatively for ethanol tolerance during growth in broth and for ethanol production on solid medium, mutants of KOll with increased ethanol tolerance were isolated which can produce more than 60 g ethanol L-’ from xvlose in 72 h. Ethanol concentrations and vields achieved bv the LYOl 6utant with xylose exceed those reported-for recombinani strains of Succharomyces and Zymomonas mobilis, both of which have a high native ethanol tolerance.
99lOO166 lsomerlc ldentlfication and quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples b liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry uslng a hYgh pressure quadrupole collision cell Mansoori, B. A. Rapid Commun. Mass Specrrom., 1998, 12, (ll), 712-728. To ionize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) separated by liquid chromatography using a triple quadruple mass spectrometer equipped with a high pressure quadruple collision cell to perform low energy collision induced disassociation (CID) and tandem mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was used. The extent of differentiation of isomers was auantified bv similaritv indexes ISI). which were calculated from the relative abundances of ‘dominant’ fragment ions. Ratios of intensities of fragments to those of M+ and/or [M+H]+ precursors correlated well with the numbers of hydrogen benzo interacdons. Isomeric identification and differentiation was thus possible by CID. Application of this strategy was demonstrated by analysing standard solutions of perdeuterated PAHs as well as a complex coal tar reference material. Liquid chromatography retention times and intensity ratios were used to identify and differentiate isomers. Quantification of PAHs in the reference mater&l was performed by the method of standard additions, and the results compared with the certified values.
Kerosene for Boein aircraft. competitive jet fuels In Russian pants B
99100169
Manufacture
of
Nasirov, R. K. Khim. Tekhnol. Topl. Musel, 1998, (l), 10-14. (In Russian) In the next 2 years, along with its Russian equivalent TS-1, Jet A-l fuel should be produced to meet the requirements of Boeing civil aviation aircraft, and later TS-1 should be replaced with Jet A-l.
Measuring wettabillty of unconsolidated oil sands using the USBM method
99100170
Kwan, M. Y Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1998, 21, (l/2), 61-78. . Canada, due to commercial development of bitumen production by cyclic steam stimulation in Cold Lake, Alberta, has prompted the need to acquire relevant caoillarv nressure and wettabilitv data. The USBM method was used to deiermihe’ the wettability of four’ adjacent Cold Lake Clearwater cores at 400°C using a heated centrifuge. A centrifuge core holder that provides confining piessure and enforces zero outlet capillary pressure was used to perform the tests. Heating was necessary to mobilize the viscous bitumen. The theories of Hassler, Brunner and Rajan were used to interpret capillary pressure from the test data. One core that was unaltered was weaklv water-wet. The other three cores were ore-flooded at 280°C with large’pore volumes (>8) of bitumen and brine either as a co-injection mixture (1:l and 19:l bitumen to brine) or as alternate slugs. Their final wettabiliti state was water-wet to strongly water-wet. This w&k shows that field cyclic steam stimulation promotes water-wetness after large throughput of bitumen and brine.
99/00171 Mechanism of CHI reforming with CO2 over nickel catalysts: Monte Carlo simulation Wei, J.-M. et 01. Proc. Annu. Inl. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (7), 2125. -_. A Monte Carlo (MC) approach simulates the mechanism of methane reforming with carbon dioxide. The simulation is performed on a square lattice which represents a simplified nickel catalyst surface. The results obtained by simulation are identical with experimental results. According to the simulation results, a probable mechanism of reforming reaction is that the adsorbed oxygen atom from decomposition of carbon dioxide promotes the dissociation of methane.
99/00172 Method and apparatus for enhanced recovery of VISCOUSdeposits by thermai stimulation Hvthen. K. B. PCT Int. ADDI. WO 98 23.842 (Cl. E21B36/00). 4 Jun 1998. U’s An&. 757.891. 27 Nov ii)96: 13 DD. . Presented is ‘the ‘method and ‘appaiatus for the enhanced recovery of subterranean deposits such as petroleum or shale oil. A heating fluid circulates in a concentric tubing assembly which attaches to a downhole heat exchanger. A convertible fluid descends to the downhole heat exchanger in the concentric tubing assembly where it converts to vapour by transfer of heat from the heating fluid. The vapour can then be used to liquefy viscous subterranean deposits. A feed control valve controls the rate at which convertible fluid enters the downhole heat exchanger.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 1999 17
99106164 Genetic features basins of eastern China
of petroleum
systems In rift
Qiang, J. and McCabe, P. J. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1998, 15, (4), 343-358. In eastern China most oil-bearing basins are Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental rifts which have played a habitat for oil and gas. Investigation of the petroleum systems may give a better understanding of the oil and gas habitats in these basins. Of the essential elements of the petroleum system, The source rock is the most important out of all the essential elements in rift basins. However, rift tectonic evolution controls all the essential elements and processes necessary for a petroleum system. For the controls in the rift basin a four stage evolution model is suggested. A rift basin may consist of sub-basins, depressions, sub-depressions, and major, moderate, and minor uplifts. A depression or sub-depression has its own depocentre and all kinds of lacustrine sediments, and thus has all the essential elements of a petroleum system. However, only those depressions or sub-depressions which are rich in organic matter and deeply buried to generate oil and gas form petroleum systems. Immature oil, another characteristic, complicates the petroleum system in the rift basins. Three types of oil and gas habitats are described as a result of this analysis of the petroleum systems of the 26 largest oil and gas fields discovered in eastern China rift basins: uplifts between oil source centres are the most prospective areas for oil and gas accumulations, slopes connecting oil source centres and uplifts are the second, and the third type is subtle traps in the oil source centre.
Geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of oil shale bearing deposits in the Hatildag oil shale field, Goynuk, Turkey
99100165
Sener, M. and Senguler, I. Fuel, 1998, 77, (8), 871-880. In the east-west trending Hatildag oil shale field the Paleocene-Eocene lacustrine sedimentary succession is 800 m thick and divided into the Hasanlar. Kabalar and Daehacilar formations. Oil shale bearine strata is in the middie part of the KabYalar formation. Mineral and macerartypes show that the liptinite and bituminite tend to be associated with calcite. An absence of-enrichment of trace elements in oil shales is suggested by the negative correlation between trace elements and organic carbon.
Influence of depyritization on NMR relaxation 99100166 parameters of Aleksinac oil shale kerogen Zujovic, Z. el al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (9/10), 1001-1003. Cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) and parallel proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements are reported on Aleksinac oil shale kerogen concentrate and pyrite-free kerogen concentrate. Possible relaxation mechanisms considered include proton-proton and ‘?-proton interactions. The influence of depyritization on relaxation parameters is estimated. Depyritization prolongs the TIH relaxation time constant by about five times. However, depyritization has no significant influence on relaxation in the rotating frame. The probable explanation is that there is a certain motion of structural units with spectral density in the kHz region, which averages dipolar interactions between protons and pyrite. The repetition delay is found to be 150 ms for kerogen concentrate and l-2 s for depyritized kerogen concentrate. The favourable value of contact time is identical for both samples. At the same time there are no significant changes observed in the CP/ MAS spectra of Aleksinac oil shale kerogen due to depyritization treatment, except for a small band assigned to alcoholic groups which appeared as a result of the partial reduction of carbonyl groups.
Liquid fuels (sources, properties, recovery)
99lW167 Isolation and characterization of ethanol-tolerant mutants of Escherichia coil KOll for fuel ethanol production Yomano, L. P. el al. J. Ind. Microbial. Biotechnology, 1998, 20, (2), 132138. From all sugar constituents of lignocellulose, genetically engineered Escherichiu coli KOll is capable of efficiently producing ethanol but lacks the high ethanol tolerance bf yeasts currently Lsed for commercial starchbased ethanol processes. Using an enrichment method which selects alternatively for ethanol tolerance during growth in broth and for ethanol production on solid medium, mutants of KOll with increased ethanol tolerance were isolated which can produce more than 60 g ethanol L-’ from xvlose in 72 h. Ethanol concentrations and vields achieved bv the LYOl 6utant with xylose exceed those reported-for recombinani strains of Succharomyces and Zymomonas mobilis, both of which have a high native ethanol tolerance.
99lOO166 lsomerlc ldentlfication and quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples b liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry uslng a hYgh pressure quadrupole collision cell Mansoori, B. A. Rapid Commun. Mass Specrrom., 1998, 12, (ll), 712-728. To ionize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) separated by liquid chromatography using a triple quadruple mass spectrometer equipped with a high pressure quadruple collision cell to perform low energy collision induced disassociation (CID) and tandem mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was used. The extent of differentiation of isomers was auantified bv similaritv indexes ISI). which were calculated from the relative abundances of ‘dominant’ fragment ions. Ratios of intensities of fragments to those of M+ and/or [M+H]+ precursors correlated well with the numbers of hydrogen benzo interacdons. Isomeric identification and differentiation was thus possible by CID. Application of this strategy was demonstrated by analysing standard solutions of perdeuterated PAHs as well as a complex coal tar reference material. Liquid chromatography retention times and intensity ratios were used to identify and differentiate isomers. Quantification of PAHs in the reference mater&l was performed by the method of standard additions, and the results compared with the certified values.
Kerosene for Boein aircraft. competitive jet fuels In Russian pants B
99100169
Manufacture
of
Nasirov, R. K. Khim. Tekhnol. Topl. Musel, 1998, (l), 10-14. (In Russian) In the next 2 years, along with its Russian equivalent TS-1, Jet A-l fuel should be produced to meet the requirements of Boeing civil aviation aircraft, and later TS-1 should be replaced with Jet A-l.
Measuring wettabillty of unconsolidated oil sands using the USBM method
99100170
Kwan, M. Y Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1998, 21, (l/2), 61-78. . Canada, due to commercial development of bitumen production by cyclic steam stimulation in Cold Lake, Alberta, has prompted the need to acquire relevant caoillarv nressure and wettabilitv data. The USBM method was used to deiermihe’ the wettability of four’ adjacent Cold Lake Clearwater cores at 400°C using a heated centrifuge. A centrifuge core holder that provides confining piessure and enforces zero outlet capillary pressure was used to perform the tests. Heating was necessary to mobilize the viscous bitumen. The theories of Hassler, Brunner and Rajan were used to interpret capillary pressure from the test data. One core that was unaltered was weaklv water-wet. The other three cores were ore-flooded at 280°C with large’pore volumes (>8) of bitumen and brine either as a co-injection mixture (1:l and 19:l bitumen to brine) or as alternate slugs. Their final wettabiliti state was water-wet to strongly water-wet. This w&k shows that field cyclic steam stimulation promotes water-wetness after large throughput of bitumen and brine.
99/00171 Mechanism of CHI reforming with CO2 over nickel catalysts: Monte Carlo simulation Wei, J.-M. et 01. Proc. Annu. Inl. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (7), 2125. -_. A Monte Carlo (MC) approach simulates the mechanism of methane reforming with carbon dioxide. The simulation is performed on a square lattice which represents a simplified nickel catalyst surface. The results obtained by simulation are identical with experimental results. According to the simulation results, a probable mechanism of reforming reaction is that the adsorbed oxygen atom from decomposition of carbon dioxide promotes the dissociation of methane.
99/00172 Method and apparatus for enhanced recovery of VISCOUSdeposits by thermai stimulation Hvthen. K. B. PCT Int. ADDI. WO 98 23.842 (Cl. E21B36/00). 4 Jun 1998. U’s An&. 757.891. 27 Nov ii)96: 13 DD. . Presented is ‘the ‘method and ‘appaiatus for the enhanced recovery of subterranean deposits such as petroleum or shale oil. A heating fluid circulates in a concentric tubing assembly which attaches to a downhole heat exchanger. A convertible fluid descends to the downhole heat exchanger in the concentric tubing assembly where it converts to vapour by transfer of heat from the heating fluid. The vapour can then be used to liquefy viscous subterranean deposits. A feed control valve controls the rate at which convertible fluid enters the downhole heat exchanger.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 1999 17