- Email: [email protected]
00737 Use of inertance in orifice pulse tube refrigerators
15
optimal thermal unit commitment. This paper first introduces the general unit commitment scheduling problem and then discusses various considerations, objective functions and different techniques to solve the problem. Finally, recent trends in research on unit commitment are also discussed.
Performance study of a double-absorption water/ calcium chloride heat transformer
99i90734.
Barragan,
R. M. et al.
(9), 791-803.
International Journal of Energy Research, 1998, 22,
There are other possible arrangements in order to increase the temperature lift and efficiency of single-absorption heat transformers. Double-absorption heat transformers have a relatively simple design and smaller size compared to two-stage heat transformers. In this work, the thermodynamic performance of the water/calcium chloride system was modelled for a double-absorption heat transformer. Results indicate that temperature lifts of up to 40°C are possible with coefficients of performance close to 0.3.
Social coet pricing of fossil fuels used In the -736 production of electricity. lmplicatlons to biomass feasibility K. D. and English, B. C. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Biomass Conf Am., 3rd, 1997, 2, 1455-462.
Dillivan,
Biomass is not as economically efficient as various other fossil fuels given the current fossil fuel cost structure and the lower heat content of biomass even though it is a cleaner burning fuel. For energy producers biomass consumed alone or co-fired with a fossil fuel may represent a cost minimization scenario. Energy market inefficiencies and market barriers prevent biomass from being used by electricity producing power plants; if these inefficiencies are correct and barriers removed, biomass would be used as an energy source to a greater extent. This is the major hypothesis to be tested in this study.
12
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
14 HEAT PUMPS 99lOO736 On the combination steam turbine
of heat pump with solar
Drabkin, L. M. Renewable Energy, 1998, 13, (2), 269-272. Presented in this paper is the thermodynamic analysis of the heat pump with solar steam and gas turbines.
99/00739 Johnson, P.
The Inverted heat pipe
Heat Pipe Technol.: Theory, Appl. Prospects, Proc. Int. Heat Pipe Symp., Sth, 1997, 164-167. Edited by Andrews, J., Akbarzadeh, A. and Sauciuc, I. In England, humorists have often suggested that everything in Australia is an inverted version of what happens in England. To the thermodynamicist this would be seen immediately as an attractive proposition because it hints at the possibility of reversibility and reversible is expected to be best. If there could be a fully effective heat pipe that worked with top, rather than bottom, heating, the possibilities for capitalizing on the thermal superconducting characteristics of heat pipes would be significantly expanded. The ability for a long heat pipe to operate with liquid return against gravity would contradict the popular expectation that ‘heat rises’, as heat that had risen could be easily brought down again. A particular need in an inverted heat pipe is for liquid working fluid to be returned from the condenser upwards against gravity to the evaporator through whatever height the length of the heat pipe represents. As a step towards developing a practical inverted heat pipe, some aspects of the thermodynamic of this process are explored theoretically.
15 ENVIRONMENT
REFRACTORIES/ CERAMICS Properties, production,
Environment
Pollution, health protection, applications
safety
Alternative blo-based fuels for aviation: the clean airports program
99/00740
M. G. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Biomass Conf. Am., 3rd, 1997, (2), 1171-1181.
Shauck, M. E. and Zanin,
Wall ceramic materlals ashes from Kansk-Achinsk coals
99iW736
based on high-calcium
Shil’tsina, A D. and Selivanov, V. M. Izu. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Stroit., 1997, (ll), 52-55. (In Russian) Experimentally demonstrated was the possibility of using high-calcium ashes from Kansk-Achinsk coals for manufacturing construction materials, particularly bricks. Good quality facing a?d regular bricks were prepared by using the high-calcia ashes in proportion of 30 and 50% in the charges of conventional raw materials.
13
SPACE HEATING COOLING
AND
Use of inertance In orifice pulse tube refrigerators 99l99737 Gardner, D. and Swift, G. Cvogenics, 1997, 37, 117-121. The oscillating velocity in efficient Stirling-cycle cryocoolers leads the oscillating pressure at the hot end of the regenerator, and lags behind it at the cold end. In single-orifice pulse tube refrigerators, the velocity leads pressure at both ends, resulting in lower efficiency. The phase shift between oscillating pressure and oscillating velocity at the cold end is determined in part by the purely resistive nature of the ‘orifice’ of the orifice pulse tube refrigerator, so that the pressure difference across the orifice is in phase with the velocity through it. We show that the phase shift between velocity and pressure can be shifted to the more efficient Stirling values by adding an ‘inertance’ in series with the orifice. Use of an inertance is significantly beneficial only when the gross cooling power is sufficiently large.
Edited by Overend, R. P. and Chornet, E. The position of national co-ordinator of the Clean Airports Program has been given to the Renewable Aviation Fuels Development Center at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. This program, a spin-off of the Clean Cities Program, was initiated to increase the use of alternative fuels in aviation. The two major fuels used in aviation today are the current piston engine aviation gasoline and the current turbine engine fuel. The environmental impact of each of these fuels is significant. Aviation gasoline, currently used in the general aviation piston engine fleet, contributes 100% of the emissions containing lead in the US today. Turbine engine fuel produces two major environmental impacts: a local one, in the vicinity of the airports, and a global impact on climate change. The Clean Airports Program was established to achieve and maintain clean air at and in the vicinities of airports by using alternative fuel-powered air and ground transportation vehicles.
99/00741 system
Analysis
of hot gas cleanup
for China IGCC
Li, C. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (5), 27-33. An important role is played by coal in China. But the wide utilization of coal for power generation has resulted in great environmental problems. Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems are considered to be one of the most promising available processes toward reducing contaminants to very low levels. This paper will review mainly achievements and experience on hot gas cleanup employing in the IGCC system abroad. From the view of hot gas cleanup development and research in China, the two stage desulfurization processes and two kinds of desulfurization processes and two kinds of desulfurization sorbents were suggested. From the viewpoints of economics and available technology the selectivities of temperature ranges as well as the types of reactors for the requirement of hot gas cleanup were systematically put forward.
Coflrlng coal-water slurry fuel with pulverized coal as a NO,, reduction strategy
99lOO742 Miller,
23-36.
B. G. et al.
Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (23).
From impounded bituminous coal fines a low solids, low viscosity coalwater slurry fuel (CWSF) was formulated and produced and burned in a utility-scale boiler to investigate NO, emissions reduction during the cofiring of CWSF with pulverized coal. Two Babcock & Wilcox pulverizers feed coal to six burners (two burner levels each containing three low-NO, burners). Approximately 20% of the thermal input was provided by CWSF, the balance by pulverized coal. There was a significant reduction of NO,
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1999 73
optimal thermal unit commitment. This paper first introduces the general unit commitment scheduling problem and then discusses various considerations, objective functions and different techniques to solve the problem. Finally, recent trends in research on unit commitment are also discussed.
Performance study of a double-absorption water/ calcium chloride heat transformer
99i90734.
Barragan,
R. M. et al.
(9), 791-803.
International Journal of Energy Research, 1998, 22,
There are other possible arrangements in order to increase the temperature lift and efficiency of single-absorption heat transformers. Double-absorption heat transformers have a relatively simple design and smaller size compared to two-stage heat transformers. In this work, the thermodynamic performance of the water/calcium chloride system was modelled for a double-absorption heat transformer. Results indicate that temperature lifts of up to 40°C are possible with coefficients of performance close to 0.3.
Social coet pricing of fossil fuels used In the -736 production of electricity. lmplicatlons to biomass feasibility K. D. and English, B. C. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Biomass Conf Am., 3rd, 1997, 2, 1455-462.
Dillivan,
Biomass is not as economically efficient as various other fossil fuels given the current fossil fuel cost structure and the lower heat content of biomass even though it is a cleaner burning fuel. For energy producers biomass consumed alone or co-fired with a fossil fuel may represent a cost minimization scenario. Energy market inefficiencies and market barriers prevent biomass from being used by electricity producing power plants; if these inefficiencies are correct and barriers removed, biomass would be used as an energy source to a greater extent. This is the major hypothesis to be tested in this study.
12
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
14 HEAT PUMPS 99lOO736 On the combination steam turbine
of heat pump with solar
Drabkin, L. M. Renewable Energy, 1998, 13, (2), 269-272. Presented in this paper is the thermodynamic analysis of the heat pump with solar steam and gas turbines.
99/00739 Johnson, P.
The Inverted heat pipe
Heat Pipe Technol.: Theory, Appl. Prospects, Proc. Int. Heat Pipe Symp., Sth, 1997, 164-167. Edited by Andrews, J., Akbarzadeh, A. and Sauciuc, I. In England, humorists have often suggested that everything in Australia is an inverted version of what happens in England. To the thermodynamicist this would be seen immediately as an attractive proposition because it hints at the possibility of reversibility and reversible is expected to be best. If there could be a fully effective heat pipe that worked with top, rather than bottom, heating, the possibilities for capitalizing on the thermal superconducting characteristics of heat pipes would be significantly expanded. The ability for a long heat pipe to operate with liquid return against gravity would contradict the popular expectation that ‘heat rises’, as heat that had risen could be easily brought down again. A particular need in an inverted heat pipe is for liquid working fluid to be returned from the condenser upwards against gravity to the evaporator through whatever height the length of the heat pipe represents. As a step towards developing a practical inverted heat pipe, some aspects of the thermodynamic of this process are explored theoretically.
15 ENVIRONMENT
REFRACTORIES/ CERAMICS Properties, production,
Environment
Pollution, health protection, applications
safety
Alternative blo-based fuels for aviation: the clean airports program
99/00740
M. G. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Biomass Conf. Am., 3rd, 1997, (2), 1171-1181.
Shauck, M. E. and Zanin,
Wall ceramic materlals ashes from Kansk-Achinsk coals
99iW736
based on high-calcium
Shil’tsina, A D. and Selivanov, V. M. Izu. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Stroit., 1997, (ll), 52-55. (In Russian) Experimentally demonstrated was the possibility of using high-calcium ashes from Kansk-Achinsk coals for manufacturing construction materials, particularly bricks. Good quality facing a?d regular bricks were prepared by using the high-calcia ashes in proportion of 30 and 50% in the charges of conventional raw materials.
13
SPACE HEATING COOLING
AND
Use of inertance In orifice pulse tube refrigerators 99l99737 Gardner, D. and Swift, G. Cvogenics, 1997, 37, 117-121. The oscillating velocity in efficient Stirling-cycle cryocoolers leads the oscillating pressure at the hot end of the regenerator, and lags behind it at the cold end. In single-orifice pulse tube refrigerators, the velocity leads pressure at both ends, resulting in lower efficiency. The phase shift between oscillating pressure and oscillating velocity at the cold end is determined in part by the purely resistive nature of the ‘orifice’ of the orifice pulse tube refrigerator, so that the pressure difference across the orifice is in phase with the velocity through it. We show that the phase shift between velocity and pressure can be shifted to the more efficient Stirling values by adding an ‘inertance’ in series with the orifice. Use of an inertance is significantly beneficial only when the gross cooling power is sufficiently large.
Edited by Overend, R. P. and Chornet, E. The position of national co-ordinator of the Clean Airports Program has been given to the Renewable Aviation Fuels Development Center at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. This program, a spin-off of the Clean Cities Program, was initiated to increase the use of alternative fuels in aviation. The two major fuels used in aviation today are the current piston engine aviation gasoline and the current turbine engine fuel. The environmental impact of each of these fuels is significant. Aviation gasoline, currently used in the general aviation piston engine fleet, contributes 100% of the emissions containing lead in the US today. Turbine engine fuel produces two major environmental impacts: a local one, in the vicinity of the airports, and a global impact on climate change. The Clean Airports Program was established to achieve and maintain clean air at and in the vicinities of airports by using alternative fuel-powered air and ground transportation vehicles.
99/00741 system
Analysis
of hot gas cleanup
for China IGCC
Li, C. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (5), 27-33. An important role is played by coal in China. But the wide utilization of coal for power generation has resulted in great environmental problems. Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems are considered to be one of the most promising available processes toward reducing contaminants to very low levels. This paper will review mainly achievements and experience on hot gas cleanup employing in the IGCC system abroad. From the view of hot gas cleanup development and research in China, the two stage desulfurization processes and two kinds of desulfurization processes and two kinds of desulfurization sorbents were suggested. From the viewpoints of economics and available technology the selectivities of temperature ranges as well as the types of reactors for the requirement of hot gas cleanup were systematically put forward.
Coflrlng coal-water slurry fuel with pulverized coal as a NO,, reduction strategy
99lOO742 Miller,
23-36.
B. G. et al.
Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (23).
From impounded bituminous coal fines a low solids, low viscosity coalwater slurry fuel (CWSF) was formulated and produced and burned in a utility-scale boiler to investigate NO, emissions reduction during the cofiring of CWSF with pulverized coal. Two Babcock & Wilcox pulverizers feed coal to six burners (two burner levels each containing three low-NO, burners). Approximately 20% of the thermal input was provided by CWSF, the balance by pulverized coal. There was a significant reduction of NO,
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1999 73