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00533 Kinetics of the non-catalytic transesterification of soybean oil
07
Alternative
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
regimes will help determine whether research scale results can be used to predict effects at larger scales and to identify best management practices to minimize environmental effects while maximizing yields. Studies in different regions of the USA are evaluating the habitat value of biomass crops compared to agricultural row crops, grasslands or natural forests. Results to date from both research and largerscale plantings show that SRWC support greater bird diversity than row crops, but less diversity than natural forests. Switchgrass plantings extended habitat for grasslands birds compared to row crops. Surveys on industrial tree crop plantings in the south eastern US are addressing the relationship between site characteristics (planting acreage, species, landscape context, and age of plantings) and breeding bird use. The environmental studies of water and soil quality and wildlife diversity are being used to identify management strategies for biomass crops to increase productivity while increasing agricultural sustainability.
European energy crops overview. Utilization for ower and heat generation and for the productlon of transport Puels
99/90526
Venendaal, R. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mafer., Proc. Biomass Conf Am., 3rd. 1997, (2) 1291-1306. Edited by Gverend, R. P. and Chornet, E. Use of woody and herbaceous energy crops for power and heat generation in Europe is mainly in the pilot to demonstration phase whereas use of sugar and oil-rich crops for transport purposes is at a commercial scale. Utilization of SRC (short rotation coppice) is fully developed in Sweden, and in the pilot to demonstration phase in the north-west European countries. Herbaceous crops are tested up to a large scale in the Scandinavian countries, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands, and biodiesel is produced at a commercial scale in France, Germany, Austria and Italy. Selected R&D topics for energy crops for the short to middle long term in Europe are as follows: matching agricultural practices with fuel requirements set by the energy sector; selection and genetic modification of species to meet the fuel specifications; further development of cocombustion routes on the short to middle long term; establishment of full-scale demonstration projects; and further development of financial incentives for energy crops in Europe.
Evaluation of selected warm-season grasses for 99l99527 biomass production in areas with a short growing season
1. C. et al. Bioresource Technology, 1998, 65, (l/2), 1-12. In order to determine the phenology, leaf and tiller characteristics and yield of 22 warm-season grasses in south-western Quebec, Canada, field studies were conducted during 1994 and 1995. Cordgrass (Sparrina pecfinata L.), two cultivars of Indiangrass [Sorghasfrum nutans L. (Nash)], two cultivars of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), 12 cultivars of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and five cultivars of prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook) Scribn.] were included in the study. For application in biomass production in the short season areas of Quebec, cordgrass (CWNC) and several switchgrasses show potential. Madakadze,
Experimental determination of bed agglomeratlon 99l90529 tendencies of some common agricultural residues In fluidized bed combustion and gasification
Natarajan, E. ef al. Biomass and Bioenergv, 1998, 15, (2), 163-169. Ever increasing energy demand and the polluting nature of existing fossil fuel energy sources demonstrate the need for other non-polluting and renewable sources of energy. The agricultural residues available in abundance in many countries can be used for power generation. The fluidized bed technology seems to be suitable for converting a wide range of agricultural residues into energy, due to its inherent advantages of fuel flexibility, low operating temperature and isothermal operating condition. The major ash-related problem encountered in fluidized beds is bed agglomeration which, in the worst case, may result in total defluidization and unscheduled downtime. The initial agglomeration temperature for some common tropical agricultural residues were experimentally determined by using a newly developed method based on the controlled fluidized bed agglomeration test. The agricultural residues chosen for the study were rice husk, bagasse, cane trash and olive flesh. The results showed that the initial agglomeration temperatures were less than the initial deformation temperature predicted by the ASTM standard ash fusion tests for all fuels considered. The initial agglomeration temperatures of rice husk and bagasse were more than 1000°C. The agglomeration of cane trash and olive flesh was encountered at relatively low temperatures and their initial agglomeration temperatures in gasification were lower than those in combustion with both bed materials. The use of lime as bed material instead of quartz improved the agglomeration temperature of cane trash and olive flesh in combustion and decreased the same in gasification. The results indicate that rice husk and bagasse can be used in the fluidized bed for energy generation since their agglomeration temperatures are sufficiently high.
Exploration of the land potentlal for production of biomass for energy in the Netherlands
99l90529
the
Faaij, A. er al. Biomass Bioenergy, 1998, 14, (5/6), 439-456. Assessed is the energy potential for energy crops and biomass residues in the Netherlands. The analysis explores the possible use of land for biomass production in the future. Various government memorandums and analyses of the expected future land use in various sectors have served as the basis
52
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1999
for the assessment of the supply of and the demand for land in the future. In this study the potential supply of agricultural land is based on expected productivity increments in agriculture and assumptions with respect to the future demand for agricultural products. Various future claims for infrastructure, forestry, urban areas and nature are subtracted from the expected supply. The net projected supply of land ranges from zero to 52,000 ha in 2000 to 1lO,OOO-250,000 ha in 2015. The supply of agricultural land depends however on a number of supra-national factors. Uncertainties remain and the projected supply of agricultural land should be considered as a possible scenario based on current trends. If the calculated land potential is used for energy crops like miscanthus and short rotation coppice, this land could contribute O-10 PJ in 2000 and 27-59 PJ in 2015. Secondary biomass yields could contribute a further 34 PJ in 2000, decreasing to approximately 28 PJ in 2015. Provided that energy farming is an economically feasible activity for farmers these potentials could satisfy l-1.5% of the energy requirements of the Netherlands in 2000 and 1.52.5% in 2015.
99lOO53Q Feasibility of an intense biomass energy strategy in the Republic of Belarus
Yakushau, A. et al. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Bio-mass Conf. Am., 3rd, 1997, (2) 1589-1599. Edited by Overend, R. P.and Chornet, E., Elsevier: Oxford, UK. With the help of the ENPEP computer package a multi-attribute analysis of the energy market, fuel balance, and energy prices was carried out. This code was used to define a change of energy quantity and cost at different stages of power generation and consumption, focusing on utilization of biomass resources.
99lOO531 Fuel gas from biomass. Innovative plant concepts based on the circulating fluidized bed
Greil, C. and Hirschfelder, H. DGMK Tagungsber., 1998, 9802, 187-194. (In German) Developed directly from the incineration in a circulation fluidized bed was a gas generation from solid fuels in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The CFB technology to generate fuel gas was tested with petrol coke, hard coal, grass, bark, lignite, rubber, wood, paper, plastics, sewage sludge, and other wastes as raw material. A typical composition of fuel gas from biomass gasification is presented. The practical utilization of such a fuel gas in a cement rotary kiln is described as well as the direct use in the steam generator of a coal-fired power plant, and the use as fuel gas in a gas turbine or gas engine after specific purification.
99100532 Gasification technology - prospects for largescale, high-efficiency cogeneration in the Australian sugar industry
Hobson, P. A. and Dixon, T. F. Proc. Conf. Aust. Sot. Sugar Cane Technol., 1998, 20, 1-9. In order to significantly raise power export by the sugar industry there is potential in the conversion of bagasse and trash into a gas that can be burnt in a gas/steam turbine combined cycle. This paper reports on the preliminary findings of a study to assess some of the factory energy related implications of adopting gasification technology in raw sugar factories. A computer simulation has been developed to examine these issues. Factory issues including process steam efficiency, bagasse storage capacity and the use of trash as an alternative off-season fuel are discussed in the light of results obtained from the simulation. The model indicates that the full efficiency gains from adopting this technology will only be realized with the utilization of significant amounts of the available trash on the cane plant or by importing the equivalent fuel energy in some other form. With the utilization of trash, the indicated annual efficiency of power generation using Biomass Integrated Gasification/Combined Cycle (BIG/CC) technology represents an almost four-fold increase relative to the best technology currently in use in the industry. For the Australian sugar industry the indicated total export power capability via the gasification of bagasse derived from both stalk and 66% of the available trash is over 2600 MW and 3000 MW during the crushing and maintenance seasons. 99/00533
Kinetics of the non-catalytic transesterification
of
soybean oil Diasakou, M. et a/. Fuel, 1998, 77, (12). 1297-1302. Presented is a study on the thermal non-catalytic transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. Experiments have been carried out at 220 and 235°C with various methanol/oil ratios. A reaction mechanism is proposed and the corresponding kinetic model has fitted the experimental data. The rate constants of the kinetic model have been determined. Discussed are the main process characteristics.
99lOQ534 Method and apparatus for cogeneration of ethanol by biomass fermentation and electricity and heat by fuel cells Patel, P. S. and Fan, J. J. Appl., 1998, 596, 616, 16 pp. EtOH manufacturing by fermentation of biomass is electricity and heat energy generation by fuel cells, where from the fermentation are used as fuel and oxidant in the heat and electricity energy from the fuel cell are used for for increased fuel production.
integrated with EtOH and CO1 fuel cell and the the fermentation
Alternative
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
regimes will help determine whether research scale results can be used to predict effects at larger scales and to identify best management practices to minimize environmental effects while maximizing yields. Studies in different regions of the USA are evaluating the habitat value of biomass crops compared to agricultural row crops, grasslands or natural forests. Results to date from both research and largerscale plantings show that SRWC support greater bird diversity than row crops, but less diversity than natural forests. Switchgrass plantings extended habitat for grasslands birds compared to row crops. Surveys on industrial tree crop plantings in the south eastern US are addressing the relationship between site characteristics (planting acreage, species, landscape context, and age of plantings) and breeding bird use. The environmental studies of water and soil quality and wildlife diversity are being used to identify management strategies for biomass crops to increase productivity while increasing agricultural sustainability.
European energy crops overview. Utilization for ower and heat generation and for the productlon of transport Puels
99/90526
Venendaal, R. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mafer., Proc. Biomass Conf Am., 3rd. 1997, (2) 1291-1306. Edited by Gverend, R. P. and Chornet, E. Use of woody and herbaceous energy crops for power and heat generation in Europe is mainly in the pilot to demonstration phase whereas use of sugar and oil-rich crops for transport purposes is at a commercial scale. Utilization of SRC (short rotation coppice) is fully developed in Sweden, and in the pilot to demonstration phase in the north-west European countries. Herbaceous crops are tested up to a large scale in the Scandinavian countries, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands, and biodiesel is produced at a commercial scale in France, Germany, Austria and Italy. Selected R&D topics for energy crops for the short to middle long term in Europe are as follows: matching agricultural practices with fuel requirements set by the energy sector; selection and genetic modification of species to meet the fuel specifications; further development of cocombustion routes on the short to middle long term; establishment of full-scale demonstration projects; and further development of financial incentives for energy crops in Europe.
Evaluation of selected warm-season grasses for 99l99527 biomass production in areas with a short growing season
1. C. et al. Bioresource Technology, 1998, 65, (l/2), 1-12. In order to determine the phenology, leaf and tiller characteristics and yield of 22 warm-season grasses in south-western Quebec, Canada, field studies were conducted during 1994 and 1995. Cordgrass (Sparrina pecfinata L.), two cultivars of Indiangrass [Sorghasfrum nutans L. (Nash)], two cultivars of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), 12 cultivars of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and five cultivars of prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook) Scribn.] were included in the study. For application in biomass production in the short season areas of Quebec, cordgrass (CWNC) and several switchgrasses show potential. Madakadze,
Experimental determination of bed agglomeratlon 99l90529 tendencies of some common agricultural residues In fluidized bed combustion and gasification
Natarajan, E. ef al. Biomass and Bioenergv, 1998, 15, (2), 163-169. Ever increasing energy demand and the polluting nature of existing fossil fuel energy sources demonstrate the need for other non-polluting and renewable sources of energy. The agricultural residues available in abundance in many countries can be used for power generation. The fluidized bed technology seems to be suitable for converting a wide range of agricultural residues into energy, due to its inherent advantages of fuel flexibility, low operating temperature and isothermal operating condition. The major ash-related problem encountered in fluidized beds is bed agglomeration which, in the worst case, may result in total defluidization and unscheduled downtime. The initial agglomeration temperature for some common tropical agricultural residues were experimentally determined by using a newly developed method based on the controlled fluidized bed agglomeration test. The agricultural residues chosen for the study were rice husk, bagasse, cane trash and olive flesh. The results showed that the initial agglomeration temperatures were less than the initial deformation temperature predicted by the ASTM standard ash fusion tests for all fuels considered. The initial agglomeration temperatures of rice husk and bagasse were more than 1000°C. The agglomeration of cane trash and olive flesh was encountered at relatively low temperatures and their initial agglomeration temperatures in gasification were lower than those in combustion with both bed materials. The use of lime as bed material instead of quartz improved the agglomeration temperature of cane trash and olive flesh in combustion and decreased the same in gasification. The results indicate that rice husk and bagasse can be used in the fluidized bed for energy generation since their agglomeration temperatures are sufficiently high.
Exploration of the land potentlal for production of biomass for energy in the Netherlands
99l90529
the
Faaij, A. er al. Biomass Bioenergy, 1998, 14, (5/6), 439-456. Assessed is the energy potential for energy crops and biomass residues in the Netherlands. The analysis explores the possible use of land for biomass production in the future. Various government memorandums and analyses of the expected future land use in various sectors have served as the basis
52
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1999
for the assessment of the supply of and the demand for land in the future. In this study the potential supply of agricultural land is based on expected productivity increments in agriculture and assumptions with respect to the future demand for agricultural products. Various future claims for infrastructure, forestry, urban areas and nature are subtracted from the expected supply. The net projected supply of land ranges from zero to 52,000 ha in 2000 to 1lO,OOO-250,000 ha in 2015. The supply of agricultural land depends however on a number of supra-national factors. Uncertainties remain and the projected supply of agricultural land should be considered as a possible scenario based on current trends. If the calculated land potential is used for energy crops like miscanthus and short rotation coppice, this land could contribute O-10 PJ in 2000 and 27-59 PJ in 2015. Secondary biomass yields could contribute a further 34 PJ in 2000, decreasing to approximately 28 PJ in 2015. Provided that energy farming is an economically feasible activity for farmers these potentials could satisfy l-1.5% of the energy requirements of the Netherlands in 2000 and 1.52.5% in 2015.
99lOO53Q Feasibility of an intense biomass energy strategy in the Republic of Belarus
Yakushau, A. et al. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Bio-mass Conf. Am., 3rd, 1997, (2) 1589-1599. Edited by Overend, R. P.and Chornet, E., Elsevier: Oxford, UK. With the help of the ENPEP computer package a multi-attribute analysis of the energy market, fuel balance, and energy prices was carried out. This code was used to define a change of energy quantity and cost at different stages of power generation and consumption, focusing on utilization of biomass resources.
99lOO531 Fuel gas from biomass. Innovative plant concepts based on the circulating fluidized bed
Greil, C. and Hirschfelder, H. DGMK Tagungsber., 1998, 9802, 187-194. (In German) Developed directly from the incineration in a circulation fluidized bed was a gas generation from solid fuels in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The CFB technology to generate fuel gas was tested with petrol coke, hard coal, grass, bark, lignite, rubber, wood, paper, plastics, sewage sludge, and other wastes as raw material. A typical composition of fuel gas from biomass gasification is presented. The practical utilization of such a fuel gas in a cement rotary kiln is described as well as the direct use in the steam generator of a coal-fired power plant, and the use as fuel gas in a gas turbine or gas engine after specific purification.
99100532 Gasification technology - prospects for largescale, high-efficiency cogeneration in the Australian sugar industry
Hobson, P. A. and Dixon, T. F. Proc. Conf. Aust. Sot. Sugar Cane Technol., 1998, 20, 1-9. In order to significantly raise power export by the sugar industry there is potential in the conversion of bagasse and trash into a gas that can be burnt in a gas/steam turbine combined cycle. This paper reports on the preliminary findings of a study to assess some of the factory energy related implications of adopting gasification technology in raw sugar factories. A computer simulation has been developed to examine these issues. Factory issues including process steam efficiency, bagasse storage capacity and the use of trash as an alternative off-season fuel are discussed in the light of results obtained from the simulation. The model indicates that the full efficiency gains from adopting this technology will only be realized with the utilization of significant amounts of the available trash on the cane plant or by importing the equivalent fuel energy in some other form. With the utilization of trash, the indicated annual efficiency of power generation using Biomass Integrated Gasification/Combined Cycle (BIG/CC) technology represents an almost four-fold increase relative to the best technology currently in use in the industry. For the Australian sugar industry the indicated total export power capability via the gasification of bagasse derived from both stalk and 66% of the available trash is over 2600 MW and 3000 MW during the crushing and maintenance seasons. 99/00533
Kinetics of the non-catalytic transesterification
of
soybean oil Diasakou, M. et a/. Fuel, 1998, 77, (12). 1297-1302. Presented is a study on the thermal non-catalytic transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. Experiments have been carried out at 220 and 235°C with various methanol/oil ratios. A reaction mechanism is proposed and the corresponding kinetic model has fitted the experimental data. The rate constants of the kinetic model have been determined. Discussed are the main process characteristics.
99lOQ534 Method and apparatus for cogeneration of ethanol by biomass fermentation and electricity and heat by fuel cells Patel, P. S. and Fan, J. J. Appl., 1998, 596, 616, 16 pp. EtOH manufacturing by fermentation of biomass is electricity and heat energy generation by fuel cells, where from the fermentation are used as fuel and oxidant in the heat and electricity energy from the fuel cell are used for for increased fuel production.
integrated with EtOH and CO1 fuel cell and the the fermentation