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01325 A process and an integrated plant for the production of synfuel and electrical power
07
99101318 Assessment of the externalities of biomass energy and a comparison of its full costs with coal
Alternative
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
99101323 Least-cost particulate control strategies for Indian power plants
Saez, R. M. et al. Biomass Bioenergy, 1998, 14, (5/6), 469-478. The externalities of biomass for electricity production have been assessed and compared to those of coal. The effects studied have been those on human health, COz balance, soil erosion, non-point-source pollution and employment. The methodology used has been the one developed by the Extern E Project of the European Commission, which has been extended by CIEMAT to cover socio-economic impacts. A more site-specific methodology for dealing with soil erosion and non-point-source pollution is also proposed. This methodology has been applied to assess the externalities of a proposed biomass power plant in Spain and also to a hypothetical coal power plant in the same location. In spite of the high uncertainty involved in the assessment, results show that the total costs of biomass electricity is lower than that of coal under the assumptions used, when externalities are introduced into the cost analysis.
Lookman, A. A. and Rubin, E. S. EC (Am. Sot. Mech. Eng.), 1997, 5, (1). 65-73. Evaluated are different methods of decreasing particulate emissions from new and existing coal-fired power plants in India. The objective is to identify least-cost strategies for complying with current and future particulate emissions standards. Including conventional electrostatic precipitators, pulse-jet baghouses, flue gas conditioning, physical coal cleaning and use of imported coal are the technologies considered. The results suggest that the most significant savings in particulate control costs are realized through a ‘systems’ approach involving pre-combustion and postcombustion methods. Through improved pre-and post-combustion control nation-wide savings in generation costs are estimated to be of the order of $0.4-0.7 billion per year in the year 2002.
Development of a three-part time-of-day electrical 99101319 energy tariff
Mirjam Koster, J. M. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (9), 661-668. Developments in the Dutch electricity industry from the late 1980s onwards are evaluated in this study. An economic efficiency perspective is taken. A reorganization of the sector laid down in the 1989 Electricity Act did not result in the expected efficiency gains. The changes proposed by the government in 1995 and 1996 aiming at reduction of existing inefficiencies are partially inspired by the negative experience but have their origin mainly in the expected liberalization of the EU electricity market. The paper argues that although the reforms prepared by the Dutch government remove part of the current inefficiencies, the benefits of the proposed structure are ambiguous; the ambition to gain a strong position on the European market would lead to a policy that conflicts with a competitive electricity market within the Netherlands as long as an international market has not been realized yet.
Srarnawaz Ahmed, S. and Tafazzal Hossain, A. K. M. Energy Research, 1998, 22, (12). 1038-1028. An analytical technique for determining peak, off-peak and mid-peak hours tariffs for various durations of these three periods is presented. Factors in the technique are; the existing flat rate tariff; an hourly generation scenario of a utility on an average yearly demand day; the weighted average life time; annualized capital cost and fuel cost of base and peak load plants; and a break even point condition in the utility’s revenue. The developed tariff has been applied to 30 representative industrial consumers served by the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB). The sample results have been used by BPDB to estimate the minimum possible shift in consumption pattern and hence corresponding reduction in peak generation capacity requirement as well as peak time load shedding.
99101320
Efficiency improvements for fossil fuel fired power
stations Hawkins, D. J. PWR (Am. Sot. Mech. Eng.), 1997, 32, (2), 299-306. German utility companies have responded to requirements for higher efficiencies, reductions in COz gas and increased environmental regulations by installing heat rate improvement systems that cut across the traditional flue gas and feedwater boundaries. This paper describes three innovative efficiency improvement systems presently being installed or engineered on four new 800 MW lignite-fired boilers, two new 950 MW lignite-fired boilers and an existing 220 MW bituminous coal-fired boiler. The three systems are as follows. The low pressure system uses lower flue gas exit temperatures available with wet FGD systems for pre-heating low pressure feedwater, saving extraction steam from the turbine and generating more electric power. In the air pre-heater bypass system the addition of low temperature heat recovery coils in the flue gas prior to a wet FGD system permits additional heat to be added to the combustion air. This in turn creates an imbalance across the air pre-heater and high pressure feedwater can then be heated by a portion of these air pre-heater flue gases. Extraction steam from the turbine is saved, resulting in more electric power generation. In the Rekuluvo Plus System, energy is added to the combustion air using steam coils feed by low pressure extraction steam from the turbine. Installation of a combined plate type air pre-heater and high pressure feedwater economizer permits a higher level of energy to he extracted. Increased power generation is the result of the difference in energy levels.
99101321 Energy management variable fuzzy logic control
optimizations
using multi-
Nelson, D. Eng. Papermakers: Form. Bonds Befter Papermaking, 1997, (1) 319-321. In order to resolve economic versus operational constraints, energy management requires flexible control. Multiple inputs are evaluated to provide a control solution able to produce optimal results when presented with conflicting objectives. Fuzzy logic control, when properly implemented, provided stable control with respect to plant upsets. Optimizing energy consumption and production results in substantial cost reductions. Stabilizing steam distribution headers, maximizing wood refuse firing, minimizing fossil fuel consumption, controlling purchased electric demand levels and minimizing condenser loading provide a means to reduce variability and lower per unit costs of steam and electricity. By using fuzzy logic, the control system is able to reason based on multiple inputs, much like a highly trained operator and provide optimal responses. In contrast, conventional control systems are only able to process a single input, typically error, producing a linear control response.
99101322 report
Freer electricity markets in the UK: a progress
Newbery, D. M. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (lo), 743-749. A brief progress report on electricity markets in the UK is presented. The author argues that the English experiment has been very positive and certainly very instructive, but is now at risk from old-style energy policy.
99101324 Organizing for competition: an economic analysis of electricity policy in the Netherlands
99101325 A process and an integrated plant for the production of synfuel and electrical power
Halmo, T. M. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 32,817 (Cl. ClOLl/O2), 30 Jul 1998, NO Appl. 97/323, 24 Jan 1997, 22 pp. (In Norwegian) A process for the preparation of synthetic fuel (synfuel) and electrical energy and an integrated plant for use in this process are disclosed. A part of the energy produced is used for the operation of the energy requiring steps of the process, whereas the residual part is exported for other purposes. From the part ofthe plant producing electrical energy, the warm exhaust gas is fed to a pre-heating step for natural gas being used as a starting material for the preparation of synfuel.
07
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
ENERGY
Bioconversion Energy 99101328 production
The agricultural regulatory framework and biomass
Kuch, P. J. and Crosswhite, W. M. Biomass Bioenergy, 1998, 14, (4) 333339. Programs and implementing regulations providing a framework for the application of agricultural and environmental policy to biomass crop production are examined in this paper. Impacts of the various programmes and regulations on biomass production depend upon the crop, how it is grown and prior land use on the site. There is reliance on both regulations and assistance programs that provide price and income support, technical assistance and cost sharing benefits that can influence the production of biomass crops. Biomass crop production can promote greater stewardship on farms and woodlots contributing favourably to use of renewable sources of energy and environmental improvement. 99101327 The AMER demolition wood gasification project Willeboer, W. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 15, (3), 245-249. There are a number of factors which lead to an electricity producing company like EPZ starting activities in the field of processing so-called secondary fuels (especially biomass): the disposal of wastes with a certain heating value is being forbidden now or in the near future, governments and communities ask for the reduction of COz emissions and translate that wish into financial mechanisms like tax credits, special tariffs etc. Modern coal fired power stations have a great potential in accepting fuels with very diverging qualities and converting them in a very clean manner. In one case, for EPZ this combination of factors led to a project in which low quality demolition wood, which cannot be recycled to the chip board industry, will be gasified. The product gas will be cooled, dedusted, washed and subsequently burnt in the boiler of the coal fired co-generation unit Amer 9. This unit has a net production capacity of 600 MWe and 350 MW,,, heat.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1999
133
99101318 Assessment of the externalities of biomass energy and a comparison of its full costs with coal
Alternative
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
99101323 Least-cost particulate control strategies for Indian power plants
Saez, R. M. et al. Biomass Bioenergy, 1998, 14, (5/6), 469-478. The externalities of biomass for electricity production have been assessed and compared to those of coal. The effects studied have been those on human health, COz balance, soil erosion, non-point-source pollution and employment. The methodology used has been the one developed by the Extern E Project of the European Commission, which has been extended by CIEMAT to cover socio-economic impacts. A more site-specific methodology for dealing with soil erosion and non-point-source pollution is also proposed. This methodology has been applied to assess the externalities of a proposed biomass power plant in Spain and also to a hypothetical coal power plant in the same location. In spite of the high uncertainty involved in the assessment, results show that the total costs of biomass electricity is lower than that of coal under the assumptions used, when externalities are introduced into the cost analysis.
Lookman, A. A. and Rubin, E. S. EC (Am. Sot. Mech. Eng.), 1997, 5, (1). 65-73. Evaluated are different methods of decreasing particulate emissions from new and existing coal-fired power plants in India. The objective is to identify least-cost strategies for complying with current and future particulate emissions standards. Including conventional electrostatic precipitators, pulse-jet baghouses, flue gas conditioning, physical coal cleaning and use of imported coal are the technologies considered. The results suggest that the most significant savings in particulate control costs are realized through a ‘systems’ approach involving pre-combustion and postcombustion methods. Through improved pre-and post-combustion control nation-wide savings in generation costs are estimated to be of the order of $0.4-0.7 billion per year in the year 2002.
Development of a three-part time-of-day electrical 99101319 energy tariff
Mirjam Koster, J. M. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (9), 661-668. Developments in the Dutch electricity industry from the late 1980s onwards are evaluated in this study. An economic efficiency perspective is taken. A reorganization of the sector laid down in the 1989 Electricity Act did not result in the expected efficiency gains. The changes proposed by the government in 1995 and 1996 aiming at reduction of existing inefficiencies are partially inspired by the negative experience but have their origin mainly in the expected liberalization of the EU electricity market. The paper argues that although the reforms prepared by the Dutch government remove part of the current inefficiencies, the benefits of the proposed structure are ambiguous; the ambition to gain a strong position on the European market would lead to a policy that conflicts with a competitive electricity market within the Netherlands as long as an international market has not been realized yet.
Srarnawaz Ahmed, S. and Tafazzal Hossain, A. K. M. Energy Research, 1998, 22, (12). 1038-1028. An analytical technique for determining peak, off-peak and mid-peak hours tariffs for various durations of these three periods is presented. Factors in the technique are; the existing flat rate tariff; an hourly generation scenario of a utility on an average yearly demand day; the weighted average life time; annualized capital cost and fuel cost of base and peak load plants; and a break even point condition in the utility’s revenue. The developed tariff has been applied to 30 representative industrial consumers served by the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB). The sample results have been used by BPDB to estimate the minimum possible shift in consumption pattern and hence corresponding reduction in peak generation capacity requirement as well as peak time load shedding.
99101320
Efficiency improvements for fossil fuel fired power
stations Hawkins, D. J. PWR (Am. Sot. Mech. Eng.), 1997, 32, (2), 299-306. German utility companies have responded to requirements for higher efficiencies, reductions in COz gas and increased environmental regulations by installing heat rate improvement systems that cut across the traditional flue gas and feedwater boundaries. This paper describes three innovative efficiency improvement systems presently being installed or engineered on four new 800 MW lignite-fired boilers, two new 950 MW lignite-fired boilers and an existing 220 MW bituminous coal-fired boiler. The three systems are as follows. The low pressure system uses lower flue gas exit temperatures available with wet FGD systems for pre-heating low pressure feedwater, saving extraction steam from the turbine and generating more electric power. In the air pre-heater bypass system the addition of low temperature heat recovery coils in the flue gas prior to a wet FGD system permits additional heat to be added to the combustion air. This in turn creates an imbalance across the air pre-heater and high pressure feedwater can then be heated by a portion of these air pre-heater flue gases. Extraction steam from the turbine is saved, resulting in more electric power generation. In the Rekuluvo Plus System, energy is added to the combustion air using steam coils feed by low pressure extraction steam from the turbine. Installation of a combined plate type air pre-heater and high pressure feedwater economizer permits a higher level of energy to he extracted. Increased power generation is the result of the difference in energy levels.
99101321 Energy management variable fuzzy logic control
optimizations
using multi-
Nelson, D. Eng. Papermakers: Form. Bonds Befter Papermaking, 1997, (1) 319-321. In order to resolve economic versus operational constraints, energy management requires flexible control. Multiple inputs are evaluated to provide a control solution able to produce optimal results when presented with conflicting objectives. Fuzzy logic control, when properly implemented, provided stable control with respect to plant upsets. Optimizing energy consumption and production results in substantial cost reductions. Stabilizing steam distribution headers, maximizing wood refuse firing, minimizing fossil fuel consumption, controlling purchased electric demand levels and minimizing condenser loading provide a means to reduce variability and lower per unit costs of steam and electricity. By using fuzzy logic, the control system is able to reason based on multiple inputs, much like a highly trained operator and provide optimal responses. In contrast, conventional control systems are only able to process a single input, typically error, producing a linear control response.
99101322 report
Freer electricity markets in the UK: a progress
Newbery, D. M. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (lo), 743-749. A brief progress report on electricity markets in the UK is presented. The author argues that the English experiment has been very positive and certainly very instructive, but is now at risk from old-style energy policy.
99101324 Organizing for competition: an economic analysis of electricity policy in the Netherlands
99101325 A process and an integrated plant for the production of synfuel and electrical power
Halmo, T. M. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 32,817 (Cl. ClOLl/O2), 30 Jul 1998, NO Appl. 97/323, 24 Jan 1997, 22 pp. (In Norwegian) A process for the preparation of synthetic fuel (synfuel) and electrical energy and an integrated plant for use in this process are disclosed. A part of the energy produced is used for the operation of the energy requiring steps of the process, whereas the residual part is exported for other purposes. From the part ofthe plant producing electrical energy, the warm exhaust gas is fed to a pre-heating step for natural gas being used as a starting material for the preparation of synfuel.
07
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
ENERGY
Bioconversion Energy 99101328 production
The agricultural regulatory framework and biomass
Kuch, P. J. and Crosswhite, W. M. Biomass Bioenergy, 1998, 14, (4) 333339. Programs and implementing regulations providing a framework for the application of agricultural and environmental policy to biomass crop production are examined in this paper. Impacts of the various programmes and regulations on biomass production depend upon the crop, how it is grown and prior land use on the site. There is reliance on both regulations and assistance programs that provide price and income support, technical assistance and cost sharing benefits that can influence the production of biomass crops. Biomass crop production can promote greater stewardship on farms and woodlots contributing favourably to use of renewable sources of energy and environmental improvement. 99101327 The AMER demolition wood gasification project Willeboer, W. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 15, (3), 245-249. There are a number of factors which lead to an electricity producing company like EPZ starting activities in the field of processing so-called secondary fuels (especially biomass): the disposal of wastes with a certain heating value is being forbidden now or in the near future, governments and communities ask for the reduction of COz emissions and translate that wish into financial mechanisms like tax credits, special tariffs etc. Modern coal fired power stations have a great potential in accepting fuels with very diverging qualities and converting them in a very clean manner. In one case, for EPZ this combination of factors led to a project in which low quality demolition wood, which cannot be recycled to the chip board industry, will be gasified. The product gas will be cooled, dedusted, washed and subsequently burnt in the boiler of the coal fired co-generation unit Amer 9. This unit has a net production capacity of 600 MWe and 350 MW,,, heat.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1999
133