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00289 Study of the oxidation of oil shale and kerogen by FTIR spectroscopy
03 99100289
Study of the oxidation of oil shale and kerogen by FTIR spectroscopy
Rose, H. R. et al. Energy Fuels, 1998, 12, (4), 682-688. In order to monitor the chemical modifications taking place during the oxidation of bitumen-free Kerosene Creek shale, the bitumen-carbonatefree shale, and the bitumen-carbonate-silicate-free shale (kerogen), IR emission spectroscopy has been used. The samples were heated, in air, at temperatures in the range 50-700°C at intervals of 50°C. Oxidation of the samples at increasing temperatures showed a steady decrease in the signals due to aliphatic hydrocarbons as well as in the carbonyl/carboxyl signals and the carbonyl signal, along with an increase in the anhydride signals. Constant temperature (30Q°Cj oxidation produced a steady increase in the anhydride peaks at 1775 cm- and at 1850 cm-’ while the 1710 and 1740 cm-’ peaks slowly decreased. Of the mineral bands, those characteristic of carbonates totally disappeared at 700°C while the other bands remained. The rate of decomposition of organic functionalities is generally fastest for the bitumen-carbonate-free sample. Analysis of the kinetic data clearly showed that the activation energy for the oxidation of aliphatic C-H groups was lowered by the presence of carbonates and silicates.
Study on coal bed methane development and utilization in Shanxi Province
99100290
Yan, Y. et al. Proc. Annu. ht. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (13), 16-21. The world’s largest coal producer is China, and nearly 75% of China’s energy demand is met by coal. Shanxi Province is the largest coal production base and its coal production share is about l/3 of total quantity in China. Therefore the quantity of associated coalbed methane is tremendous. However, there is a limit to the utilization of the associated gas, which has caused a good deal of attention both at home and abroad. This paper has analysed the current situation of the coalbed methane resource in Shanxi Province, investigated the prospects for research and development and put forward some ways to support comprehensive utilization with local conditions. Also, so that the energy consumption structure will be adjusted and the level of environment pollution will be reduced in Shanxi Province, technical-economics appreciation was made for the coalbed methane development and utilization as soon as possible.
A study on coalbed methane reserve of Shanxl 99lo9291 Hedong coal field reserve and Its utilization
Gaseous fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy)
Method and means for preparlng, storage and regaslflcatlon of a hydrocarbon product, the product prepared thereby and appllcatlons thereof 99100295
Lorentzen, G. B. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 19,101 (Cl. F17Cll/OO), 7 May 1998, NO Appl. 9614,544, 25 Ott 1996; 82 pp. One way of preparing a stable hydrocarbon product in the form of a hydrate or 21 hydrate-generating hydrocarbon surrounded by or suspended in a hydrocarbon-containing liquid, is through the following steps: (a) hydrategenerating hydrocarbons and water are contacted in a hydrate-generating zone under hydrate-generating process conditions, and a first intermediate product is hereby generated, having a mean temperature which is equal to or above the freezing temperature of water; (b) any non-converted water present is eliminated from the first intermediate product; (c) the second intermediate product is cooled in a cooling zone by direct cooling by a second hydrocarbon-containing cooling medium to an end temperature equal to or below a specific temperature. The end product comprises particles of solid, hydrate-containing materials, surrounded by or suspended in a liquid hydrocarbon carrier medium at a vapour pressure which is below the end pressure at the end temperature. The products are used as a medium for storage and transportation of volatile components (VOC), which are released during production and processing of crude oil and natural gas. 99100298
A numerical analysis of the transport phenomena In COREX melter-gasifler
Lee, S.-C. and Yoon, J.-K. Steelmaking Conf. Proc., 1998, 81, 563-573. Developed was a computer model, which could simulate the transport phenomena of the COREX melter-gasifier by zero- and one-dimensional assumptions. This model was made up of the balance equations for each phase in the fixed bed and for gas phase in the combustion zone and the freeboard zone. The effluent gas temperature was in good agreement with the experimental data. The fixed bed in the melter-gasifier could be divided into four distinct zones. Each zone has its own reaction characteristics such as heating zone, primary pyrolysis zone, secondary pyrolysis zone and gasification zone. With increasing the height of the bed, the temperature of the fixed bed was increased. This resulted from the sufficient heat exchange between the gas phase and solid phase.
Kong, X. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf, 1997, 14, (13), 23-46. In China, the Shanxi Hedong coal field contains 1468.93 Gm” methane which is distributed uniformly. Favourable conditions for methane recovery include high permeability, a simple structure, and uniform gas distribution.
Economics, business, marketing, policy
Utilization of CO2 In the reforming of natural gas on carbon supported ruthenium catalysts. Influence of MgO addition
99100292
Ferreira-Aparicio, P. et al. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 114, 399402. Effective catalysts for methane reforming with carbon dioxide to synthesis gas are given by magnesia addition to carbon-supported ruthenium catalysts at an optimum ruthenium-magnesium ratio.
Transport,
storage
Energy from combustion of hydrogen. Problems In Its production, storage, transportation and utilization
99100293
Troshev, T. Ptiroda (Sofia), 1997, (l/2), 37-42. (In Bulgarian) Out of an annual world production of about 500 billion m3, 77% of hydrogen is obtained from methane, 18% from coal and 4% by means of water electrolysis. Hydrogen produced is transported and utilized in two forms: gaseous (at a pressure of 400 atm) and liquid (at a temperature of -259°C). As a source of energy it finds great application in rocket construction and air transport and nowadays it is being adapted as an automobile transportation fuel. Due to its great energy potential it will probably replace all organic fuels. Hydrogen is regarded as one of the most environmentally-friendly fuels and taking into account its practically unlimited supplies, an energy revolution utilizing hydrogen can be expected.
Fischer-Tropsch transportation fuels
99100294
synthesis
for
clean
Xu, L. ef al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (30), 27-40. For a range of flow rates the products from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the rates of conversion of the reactants (HZ and CO) have been determined. Based upon conversion rates, an iron catalyst should be utilized at lower CO conversion levels. The fraction of CO converted to hydrocarbons decreases with increasing CO conversion. Thus, it is suggested that a Fischer-Tropsch process employing recycle or multiple reactors is more appropriate for an iron catalyst than operating a single reactor at high CO conversion levels.
99100297
Catalytic flxatlon
of C02:
CO? purity and Ha
supply Armor, J. N. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 114, 141-146. Provided is an analysis of factors affecting proposed solutions to the CO1 problem. To consider COz as a feedstock, one has to consider the reactivity, purity, customer preferences, operational conditions, transportation costs, and availability of the Cot. Since CO2 is a global problem, local efforts to reduce CO2 emissions will have limited impact, except to convert waste CO2 to a more valued chemical product. It has been suggested that Hz offers a good approach to remove C02, but use of Hz as the reducing agent must address the source and cost of the Hz. Most H2 is produced by steam reforming of hydrocarbons which is also a source for CO,; thus use of conventional sources of Hz is not a practicable solution to destroying CO*. New non-fossil fuel routes to Hz production might enhance the use of Hz as the reductant, but initial production of chemicals, even if cost competitive, from CO2 is expected to have limited impact on world-wide COz emissions. Issues that impact Hz supply and cost are discussed, since these may be a part of any COz solution. 99100298
Westinghouse commerclallzatlon status
hot gas particle
filter
systems:
Morehead, H. T. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (lo), 29-37. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCCs) and Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed Cycles (PCFBs) are developed and demonstrated for commercial power generation applications. Hot gas particulate filters (HGPFs) are key components for the successful implementation of advanced IGCC and PCFB power generation cycles. The objective is to develop and qualify through analysis and testing a practical HGPF system that meets the performance and operational requirements of PCFB and IGCC systems. This paper reports on the status of Westinghouse’s HGPF commercialization programs. It also includes a review of completed testing and a summary of planned testing of Westinghouse HGPFs in biomass IGCC applications and a brief summary of the HGPF systems for the City of Lakeland, McIntosh Unit 4 PCFB Demonstration Project.
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January 1999 29
Study of the oxidation of oil shale and kerogen by FTIR spectroscopy
Rose, H. R. et al. Energy Fuels, 1998, 12, (4), 682-688. In order to monitor the chemical modifications taking place during the oxidation of bitumen-free Kerosene Creek shale, the bitumen-carbonatefree shale, and the bitumen-carbonate-silicate-free shale (kerogen), IR emission spectroscopy has been used. The samples were heated, in air, at temperatures in the range 50-700°C at intervals of 50°C. Oxidation of the samples at increasing temperatures showed a steady decrease in the signals due to aliphatic hydrocarbons as well as in the carbonyl/carboxyl signals and the carbonyl signal, along with an increase in the anhydride signals. Constant temperature (30Q°Cj oxidation produced a steady increase in the anhydride peaks at 1775 cm- and at 1850 cm-’ while the 1710 and 1740 cm-’ peaks slowly decreased. Of the mineral bands, those characteristic of carbonates totally disappeared at 700°C while the other bands remained. The rate of decomposition of organic functionalities is generally fastest for the bitumen-carbonate-free sample. Analysis of the kinetic data clearly showed that the activation energy for the oxidation of aliphatic C-H groups was lowered by the presence of carbonates and silicates.
Study on coal bed methane development and utilization in Shanxi Province
99100290
Yan, Y. et al. Proc. Annu. ht. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (13), 16-21. The world’s largest coal producer is China, and nearly 75% of China’s energy demand is met by coal. Shanxi Province is the largest coal production base and its coal production share is about l/3 of total quantity in China. Therefore the quantity of associated coalbed methane is tremendous. However, there is a limit to the utilization of the associated gas, which has caused a good deal of attention both at home and abroad. This paper has analysed the current situation of the coalbed methane resource in Shanxi Province, investigated the prospects for research and development and put forward some ways to support comprehensive utilization with local conditions. Also, so that the energy consumption structure will be adjusted and the level of environment pollution will be reduced in Shanxi Province, technical-economics appreciation was made for the coalbed methane development and utilization as soon as possible.
A study on coalbed methane reserve of Shanxl 99lo9291 Hedong coal field reserve and Its utilization
Gaseous fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy)
Method and means for preparlng, storage and regaslflcatlon of a hydrocarbon product, the product prepared thereby and appllcatlons thereof 99100295
Lorentzen, G. B. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 19,101 (Cl. F17Cll/OO), 7 May 1998, NO Appl. 9614,544, 25 Ott 1996; 82 pp. One way of preparing a stable hydrocarbon product in the form of a hydrate or 21 hydrate-generating hydrocarbon surrounded by or suspended in a hydrocarbon-containing liquid, is through the following steps: (a) hydrategenerating hydrocarbons and water are contacted in a hydrate-generating zone under hydrate-generating process conditions, and a first intermediate product is hereby generated, having a mean temperature which is equal to or above the freezing temperature of water; (b) any non-converted water present is eliminated from the first intermediate product; (c) the second intermediate product is cooled in a cooling zone by direct cooling by a second hydrocarbon-containing cooling medium to an end temperature equal to or below a specific temperature. The end product comprises particles of solid, hydrate-containing materials, surrounded by or suspended in a liquid hydrocarbon carrier medium at a vapour pressure which is below the end pressure at the end temperature. The products are used as a medium for storage and transportation of volatile components (VOC), which are released during production and processing of crude oil and natural gas. 99100298
A numerical analysis of the transport phenomena In COREX melter-gasifler
Lee, S.-C. and Yoon, J.-K. Steelmaking Conf. Proc., 1998, 81, 563-573. Developed was a computer model, which could simulate the transport phenomena of the COREX melter-gasifier by zero- and one-dimensional assumptions. This model was made up of the balance equations for each phase in the fixed bed and for gas phase in the combustion zone and the freeboard zone. The effluent gas temperature was in good agreement with the experimental data. The fixed bed in the melter-gasifier could be divided into four distinct zones. Each zone has its own reaction characteristics such as heating zone, primary pyrolysis zone, secondary pyrolysis zone and gasification zone. With increasing the height of the bed, the temperature of the fixed bed was increased. This resulted from the sufficient heat exchange between the gas phase and solid phase.
Kong, X. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf, 1997, 14, (13), 23-46. In China, the Shanxi Hedong coal field contains 1468.93 Gm” methane which is distributed uniformly. Favourable conditions for methane recovery include high permeability, a simple structure, and uniform gas distribution.
Economics, business, marketing, policy
Utilization of CO2 In the reforming of natural gas on carbon supported ruthenium catalysts. Influence of MgO addition
99100292
Ferreira-Aparicio, P. et al. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 114, 399402. Effective catalysts for methane reforming with carbon dioxide to synthesis gas are given by magnesia addition to carbon-supported ruthenium catalysts at an optimum ruthenium-magnesium ratio.
Transport,
storage
Energy from combustion of hydrogen. Problems In Its production, storage, transportation and utilization
99100293
Troshev, T. Ptiroda (Sofia), 1997, (l/2), 37-42. (In Bulgarian) Out of an annual world production of about 500 billion m3, 77% of hydrogen is obtained from methane, 18% from coal and 4% by means of water electrolysis. Hydrogen produced is transported and utilized in two forms: gaseous (at a pressure of 400 atm) and liquid (at a temperature of -259°C). As a source of energy it finds great application in rocket construction and air transport and nowadays it is being adapted as an automobile transportation fuel. Due to its great energy potential it will probably replace all organic fuels. Hydrogen is regarded as one of the most environmentally-friendly fuels and taking into account its practically unlimited supplies, an energy revolution utilizing hydrogen can be expected.
Fischer-Tropsch transportation fuels
99100294
synthesis
for
clean
Xu, L. ef al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (30), 27-40. For a range of flow rates the products from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the rates of conversion of the reactants (HZ and CO) have been determined. Based upon conversion rates, an iron catalyst should be utilized at lower CO conversion levels. The fraction of CO converted to hydrocarbons decreases with increasing CO conversion. Thus, it is suggested that a Fischer-Tropsch process employing recycle or multiple reactors is more appropriate for an iron catalyst than operating a single reactor at high CO conversion levels.
99100297
Catalytic flxatlon
of C02:
CO? purity and Ha
supply Armor, J. N. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 114, 141-146. Provided is an analysis of factors affecting proposed solutions to the CO1 problem. To consider COz as a feedstock, one has to consider the reactivity, purity, customer preferences, operational conditions, transportation costs, and availability of the Cot. Since CO2 is a global problem, local efforts to reduce CO2 emissions will have limited impact, except to convert waste CO2 to a more valued chemical product. It has been suggested that Hz offers a good approach to remove C02, but use of Hz as the reducing agent must address the source and cost of the Hz. Most H2 is produced by steam reforming of hydrocarbons which is also a source for CO,; thus use of conventional sources of Hz is not a practicable solution to destroying CO*. New non-fossil fuel routes to Hz production might enhance the use of Hz as the reductant, but initial production of chemicals, even if cost competitive, from CO2 is expected to have limited impact on world-wide COz emissions. Issues that impact Hz supply and cost are discussed, since these may be a part of any COz solution. 99100298
Westinghouse commerclallzatlon status
hot gas particle
filter
systems:
Morehead, H. T. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (lo), 29-37. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCCs) and Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed Cycles (PCFBs) are developed and demonstrated for commercial power generation applications. Hot gas particulate filters (HGPFs) are key components for the successful implementation of advanced IGCC and PCFB power generation cycles. The objective is to develop and qualify through analysis and testing a practical HGPF system that meets the performance and operational requirements of PCFB and IGCC systems. This paper reports on the status of Westinghouse’s HGPF commercialization programs. It also includes a review of completed testing and a summary of planned testing of Westinghouse HGPFs in biomass IGCC applications and a brief summary of the HGPF systems for the City of Lakeland, McIntosh Unit 4 PCFB Demonstration Project.
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January 1999 29