- Email: [email protected]
01606 Environmental impact analysis of ACFB-based gas and power cogeneration
15
fine structure (XAFS). The chromium XAFS spectra for coal samples indicate the presence of a significant contaminant that occurs in the samples at a level that exceeds the original chromium concentration. The contaminant has been identified as stainless steel rather than metallic chromium.
Elimination of greenhouse ases from coal mine ventilation air. Development and industr Bal demonstration of a catalytic technology
99101600
Trottier, R. et al. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Proc. Technol. Act. Implemented Jointly, 1997 (Pub. 1998), 463-466. Edited by Riemer, P. W. F. et al., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. The methane, emitted to the earth’s atmosphere by underground coal mining throughout the world, contributes significantly to total anthropogenie greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A technology to eliminate these emissions has been developed by Natural Resources Canada and its industrial partners. The technology will be demonstrated and become commercially available in the first half of 1998.
Emission and immission 99101601 Schwarze Pumpe site, Germany
development
at the
Schoenherr, D. and Mueller, W. Braunkohle, 1998, 50, (3), 245-250. (In German) At Schwarze Pumpe, an important industrial location of brown coal upgrading and power generation, changes in air quality in the surroundings during the last decade are reported. Since 1990 the brown coal upgrading site has undergone a thorough change. Plants for mechanical and thermal upgrading with high environmental pollution potential were shut down and new plants were erected. Air pollution from the briquetting plant to be operated for a long period decreased by >90% since the equipment and efficacy of dust separation units were radically improved. The replacement of the three old power stations by the new 2x800-MW power station, which is equipped with the recent environmental protection techniques, resulted in a decrease of air pollution by dust and gaseous pollutants in the same order of magnitude. As a result, the immission values in the surroundings decreased steadily. Values measured in 1997 for airborne dust, SOz, NOz and CO are typical for regions with low air pollution.
Emission of NOx/N20 during the co-combustion of biomass and coal
99101602
Wang, .I. et al. Huazhong Ligong Daxue Xuebao, 1998, 26, (1). 72-74. (In Chinese) A study on the combustion of biomass and coal mixtures was undertaken at a laboratory-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor in order to determine a way to control the emissions of NO./NzO from the fluidized bed. The results show that the emissions of NOJNzO can be reduced efficiently. The ratio of the biomass and coal determines the reduction percentage. As the proportion of biomass increases the emissions of NO,/NzO decrease. However if the temperature is increased, the degree of reduction decreases to a certain extent. The reasons behind the reduction of NOJNzO emissions are discussed.
99101603
Emission of pollutants from a biomass stove
Ndiema, C. K. W. et al. Energy Comers. Manage., 1998, 39, (13). 13571367. In order to take adequate remedial steps for environmental protection in general and to safeguard the health requirements of, predominantly Third World, stove users, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which biomass combustion in a stove emits pollutants. The concentration levels of emissions have been investigated by use of a GC analyser for CO and UHC, a chemi-luminescent analyser for NO, and a smoke detector for smoke density. Two main categories of emissions were discovered: unburnt pollutants and oxidized pollutants. The former can be avoided by creating conditions in the stove conducive for complete combustion. However, the same cannot apply to NO, emission, since its source is fuel-bound nitrogen. Fuel nitrogen during was converted to NO and NOz with an overall conversion efficiency of 27.1 and 33.2% during charcoal and wood combustion, respectively. Because of the high emission of carbon monoxide, biomass stoves should be used where there is adequate ventilation.
An energy efficient and environmentally friendly 99101604 technology - trigeneration system using coal
Jianxiong, M. and Dingkai, L. Greenhouse Gus Mitigation, Proc. Technol. Act. Implemented Jointly, 1997, (Pub. 1998), 649-654. Edited by Riemer, P. W. F. et al., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. The importance of clean coal technology in China is discussed. Trigeneration system, an integrated gas and steam generator, using coal is an energy efficient and environmentally friendly technology. It can produce gas heat and power simultaneously by using fluidized bed combustion technology. This paper introduces its pilot plant test results and demonstration project, including its economic assessment and application prospects.
99101605 Chongqing
Energy
usage
and atmospheric
pollution
in
Xu, Y. Shanghai Huanjing Kexue, 1997, 16, (lo), 22-23. (In Chinese) On the ecological environment in Chongqing, China, a review on hazardous effects of coal burning atmospheric pollution and acid rain. Countermeasures were introduced.
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
Environmental impact analysis of ACFB-based gas 99101606 and power cogeneration Makarytchev, S. B. Energy, 1998, 23, (9), 711-717. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the simultaneous generation of a fuel gas and electric power from coal a second-law analysis is presented. The analysis is based on the lifecycle evolution of exergy contained in successive energy carriers involved in the process. The impact on the environment is quantified in terms of defined indexes of environmental efficiency and hazard. Particular hazards associated with the process are evaluated and compared for low and high-sulfur coals.
99101607 Environmental impact of flyash on water. A case study of Chandrapura thermal power station Gambhir, S. K. Indian J. Environ. Prot., 1996, 16, (8), 589-595. Data is presented on the pollution of the Domadar River, India, by fly ash in effluents from fly ash hydraulic disposal and deposited as atmospheric fallout.
99101606
Environmental impact of minerals in UK coals
Spears, D. A. Geol. Sot. Spec. Publ., 1997, 125, 287-295. In UK coals, both detrital and diagenetic minerals are quantifiably important. The detrital minerals include quartz and the clay minerals illite, mixed-layer illite-smectite, kaolinite and chlorite. The diagenetic minerals are dominated by pyrite/marcasite, carbonates, mainly ankerite and calcite and kaolinite. Pyrite makes an important contribution to the sulfur contents of the coals and is largely responsible for the variation in total sulfur. The sulfur content of coals delivered to power stations could be reduced by selective extraction during mining and improved physical coal-cleaning. Pyrite is a major location for trace elements of environmental concern and the elimination of pyrite would reduce both SOz and trace element emissions. Due to its instability, pyrite is also important in the weathering environment. Its breakdown in coal stocks and colliery discard heaps may lead to spontaneous combustion. In discard heaps, pyrite breakdown is also responsible for acid porewaters and toxic elements in solution which inhibit colonization by vegetation and thus hinder reclamation of derelict land. If carbonates are sufficiently abundant, acid conditions may be eliminated. Acid porewaters are one facet of the general problem of acid mine drainage, which has a major impact on water quality, particularly in streams and rivers. In the UK, acid mine drainage is a problem of growing concern due to reduction of deep-mine pumping following closure of collieries. Although pyrite breakdown in colliery spoil has an important influence on porewater compositions, it does not greatly influence the engineering stability because the major component, the mudrocks, contain very little pyrite. Upon exposure, the mudrocks break down relatively rapidly due to sedimentary structures to form an aggregate. Loss of interparticle bonding is a much slower process but there are a few mudrocks associated with low rank bituminous coals with both a high mixed-layer clay content and porosity which disintegrate rapidly during cycles of wetting and drying. There are also regional variations in the relative proportions of the clay minerals which influence the engineering properties. Kaolinite is dominant in the northern coalfields. This is also detected in the composition of fly ash produced by coal-fired power stations. Fly ash is enriched in those trace elements which have an environmental impact. The volatile elements, many of which were sulfide-associated in the coal, are enriched on the surface of the ash particles where they are accessible to leaching in the weathering environment. The result is the contamination of natural waters. 99101609
Environmental protection in Polish coking - present status and prospects
Tatara, A. Karbo-EnergoChem.-Ekol., 1998, 43, (3), 112-117. (In Polish) This paper discusses the ecological conditions of Polish coke-making including existing attainments and the scope and expected costs of future environmentally-friendly activities. The complex modernization of principle installations in coke plants are described as are projects aimed at increasing the efficiency of energy, gas and water-wastewater management. Further discussion topics are: the measures taken to decrease energy-consumption and the negative impact on ecosystems in the coke plants areas.
99/01610 Estimating mass transfer of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar-contaminated soil
Lee, L. S. et al. Soil Aquifer Pollut. [Int. Workshop], 1996 (Pub. 1998) 91108. Edited by Rubin H. et al., Springer, Berlin, Germany. The fact that coal tar contaminated soils exhibit extremely slow rates of desorption, high distribution coefficients and small readily available fractions of PAHs, suggests that actual contaminant concentrations being released into the groundwater are small. Furthermore, the possibilities for pump-and-treat remediation of aged residual coal tar contaminated soil may be limited even with the use of co-solvents and surfactants. When the rates of release to the aqueous phase are so slow enhanced bioremediation may also be limited. On the other hand, this suggests that the acceptable levels of soil contamination to be left on site may be much greater than would be expected, based on data from natural soils and that natural attenuation may suffice especially if PAH concentrations are sufficient to stimulate and maintain innate biodegradation. Given the 2000 to 3000 sites in the United States alone that are contaminated with coal tar and the limited data available from tar-contaminated soils, more research on tarcontaminated soils is needed for improving site evaluations at MGP sites. In
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1999
161
fine structure (XAFS). The chromium XAFS spectra for coal samples indicate the presence of a significant contaminant that occurs in the samples at a level that exceeds the original chromium concentration. The contaminant has been identified as stainless steel rather than metallic chromium.
Elimination of greenhouse ases from coal mine ventilation air. Development and industr Bal demonstration of a catalytic technology
99101600
Trottier, R. et al. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Proc. Technol. Act. Implemented Jointly, 1997 (Pub. 1998), 463-466. Edited by Riemer, P. W. F. et al., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. The methane, emitted to the earth’s atmosphere by underground coal mining throughout the world, contributes significantly to total anthropogenie greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A technology to eliminate these emissions has been developed by Natural Resources Canada and its industrial partners. The technology will be demonstrated and become commercially available in the first half of 1998.
Emission and immission 99101601 Schwarze Pumpe site, Germany
development
at the
Schoenherr, D. and Mueller, W. Braunkohle, 1998, 50, (3), 245-250. (In German) At Schwarze Pumpe, an important industrial location of brown coal upgrading and power generation, changes in air quality in the surroundings during the last decade are reported. Since 1990 the brown coal upgrading site has undergone a thorough change. Plants for mechanical and thermal upgrading with high environmental pollution potential were shut down and new plants were erected. Air pollution from the briquetting plant to be operated for a long period decreased by >90% since the equipment and efficacy of dust separation units were radically improved. The replacement of the three old power stations by the new 2x800-MW power station, which is equipped with the recent environmental protection techniques, resulted in a decrease of air pollution by dust and gaseous pollutants in the same order of magnitude. As a result, the immission values in the surroundings decreased steadily. Values measured in 1997 for airborne dust, SOz, NOz and CO are typical for regions with low air pollution.
Emission of NOx/N20 during the co-combustion of biomass and coal
99101602
Wang, .I. et al. Huazhong Ligong Daxue Xuebao, 1998, 26, (1). 72-74. (In Chinese) A study on the combustion of biomass and coal mixtures was undertaken at a laboratory-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor in order to determine a way to control the emissions of NO./NzO from the fluidized bed. The results show that the emissions of NOJNzO can be reduced efficiently. The ratio of the biomass and coal determines the reduction percentage. As the proportion of biomass increases the emissions of NO,/NzO decrease. However if the temperature is increased, the degree of reduction decreases to a certain extent. The reasons behind the reduction of NOJNzO emissions are discussed.
99101603
Emission of pollutants from a biomass stove
Ndiema, C. K. W. et al. Energy Comers. Manage., 1998, 39, (13). 13571367. In order to take adequate remedial steps for environmental protection in general and to safeguard the health requirements of, predominantly Third World, stove users, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which biomass combustion in a stove emits pollutants. The concentration levels of emissions have been investigated by use of a GC analyser for CO and UHC, a chemi-luminescent analyser for NO, and a smoke detector for smoke density. Two main categories of emissions were discovered: unburnt pollutants and oxidized pollutants. The former can be avoided by creating conditions in the stove conducive for complete combustion. However, the same cannot apply to NO, emission, since its source is fuel-bound nitrogen. Fuel nitrogen during was converted to NO and NOz with an overall conversion efficiency of 27.1 and 33.2% during charcoal and wood combustion, respectively. Because of the high emission of carbon monoxide, biomass stoves should be used where there is adequate ventilation.
An energy efficient and environmentally friendly 99101604 technology - trigeneration system using coal
Jianxiong, M. and Dingkai, L. Greenhouse Gus Mitigation, Proc. Technol. Act. Implemented Jointly, 1997, (Pub. 1998), 649-654. Edited by Riemer, P. W. F. et al., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. The importance of clean coal technology in China is discussed. Trigeneration system, an integrated gas and steam generator, using coal is an energy efficient and environmentally friendly technology. It can produce gas heat and power simultaneously by using fluidized bed combustion technology. This paper introduces its pilot plant test results and demonstration project, including its economic assessment and application prospects.
99101605 Chongqing
Energy
usage
and atmospheric
pollution
in
Xu, Y. Shanghai Huanjing Kexue, 1997, 16, (lo), 22-23. (In Chinese) On the ecological environment in Chongqing, China, a review on hazardous effects of coal burning atmospheric pollution and acid rain. Countermeasures were introduced.
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
Environmental impact analysis of ACFB-based gas 99101606 and power cogeneration Makarytchev, S. B. Energy, 1998, 23, (9), 711-717. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the simultaneous generation of a fuel gas and electric power from coal a second-law analysis is presented. The analysis is based on the lifecycle evolution of exergy contained in successive energy carriers involved in the process. The impact on the environment is quantified in terms of defined indexes of environmental efficiency and hazard. Particular hazards associated with the process are evaluated and compared for low and high-sulfur coals.
99101607 Environmental impact of flyash on water. A case study of Chandrapura thermal power station Gambhir, S. K. Indian J. Environ. Prot., 1996, 16, (8), 589-595. Data is presented on the pollution of the Domadar River, India, by fly ash in effluents from fly ash hydraulic disposal and deposited as atmospheric fallout.
99101606
Environmental impact of minerals in UK coals
Spears, D. A. Geol. Sot. Spec. Publ., 1997, 125, 287-295. In UK coals, both detrital and diagenetic minerals are quantifiably important. The detrital minerals include quartz and the clay minerals illite, mixed-layer illite-smectite, kaolinite and chlorite. The diagenetic minerals are dominated by pyrite/marcasite, carbonates, mainly ankerite and calcite and kaolinite. Pyrite makes an important contribution to the sulfur contents of the coals and is largely responsible for the variation in total sulfur. The sulfur content of coals delivered to power stations could be reduced by selective extraction during mining and improved physical coal-cleaning. Pyrite is a major location for trace elements of environmental concern and the elimination of pyrite would reduce both SOz and trace element emissions. Due to its instability, pyrite is also important in the weathering environment. Its breakdown in coal stocks and colliery discard heaps may lead to spontaneous combustion. In discard heaps, pyrite breakdown is also responsible for acid porewaters and toxic elements in solution which inhibit colonization by vegetation and thus hinder reclamation of derelict land. If carbonates are sufficiently abundant, acid conditions may be eliminated. Acid porewaters are one facet of the general problem of acid mine drainage, which has a major impact on water quality, particularly in streams and rivers. In the UK, acid mine drainage is a problem of growing concern due to reduction of deep-mine pumping following closure of collieries. Although pyrite breakdown in colliery spoil has an important influence on porewater compositions, it does not greatly influence the engineering stability because the major component, the mudrocks, contain very little pyrite. Upon exposure, the mudrocks break down relatively rapidly due to sedimentary structures to form an aggregate. Loss of interparticle bonding is a much slower process but there are a few mudrocks associated with low rank bituminous coals with both a high mixed-layer clay content and porosity which disintegrate rapidly during cycles of wetting and drying. There are also regional variations in the relative proportions of the clay minerals which influence the engineering properties. Kaolinite is dominant in the northern coalfields. This is also detected in the composition of fly ash produced by coal-fired power stations. Fly ash is enriched in those trace elements which have an environmental impact. The volatile elements, many of which were sulfide-associated in the coal, are enriched on the surface of the ash particles where they are accessible to leaching in the weathering environment. The result is the contamination of natural waters. 99101609
Environmental protection in Polish coking - present status and prospects
Tatara, A. Karbo-EnergoChem.-Ekol., 1998, 43, (3), 112-117. (In Polish) This paper discusses the ecological conditions of Polish coke-making including existing attainments and the scope and expected costs of future environmentally-friendly activities. The complex modernization of principle installations in coke plants are described as are projects aimed at increasing the efficiency of energy, gas and water-wastewater management. Further discussion topics are: the measures taken to decrease energy-consumption and the negative impact on ecosystems in the coke plants areas.
99/01610 Estimating mass transfer of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar-contaminated soil
Lee, L. S. et al. Soil Aquifer Pollut. [Int. Workshop], 1996 (Pub. 1998) 91108. Edited by Rubin H. et al., Springer, Berlin, Germany. The fact that coal tar contaminated soils exhibit extremely slow rates of desorption, high distribution coefficients and small readily available fractions of PAHs, suggests that actual contaminant concentrations being released into the groundwater are small. Furthermore, the possibilities for pump-and-treat remediation of aged residual coal tar contaminated soil may be limited even with the use of co-solvents and surfactants. When the rates of release to the aqueous phase are so slow enhanced bioremediation may also be limited. On the other hand, this suggests that the acceptable levels of soil contamination to be left on site may be much greater than would be expected, based on data from natural soils and that natural attenuation may suffice especially if PAH concentrations are sufficient to stimulate and maintain innate biodegradation. Given the 2000 to 3000 sites in the United States alone that are contaminated with coal tar and the limited data available from tar-contaminated soils, more research on tarcontaminated soils is needed for improving site evaluations at MGP sites. In
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1999
161