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01337 Design aspects of fast pyrolysis reaction systems for liquids from biomass
07
99101335 CO2 mitigation cost: bioenergy systems and natural gas systems with decarboniratlon Gustavsson, L. and Borjesson, P. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (9), 699-713. In Sweden power production with bioenergy systems is more costly than with fossil energy systems at present. The competitiveness of bioenergy systems could be improved by the new technology under development, such as integrated gasification and combined cycle technology (IGCC) and reduced biomass costs. The COz mitigation costs are lower for biomass systems using IGCC technology than for natural gas systems using decarbonization. Considering the temporally reduced greenhouse gases from the soil when short-rotation forest (Salix) replaces annual food crops on mineral soils, the COz mitigation costs could be reduced further by about 10% for bioenergy systems. The cost of Salix can be reduced in the future by about 30% because of improvements in plant breeding and cultivation methods and even more if Salix plantations are used for the treatment of municipal waste water. This would further improve the competitiveness of bioenergy systems. Several data used in the cost calculations are uncertain, especially regarding new technologies such as IGCC, decarbonization and waste water treatment in Salix plantations and will vary with local conditions. The results are, however, most sensitive to changes in the fuel costs and particularly so in the case of natural gas systems.
99101336
Conversion of biomass in the fluidized bed
Guo, Q. et al. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1998, 21, (3), 33-37. (In Chinese) The paper gives a review of the characteristics of biomass fluidization and processing, describing biomass combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. The newest developments in the co-gasification of coal and biomass and copyrolysis of coal and biomass are also summarized. 99101337 Design aspects of fast pyrolysis reaction systems for liquids from biomass
Peacocke, G. V. C. et al. IChemE Res. Even?, Two-Day Symp., 1998, 1055 113. There is an increase in the conversion of biomass and agricultural wastes by advanced technologies for the production of alternative fuels, chemicals and derived products. Gasification is approaching the demonstration/ commercial stage. Fast pyrolysis is now at the pilot/demonstration stage and the importance of good design in this emerging technology is important to its subsequent development. Biomass fast pyrolysis offers the advantage over gasification in that a liquid is produced which can therefore be stored and transported to the power generation facility as required. The liquids can also be used for the recovery of specialty chemicals and the production of specialty products such as fertilizers and resins. Design aspects of a fast pyrolysis system include: pyrolysis, char removal, liquids collection and gas clean up.
99101336 Effect of fuel moisture content on biomass-IGCC performance
Hughes, W. E. M. and Larson, E. D. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 1998, 120, (3). 455-459. The efficient conversion of biomass fuels to power can be affected by the moisture level in the fuels. The efficiency and net power output of a fluidized bed gasifier-combined cycle with flue gas drying is studied here for a range of as-received raw biomass moisture contents and levels of pregasification drying. The lack of empirical data available, made a modelling approach necessary to simulate the effect of varying moisture content in the gasifier feed biomass. For a specified as-received biomass moisture content, drying prior to gasification increases overall efficiency, but the gains in efficiency decrease with increasing levels of drying. For a specified postdryer gasifier feed moisture content, cycle efficiency and power output increase with decreasing as-received biomass moisture down to 30%, below which the change in cycle performance is negligible.
99101339 Energy and CO2 balances in different power generation routes using wood fuel from short rotation coppice
Dubuisson, X. and Sintzoff, 1. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 15, (4/5), 379390. The development of bioenergy can play a significant role in the reduction of COz emissions to the atmosphere by substituting fossil fuels and storing carbon in biomass and soil. The objective of this study was to carry out an energy and carbon analysis of different power generation routes using wood fuel from short rotation coppice. Three scenarios of wood fuel production were considered. based on the level of intensification of cultivation practices. in terms of machinery and materials input. Local and regional transportation were distinguished, as well as natural convection or forced ventilation for drying. Three conversion systems were also studied; local peak electricity generation, local co-generation of heat and power (CHP) and centralized power generation by wood and coal pulverization co-firing. The energy and carbon balances of different wood-energy routes were estimated by calculating direct and indirect energy and carbon costs of all their components (fuel, materials and machinery). Energy ratios of 22, 23 and 26 after storage and drying at the farm were obtained respectively for the different scenarios. An average of 1.7 kg of carbon (kgC) is released per GJ of wood energy produced. Crop maintenance and chemical fertilization, account for 40% of total energy costs and 25% of total carbon costs of wood fuel production. Finally, fossil fuel substitution has avoided carbon
Alternative
emissions, with the emissions CHP, 3.8-5.4 with peak power co-firing.
energy sources (bioconversion
reaching production
6.3-8.8 tC and 3.3-4.6
energy)
ha-’ yr-’ with with centralized
Energy from biomass and waste: the contribution of utility scale biomass gasification plants
99101340
Maniatis, K. and Millich, E. Biomass and Bioenergv, 1998, 15, (3), 195200. The European Commission’s Green Paper on renewable energy technologies (RET) sets as a target the doubling of their contribution from the present 5.6% to about 12%. Moreover, the Kyoto Protocol has added a new impetus in the market penetration of RET. Amongst all the renewable energy sources, biomass represents the highest potential and it is generally accepted that it will have to play the major role in meeting these targets. Utility scale biomass gasification plants are been implemented presently and several plants are under construction world-wide. These plants offer significantly higher efficiencies than traditional steam cycles and improved economies.
99101341 Environmental burdens over the entire life cycle of a biomass CHP plant
Jungmeier, G. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 15, (4/5), 311-323. If the use of biomass for energy production is to be increased, it is important to know the possible and significant environmental effects. A life cycle inventory (LCI) was made on a 1.3 MW,i biomass CHP plant located in Reuthe/Vorarlberg/Austria with the purpose of analysing the different environmental burdens over the entire life cycle. The plant is fired with coarse and small fuelwood (10,000 t/yr) from industrial waste and forest residues. The boiler for the steam process has a moving grate burner and a muffle burner. The annual production is 4700 MWh of electricity and 29,000 MWh of district heat. The methodology of the analysis is orientated on the IS0 Committee Draft of the Series 13,600. The analysis was carried out for the different sections of the biomass plant over their entire life cycle construction, operation and dismantling. The plant in Reuthe, which is the first co-generation system of this kind in Austria, is a model for other similar projects. The results are shown as environmental burdens of one year and of the entire life cycle. Some results of the life cycle inventory, like the mass and energy balances, selected emissions to air, allocation results and effects on carbon storage pools are given. The results demonstrate that depending on the stage and the period of life, different environmental burdens become significant, i.e. COz emissions of fossil fuels during construction, NO, emission during operation, emissions to soil during dismantling. The different options for allocating the environmental burdens to electricity and heat show a wide range of possible results, depending on the choice of allocation parameters (energy, exergy, credits for heat or electricity, price). With the results of the analysis it is thus possible for future similar projects to know when and where significant environmental burdens might be further reduced and what kind of research and development work should be done for further improvements. The work for this paper has been part of the Austrian case study of the European Commission’s ExternE project on external costs of power production.
EU-demonstration project BIOCOCOMB for biomass gasification and co-combustion of the product-gas in a coal-fired power plant in Austria Mary, A. and Zotter, T. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 15, (3). 239-244.
99101342
Since the early 1980s studies and research projects on biomass resource potentials and conversion technologies for electricity production from biomass were carried out by Draukraft, a local energy supplier within the Verbund group, Austria’s largest power supplier. The lecture describes in detail different technologies for co-firing in general as well as a new method: ‘Gasification in a separate, external CFB-reactor and co-firing of the gas in the coal boiler’. The design basis of the CFB-gasifier for the BIOCOCOMB project in Zeltweg Power Plant was the CFB-technology of Austrian Energy, Austria’s largest supplier of systems for thermal energy generation and environmental technology.
Fast pyrolysis sorghum bagasse
99101343
of sweet
sorghum
and sweet
Piskorz, J. et al. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 1998, 46, (1) 15-29. The yields of pyrrolytic liquids from Italian sweet sorghum and sweet sorghum bagasse were evaluated by the Waterloo fast pyrolysis methodology; this method employs a bed of fluidized sand at atmospheric pressure. Reaction temperatures were varied from 400 to 560°C and apparent volatiles residence times from 222 to 703 ms. The results are presented. 99101344
Finnish forest energy systems and CO2 conse-
quences
Korpilathi, A. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 15, (4/5), 293-297. Since 1993, when the Ministry of Trade and Industry started eight new energy technology research and development programmes (including the Bioenergy Research Programme), the development of wood fuel production technology has been active in Finland. The objective is to improve the competitiveness of indigenous fuels - wood fuel and fuel peat - compared to imported fossil fuels. Due to new, effective equipment and good logistics, production costs of fuel chips from logging residues have decreased by 25% and are now approaching the target of US$8.5/MWh (45 FIM) with transportation distance being up to 80-100 km. This price target was set at the start of the Bioenergy Research Programme, but it is still valid
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
March 1999
135
99101335 CO2 mitigation cost: bioenergy systems and natural gas systems with decarboniratlon Gustavsson, L. and Borjesson, P. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (9), 699-713. In Sweden power production with bioenergy systems is more costly than with fossil energy systems at present. The competitiveness of bioenergy systems could be improved by the new technology under development, such as integrated gasification and combined cycle technology (IGCC) and reduced biomass costs. The COz mitigation costs are lower for biomass systems using IGCC technology than for natural gas systems using decarbonization. Considering the temporally reduced greenhouse gases from the soil when short-rotation forest (Salix) replaces annual food crops on mineral soils, the COz mitigation costs could be reduced further by about 10% for bioenergy systems. The cost of Salix can be reduced in the future by about 30% because of improvements in plant breeding and cultivation methods and even more if Salix plantations are used for the treatment of municipal waste water. This would further improve the competitiveness of bioenergy systems. Several data used in the cost calculations are uncertain, especially regarding new technologies such as IGCC, decarbonization and waste water treatment in Salix plantations and will vary with local conditions. The results are, however, most sensitive to changes in the fuel costs and particularly so in the case of natural gas systems.
99101336
Conversion of biomass in the fluidized bed
Guo, Q. et al. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1998, 21, (3), 33-37. (In Chinese) The paper gives a review of the characteristics of biomass fluidization and processing, describing biomass combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. The newest developments in the co-gasification of coal and biomass and copyrolysis of coal and biomass are also summarized. 99101337 Design aspects of fast pyrolysis reaction systems for liquids from biomass
Peacocke, G. V. C. et al. IChemE Res. Even?, Two-Day Symp., 1998, 1055 113. There is an increase in the conversion of biomass and agricultural wastes by advanced technologies for the production of alternative fuels, chemicals and derived products. Gasification is approaching the demonstration/ commercial stage. Fast pyrolysis is now at the pilot/demonstration stage and the importance of good design in this emerging technology is important to its subsequent development. Biomass fast pyrolysis offers the advantage over gasification in that a liquid is produced which can therefore be stored and transported to the power generation facility as required. The liquids can also be used for the recovery of specialty chemicals and the production of specialty products such as fertilizers and resins. Design aspects of a fast pyrolysis system include: pyrolysis, char removal, liquids collection and gas clean up.
99101336 Effect of fuel moisture content on biomass-IGCC performance
Hughes, W. E. M. and Larson, E. D. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 1998, 120, (3). 455-459. The efficient conversion of biomass fuels to power can be affected by the moisture level in the fuels. The efficiency and net power output of a fluidized bed gasifier-combined cycle with flue gas drying is studied here for a range of as-received raw biomass moisture contents and levels of pregasification drying. The lack of empirical data available, made a modelling approach necessary to simulate the effect of varying moisture content in the gasifier feed biomass. For a specified as-received biomass moisture content, drying prior to gasification increases overall efficiency, but the gains in efficiency decrease with increasing levels of drying. For a specified postdryer gasifier feed moisture content, cycle efficiency and power output increase with decreasing as-received biomass moisture down to 30%, below which the change in cycle performance is negligible.
99101339 Energy and CO2 balances in different power generation routes using wood fuel from short rotation coppice
Dubuisson, X. and Sintzoff, 1. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 15, (4/5), 379390. The development of bioenergy can play a significant role in the reduction of COz emissions to the atmosphere by substituting fossil fuels and storing carbon in biomass and soil. The objective of this study was to carry out an energy and carbon analysis of different power generation routes using wood fuel from short rotation coppice. Three scenarios of wood fuel production were considered. based on the level of intensification of cultivation practices. in terms of machinery and materials input. Local and regional transportation were distinguished, as well as natural convection or forced ventilation for drying. Three conversion systems were also studied; local peak electricity generation, local co-generation of heat and power (CHP) and centralized power generation by wood and coal pulverization co-firing. The energy and carbon balances of different wood-energy routes were estimated by calculating direct and indirect energy and carbon costs of all their components (fuel, materials and machinery). Energy ratios of 22, 23 and 26 after storage and drying at the farm were obtained respectively for the different scenarios. An average of 1.7 kg of carbon (kgC) is released per GJ of wood energy produced. Crop maintenance and chemical fertilization, account for 40% of total energy costs and 25% of total carbon costs of wood fuel production. Finally, fossil fuel substitution has avoided carbon
Alternative
emissions, with the emissions CHP, 3.8-5.4 with peak power co-firing.
energy sources (bioconversion
reaching production
6.3-8.8 tC and 3.3-4.6
energy)
ha-’ yr-’ with with centralized
Energy from biomass and waste: the contribution of utility scale biomass gasification plants
99101340
Maniatis, K. and Millich, E. Biomass and Bioenergv, 1998, 15, (3), 195200. The European Commission’s Green Paper on renewable energy technologies (RET) sets as a target the doubling of their contribution from the present 5.6% to about 12%. Moreover, the Kyoto Protocol has added a new impetus in the market penetration of RET. Amongst all the renewable energy sources, biomass represents the highest potential and it is generally accepted that it will have to play the major role in meeting these targets. Utility scale biomass gasification plants are been implemented presently and several plants are under construction world-wide. These plants offer significantly higher efficiencies than traditional steam cycles and improved economies.
99101341 Environmental burdens over the entire life cycle of a biomass CHP plant
Jungmeier, G. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 15, (4/5), 311-323. If the use of biomass for energy production is to be increased, it is important to know the possible and significant environmental effects. A life cycle inventory (LCI) was made on a 1.3 MW,i biomass CHP plant located in Reuthe/Vorarlberg/Austria with the purpose of analysing the different environmental burdens over the entire life cycle. The plant is fired with coarse and small fuelwood (10,000 t/yr) from industrial waste and forest residues. The boiler for the steam process has a moving grate burner and a muffle burner. The annual production is 4700 MWh of electricity and 29,000 MWh of district heat. The methodology of the analysis is orientated on the IS0 Committee Draft of the Series 13,600. The analysis was carried out for the different sections of the biomass plant over their entire life cycle construction, operation and dismantling. The plant in Reuthe, which is the first co-generation system of this kind in Austria, is a model for other similar projects. The results are shown as environmental burdens of one year and of the entire life cycle. Some results of the life cycle inventory, like the mass and energy balances, selected emissions to air, allocation results and effects on carbon storage pools are given. The results demonstrate that depending on the stage and the period of life, different environmental burdens become significant, i.e. COz emissions of fossil fuels during construction, NO, emission during operation, emissions to soil during dismantling. The different options for allocating the environmental burdens to electricity and heat show a wide range of possible results, depending on the choice of allocation parameters (energy, exergy, credits for heat or electricity, price). With the results of the analysis it is thus possible for future similar projects to know when and where significant environmental burdens might be further reduced and what kind of research and development work should be done for further improvements. The work for this paper has been part of the Austrian case study of the European Commission’s ExternE project on external costs of power production.
EU-demonstration project BIOCOCOMB for biomass gasification and co-combustion of the product-gas in a coal-fired power plant in Austria Mary, A. and Zotter, T. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 15, (3). 239-244.
99101342
Since the early 1980s studies and research projects on biomass resource potentials and conversion technologies for electricity production from biomass were carried out by Draukraft, a local energy supplier within the Verbund group, Austria’s largest power supplier. The lecture describes in detail different technologies for co-firing in general as well as a new method: ‘Gasification in a separate, external CFB-reactor and co-firing of the gas in the coal boiler’. The design basis of the CFB-gasifier for the BIOCOCOMB project in Zeltweg Power Plant was the CFB-technology of Austrian Energy, Austria’s largest supplier of systems for thermal energy generation and environmental technology.
Fast pyrolysis sorghum bagasse
99101343
of sweet
sorghum
and sweet
Piskorz, J. et al. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 1998, 46, (1) 15-29. The yields of pyrrolytic liquids from Italian sweet sorghum and sweet sorghum bagasse were evaluated by the Waterloo fast pyrolysis methodology; this method employs a bed of fluidized sand at atmospheric pressure. Reaction temperatures were varied from 400 to 560°C and apparent volatiles residence times from 222 to 703 ms. The results are presented. 99101344
Finnish forest energy systems and CO2 conse-
quences
Korpilathi, A. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 15, (4/5), 293-297. Since 1993, when the Ministry of Trade and Industry started eight new energy technology research and development programmes (including the Bioenergy Research Programme), the development of wood fuel production technology has been active in Finland. The objective is to improve the competitiveness of indigenous fuels - wood fuel and fuel peat - compared to imported fossil fuels. Due to new, effective equipment and good logistics, production costs of fuel chips from logging residues have decreased by 25% and are now approaching the target of US$8.5/MWh (45 FIM) with transportation distance being up to 80-100 km. This price target was set at the start of the Bioenergy Research Programme, but it is still valid
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
March 1999
135