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01497 Simulation study on effects of heating rate and particle size distribution for formation of agglomerate during CWM combustion
70
99lQl497 Simulation study on effects of heatlng rate and partlcle size distribution for formation of agglomerate durlng CWM combustion Kim, S.-H. et al. Kongop Hwahak, 1998, 9, (3), 364-371. (In Korean) This paper develops a theoretical model of particle agglomeration to investigate the adhesive force between contiguous coal particles in coalwater mixture (CWM) fuel agglomerate. Bituminous coal was heated to about 400°C or above and the transient occurrence of plastic behaviour in coal particles was observed. It was found that the adhesive force in the process of agglomeration of coal particles was proportional to the duration of plasticity of the particles. The model of particle agglomeration showed that the adhesive force in the process of the particle agglomeration in CWM fuel was inversely proportional to the heating rate but proportional to particle size. Fortran programmed the RKG simulation program used in this experiment.
Solld propellant utilization by the burning propellant-coal and propellant-peat mixtures
99101498
Ananiev, A. V. et al. Challenges Propellants Cornbust.: 100 Years Nobel, [Int. Symp. Spec. Top. Chem. Propul.], 4th, 1996 (Pub. 1997), 145-152. Edited by Kuo, K. K., Begell House, New York. In a laboratory reactor and in a model industrial furnace, an investigation of the combustion of propellant-coal and propellant-peat mixtures (as a method for combustion of waste propellants and recovered propellant crumb) for both composite and double base propellants was performed. The mechanism of combustion of bricks prepared from these ‘composite fuels’ was studied for various propellant contents for safe and ecologically clean combustion in furnaces. The flammability and explosion limits for the coal-propellant mixtures were determined.
Substitution of natural gas in blast furnace smelting by coal gasification products
99101499
Tovarovskii, 1. G. et al. &al’, 1998, (4), 13-16. (In Russian) A comparison is made between the fuel rates and blast furnace data, including economics.
operating
An unexpected trend in the combustion behavior of hvBb coals as shown by the study of their chars
99/01500
10
Engines (power generation and propulsion, electrical vehicles)
ENGINES Power Generation and Propulsion, Electrical Vehicles
99lO1503 ASME PTC 47 - development of a new code for integrated gasification combined cycle performance testing
Bannister, R. L. et al. PWR (Am. Sot. Mech. Eng.), 1997, 32, (2), 415-422. For power generation with a gas turbine there are currently at least 20 coal gasification technologies available or being demonstrated at commercial capacity that are appropriate. Most of the development effort has been in the area of gasifiers that can be used in gasification combined cycle applications. This code will define procedures for the performance testing of gasification combined cycle plants. Gasification concepts considered to be within the scope of this code include moving (or fixed) bed, fluidized bed and entrained flow. This code defines the boundaries of the overall power plant and of two major plant sections, the gasification block and the power block. The gasification process may include an air separation unit along with a gasification block, which in turn includes fuel gas temperature adjustment and cleaning. The proposed code will cover a defined range of raw fuel characteristics and is limited to combined cycle power generation systems based on gas and steam turbines.
Automobile and the environment in the next decade 99lQ1504 Lesinsky, J. Pet. Coal, 1998, 40, (l), 14-19. The development of the mobility of humans is reviewed, especially road motor vehicles (RMV) over the last decades. Future predictions and the environmental effects of this global development with special regard to the situation in Slovakia are discussed. A description is given on trends in fuel consumption, emission release and reduction, automobile quality optimization and electromagnetic problems appearing with introduction of electronics into means of transport. 99lO1505 Biomass medium Btu fuel gas for combustion turbines: initial operating experience from the Burlington, Vermont comme’rcial demonstration unit
Alvarez, D. et al. Energy Fuels, 1998, 12, (5), 849-855. Through the study of pyrolysis chars, this study is an attempt to find useful relationships between the petrographical characteristics of coals and their efficiencies during pulverized fuel combustion. In particular, the effects of coal rank have been investigated using a series of vitrinite-rich coals ranging from sub-bituminous to low volatile bituminous coal. An investigation was carried out into the behaviour of these coals during combustion at 500 and 1100°C and the petrographical characteristics of their pyrolysis chars. In a previous paper unexpectedly poor combustion performances were found for some hvBb coals, which were attributed to rank rather than maceral effect. A general pattern of variation of coal burnout with rank was found in this study, providing additional data in which those unexpected results could be fitted. The observed trend was explained in terms of the changes undergone by coal both during pyrolysis and coalification, which make the number and accessibility of active sites vary in opposite directions, thus leading to a nonuniform variation of coal combustion efficiency with rank.
Rohrer, J. and Weeks, S. Eng. Papermakers: Form. Bonds Better Papetmaking, 1997, (l), 241-253. Converting biomass into a gas that can be utilized in a high efficiency gas combustion turbine is one of the most promising possibilities for increasing the efficiencies of biomass for electric power. Gas turbines in simple and combined cycle now dominate both new industrial and utility generating capacity additions world-wide because they are substantially more efficient, have lower capital cost and produce substantially lower environmental emissions than traditional boiler/steam turbine power plants. One technology with promise to allow the integration of biomass with advanced combustion turbines is the ‘low-inlet velocity gasification’ (‘LWG’) process. The first commercial demonstration of this technology is in Burlington, Vermont. Construction was completed during the second quarter of 1997 and start-up and shakedown will be completed during the third quarter. This paper summarizes project objectives and design features as well as start-up and initial operating experience at the Burlington Plant. The paper describes testing and unit performance to date and future test plans.
99101501 Use of coke at Belgo-Minelra’s blast furnaces Braga, R. N. B. et al. Congr. Anu. Assoc. Bras. Metal. Mater., 1996,51, (l), 345-361. For the use of coke at Belgo-Mineira’s blast furnaces, the reasons are shown. The blast furnace No. 5 has been using 100% of coke since 1992. The operational figures of this blast furnace are analysed. The authors also comment about the future use of coke at Belgo-Mineira Works.
99lO1509
Volatility of heavy metals in energetic and material utilization of wastes from the thermodynamic viewpoint
99101502
Meyer, B. and Starke, A. DGMK Tagungsber., 1998, 9802, 75-82. (In German) In waste co-combustion and incineration the volatility of heavy metals was investigated by experiments and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Ideal model concepts (Equitherm) were used to describe the formation of substances like heavy metals, oxides and salts, the chloride/sulfate interactions and the high-temperature Cl corrosive processes giving basic statements for the expected reaction scheme. For the processes incineration and gasification, the equilibrium was modelled for the input 100% coal, 95% coal with 5% waste and 100% waste. The volatility of heavy metals in the flue gas increased by a heavy metal input increase into the feed or so the numerical results showed. Elemental and bonded mercury are present in the incinerator flue gases and can be removed by different processes. At high temperatures volatile heavy metals are immobilized in the incinerator ashes in the form of sulfates and chlorides. An increase of chloride by the added fuel resulted in an increase of heavy metal chlorides in the flue gas also by low temperatures. Several experimental and numerical tables with data are given.
Catalytic combustion in gas turbines
Johansson, M. and Jaeras, S. Kern. Tidskr./Kemiuaerlden, 1998, (4), 40-42. (In Swedish) One of the most promising processes for generating electricity and electric power is combustion in gas turbines, both in stationary installations and in mobile installations. Catalytic combustion chambers are a most promising alternative to keep NO, and CO emissions from the turbines extremely low. The fuels, development of heat-resistant materials for catalysts and catalyst supports and five different concepts of combustion chambers are discussed, together with results from pilot plant runs, issues to be cleared up before a reliable installation can be designed and the research at KTH.
99lOl507 Combustlon of simulated biogas in a dual-fuel diesel engine
Henham, A. and Makkar, M. K. Energy Convers. Manage., 1998, 39, (16 18), 2001-2009. The transformation of energy through biogas into the thermodynamically higher valued mechanical energy successfully and economically is now one the most important areas in the field of biogas research. The authors’ research work concerns the use of biogas in dual-fuel diesel engines. This paper examines engine performance using simulated biogas of varying quality representing the range of methane:carbon dioxide composition which may be encountered in gas from different sources. A two-cylinder, indirect-injection diesel engine of stationary type is being used as the first experimental test bed in this work and the variation of quality is provided by mixing natural gas and carbon dioxide. A data acquisition system for incylinder pressure and crank angle is used successfully and some emissions measurements are also available, particularly for CO and 02. The nature of combustion process in the dual-fuel engine is examined through pressure-
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1999
151
99lQl497 Simulation study on effects of heatlng rate and partlcle size distribution for formation of agglomerate durlng CWM combustion Kim, S.-H. et al. Kongop Hwahak, 1998, 9, (3), 364-371. (In Korean) This paper develops a theoretical model of particle agglomeration to investigate the adhesive force between contiguous coal particles in coalwater mixture (CWM) fuel agglomerate. Bituminous coal was heated to about 400°C or above and the transient occurrence of plastic behaviour in coal particles was observed. It was found that the adhesive force in the process of agglomeration of coal particles was proportional to the duration of plasticity of the particles. The model of particle agglomeration showed that the adhesive force in the process of the particle agglomeration in CWM fuel was inversely proportional to the heating rate but proportional to particle size. Fortran programmed the RKG simulation program used in this experiment.
Solld propellant utilization by the burning propellant-coal and propellant-peat mixtures
99101498
Ananiev, A. V. et al. Challenges Propellants Cornbust.: 100 Years Nobel, [Int. Symp. Spec. Top. Chem. Propul.], 4th, 1996 (Pub. 1997), 145-152. Edited by Kuo, K. K., Begell House, New York. In a laboratory reactor and in a model industrial furnace, an investigation of the combustion of propellant-coal and propellant-peat mixtures (as a method for combustion of waste propellants and recovered propellant crumb) for both composite and double base propellants was performed. The mechanism of combustion of bricks prepared from these ‘composite fuels’ was studied for various propellant contents for safe and ecologically clean combustion in furnaces. The flammability and explosion limits for the coal-propellant mixtures were determined.
Substitution of natural gas in blast furnace smelting by coal gasification products
99101499
Tovarovskii, 1. G. et al. &al’, 1998, (4), 13-16. (In Russian) A comparison is made between the fuel rates and blast furnace data, including economics.
operating
An unexpected trend in the combustion behavior of hvBb coals as shown by the study of their chars
99/01500
10
Engines (power generation and propulsion, electrical vehicles)
ENGINES Power Generation and Propulsion, Electrical Vehicles
99lO1503 ASME PTC 47 - development of a new code for integrated gasification combined cycle performance testing
Bannister, R. L. et al. PWR (Am. Sot. Mech. Eng.), 1997, 32, (2), 415-422. For power generation with a gas turbine there are currently at least 20 coal gasification technologies available or being demonstrated at commercial capacity that are appropriate. Most of the development effort has been in the area of gasifiers that can be used in gasification combined cycle applications. This code will define procedures for the performance testing of gasification combined cycle plants. Gasification concepts considered to be within the scope of this code include moving (or fixed) bed, fluidized bed and entrained flow. This code defines the boundaries of the overall power plant and of two major plant sections, the gasification block and the power block. The gasification process may include an air separation unit along with a gasification block, which in turn includes fuel gas temperature adjustment and cleaning. The proposed code will cover a defined range of raw fuel characteristics and is limited to combined cycle power generation systems based on gas and steam turbines.
Automobile and the environment in the next decade 99lQ1504 Lesinsky, J. Pet. Coal, 1998, 40, (l), 14-19. The development of the mobility of humans is reviewed, especially road motor vehicles (RMV) over the last decades. Future predictions and the environmental effects of this global development with special regard to the situation in Slovakia are discussed. A description is given on trends in fuel consumption, emission release and reduction, automobile quality optimization and electromagnetic problems appearing with introduction of electronics into means of transport. 99lO1505 Biomass medium Btu fuel gas for combustion turbines: initial operating experience from the Burlington, Vermont comme’rcial demonstration unit
Alvarez, D. et al. Energy Fuels, 1998, 12, (5), 849-855. Through the study of pyrolysis chars, this study is an attempt to find useful relationships between the petrographical characteristics of coals and their efficiencies during pulverized fuel combustion. In particular, the effects of coal rank have been investigated using a series of vitrinite-rich coals ranging from sub-bituminous to low volatile bituminous coal. An investigation was carried out into the behaviour of these coals during combustion at 500 and 1100°C and the petrographical characteristics of their pyrolysis chars. In a previous paper unexpectedly poor combustion performances were found for some hvBb coals, which were attributed to rank rather than maceral effect. A general pattern of variation of coal burnout with rank was found in this study, providing additional data in which those unexpected results could be fitted. The observed trend was explained in terms of the changes undergone by coal both during pyrolysis and coalification, which make the number and accessibility of active sites vary in opposite directions, thus leading to a nonuniform variation of coal combustion efficiency with rank.
Rohrer, J. and Weeks, S. Eng. Papermakers: Form. Bonds Better Papetmaking, 1997, (l), 241-253. Converting biomass into a gas that can be utilized in a high efficiency gas combustion turbine is one of the most promising possibilities for increasing the efficiencies of biomass for electric power. Gas turbines in simple and combined cycle now dominate both new industrial and utility generating capacity additions world-wide because they are substantially more efficient, have lower capital cost and produce substantially lower environmental emissions than traditional boiler/steam turbine power plants. One technology with promise to allow the integration of biomass with advanced combustion turbines is the ‘low-inlet velocity gasification’ (‘LWG’) process. The first commercial demonstration of this technology is in Burlington, Vermont. Construction was completed during the second quarter of 1997 and start-up and shakedown will be completed during the third quarter. This paper summarizes project objectives and design features as well as start-up and initial operating experience at the Burlington Plant. The paper describes testing and unit performance to date and future test plans.
99101501 Use of coke at Belgo-Minelra’s blast furnaces Braga, R. N. B. et al. Congr. Anu. Assoc. Bras. Metal. Mater., 1996,51, (l), 345-361. For the use of coke at Belgo-Mineira’s blast furnaces, the reasons are shown. The blast furnace No. 5 has been using 100% of coke since 1992. The operational figures of this blast furnace are analysed. The authors also comment about the future use of coke at Belgo-Mineira Works.
99lO1509
Volatility of heavy metals in energetic and material utilization of wastes from the thermodynamic viewpoint
99101502
Meyer, B. and Starke, A. DGMK Tagungsber., 1998, 9802, 75-82. (In German) In waste co-combustion and incineration the volatility of heavy metals was investigated by experiments and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Ideal model concepts (Equitherm) were used to describe the formation of substances like heavy metals, oxides and salts, the chloride/sulfate interactions and the high-temperature Cl corrosive processes giving basic statements for the expected reaction scheme. For the processes incineration and gasification, the equilibrium was modelled for the input 100% coal, 95% coal with 5% waste and 100% waste. The volatility of heavy metals in the flue gas increased by a heavy metal input increase into the feed or so the numerical results showed. Elemental and bonded mercury are present in the incinerator flue gases and can be removed by different processes. At high temperatures volatile heavy metals are immobilized in the incinerator ashes in the form of sulfates and chlorides. An increase of chloride by the added fuel resulted in an increase of heavy metal chlorides in the flue gas also by low temperatures. Several experimental and numerical tables with data are given.
Catalytic combustion in gas turbines
Johansson, M. and Jaeras, S. Kern. Tidskr./Kemiuaerlden, 1998, (4), 40-42. (In Swedish) One of the most promising processes for generating electricity and electric power is combustion in gas turbines, both in stationary installations and in mobile installations. Catalytic combustion chambers are a most promising alternative to keep NO, and CO emissions from the turbines extremely low. The fuels, development of heat-resistant materials for catalysts and catalyst supports and five different concepts of combustion chambers are discussed, together with results from pilot plant runs, issues to be cleared up before a reliable installation can be designed and the research at KTH.
99lOl507 Combustlon of simulated biogas in a dual-fuel diesel engine
Henham, A. and Makkar, M. K. Energy Convers. Manage., 1998, 39, (16 18), 2001-2009. The transformation of energy through biogas into the thermodynamically higher valued mechanical energy successfully and economically is now one the most important areas in the field of biogas research. The authors’ research work concerns the use of biogas in dual-fuel diesel engines. This paper examines engine performance using simulated biogas of varying quality representing the range of methane:carbon dioxide composition which may be encountered in gas from different sources. A two-cylinder, indirect-injection diesel engine of stationary type is being used as the first experimental test bed in this work and the variation of quality is provided by mixing natural gas and carbon dioxide. A data acquisition system for incylinder pressure and crank angle is used successfully and some emissions measurements are also available, particularly for CO and 02. The nature of combustion process in the dual-fuel engine is examined through pressure-
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1999
151