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01878 Brown coal conversion by microwave plasma reactions under successive supply of methane
02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels) or extraction after the first stage was the catalytic liquefaction of LDPE in the first stage, with the reaction products being added to coal and heavy resid in the second stage, which was also reacted catalytically.
have similar composition as petroleum derived highway asphalts, but are significantly different from that of coal tar pitch, paraffinic petroleum residue and building asphalt.
Apparatus for continuous conversion of coal using supercritical water
99101882 Comparison between water and solid sorbents as collection media for sampling of atmospheric methanol and ethanol
99101875
Arai, K. er al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 251,655 [98 251,655] (Cl. ClOG1/06), 22 Sep 1998, Appl. 97/60,823, 14 Mar 1997,6 pp. (In Japanese) A slurry tank stores the finely-powdered coal, water and either or both of HCOzH and crushed or disintegrated cellulosic biomass. A heating device for the slurry and a reactor for liquefaction of the slurry under supercritical condition are provided. An extraction device extracts the liquefied oil with supercritical water and a fractionation device, via gradual vacuuming and cooling, fractionates the product. High yield and low cost are achieved with this process.
Apparatus for removal of low-boiling point components from oils obtained by thermal decomposition of waste plastics
99101878
Kobayashi, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 245,569 [98 245,569] (Cl. ClOGlIlO), 14 Sep 1998, Appl. 97/49,925, 5 Mar 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) The removal of components with low-boiling point from oils obtained by the thermal decomposition of waste plastics and the condensation of the resultant gases is possible with the title apparatus. It is equipped with an inlet for a stripping gas for discharging low-boiling point components and an outlet for the stripping gas containing the low-boiling point components. High flashing point and safety in transportation and storage are characteristics of the resultant oils.
99101877
Apparatus for treatment of waste plastics
Kuroki, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 245,567 [98 245,567] (Cl. ClOGl/lO), 14 Sep 1998, Appl. 97/47,669, 3 Mar 1997,5 pp. (In Japanese) Plastic is continuously heated in a pre-treatment reactor for dehydrochlorination, etc. and then fed automatically into the main reactor for decomposition. Treatment of waste plastics containing non-liquefiable polymers is effective.
Brown coal conversion by microwave 99lOl878 reactions under successive supply of methane Kamei, 0. et al. Fuel, 1998,77, (13) 1503-1506.
plasma
Microwave plasma technology was applied to the direct conversion of Yallourn brown coal in order to develop an innovative method for direct single-step conversion of brown coal to liquid and gaseous fuels and synthesis gases with simultaneous upgrading of the residue’s carbon content. Under reduced pressure, methane was supplied through a quartz reactor into the irradiation zone and reacted with the coal bed placed downstream. Both the coal conversion and the carbon content of the residue increased with increasing irradiation time. The maximum yield of oily products (18 wt%) was achieved at 2 min irradiation and the fuels were composed mainly of Cts_s4-aliphatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, CO and Hz accompanied by a molar fraction of ~16% acetylene were mainly produced when the irradiation time was varied from 1 to 10 min.
Brown coal-based aqueous dispersed systems as a power-plant and process fuel
99101879
Delyagin, G. N. et al. Ross. Khim. Zh., 1997, 41, (6), 72-77. (In Russian) Brown coal water fuels using mainly Kansk-Achinsk coals are described in this paper. Consideration is also taken of the economic aspects of the implementation.
99101880 Catalysts for coal liquefaction and their manufacture Okada,T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 263,401 [98 263,401], (Cl. BOlJ23/745), 6 Ott 1998, Appl. 97/68,684, 21 Mar 1997, 7 pp. (In Japanese) Catalysts used in the liquefaction of coal are discussed. They are mixtures prepared by wet crushing of solids of one or more one iron compounds in the presence of coal having average particle diameter 250 km and oxygen contents 220 wt%. The iron compounds used are iron sulfides and iron oxides. The catalysts have been proved to enhance activity and can be used to produce light oil-rich products.
99lOl881 Catalytic hydrogenation of Yanzhou coal and characterization of the heavy products Yang, J. et al. Meifan Zhuanhua, 1998, 21, (2), 63-67. (In Chinese) At mild conditions, catalytic coal hydrogenation is important for both direct coal liquefaction and mild pyrolysis. It is one of the methods for production of liquid fuels and chemical from coal. The hydrogenation of Yanzhou coal took place in the temperature range of 375-425”C and under a Hz pressure of 7 MPa (cold) without the presence of a solvent. An iron sulfide catalyst was used. Using the thin layer chromatography (TLCC) technique, heavy hydrogenation products, a portion of toluene and trichloroenthylene (TCEC) solubles were studied. The conversion of catalytic hydrogenation is about twice that of thermal hydrogenation under most of the conditions used. The yield of toluene solubles are similar to that of TCE solubles. Under certain conditions, the hydrogenation products of Yanzhou coal
Andrade, J. B. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1996, 89, wa62a0211-wa62a0217. Brazil is probably unique in the way that it uses an ethanol fuelled vehicular fleet. The gasoline used there is, in fact, a mixture with ethanol, popularly named gasohol. Nevertheless, due to the lack of information about its ambient levels, there are no evaluations about unburned ethanol emissions and processes derived from atmospheric reactions. In the present work, tests have been conducted for the sampling of atmospheric methanol and ethanol in the vapour phase, with subsequent quantification by HRGCFID. The results from urban atmosphere levels of methanol and ethanol are reported for a few samples.
99101883 Copyroiysis and hydropyrolysis of mixtures of coal and heavy oils under pressure
Moliner, R. Comm. Eur. Commrmities, [Rep./ EUR, 1998, (EUR 17500), 1-164. (In Spanish) A study of the copyrolysis of a coal suspended in a waste oil under pressure with short contact times in a fluidized bed. The main objective of the study was to show the technical feasibility of the copyrolysis of coal and waste material slurries and to evaluate the efficiency of the copyrolysis to improve quality and quantity of the products in relation to those obtained form the pyrolysis of coal. The thermal behaviour of the oils and model compounds under different reactive atmospheres as well as the preparation and behaviour of the coal/oil slurries and the injection systems in a fluidized bed were studied. For the study, three coals and four aliphatic wastes from different origins were used. The coals were; Samca (sub-bituminous), HT51 (high-volatile bituminous) and Figaredo (low-volatile bituminous): and the wastes were; industrial hydraulic oils (AHU), lube oils (AMU), petroleum vacuum residuum (RP) and solutions of this residuum in vacuum gas-oil, RPG. The work was carried out at three steps defined on the basis of the sample size used: milligrams for the first one (analysis scale), grams for the second one (bench scale) and kilograms for the third one (preparative scale). Only the pair Samca/AMU was found suitable for the final fluidized bed preparative-scale runs. The results obtained from the analysis are detailed in the paper.
99101884 reaction
Decomposition of waste plastics by hydrothermal
Moriya, T. and Enomoto, H. Kinzoku, 1998, 68, (lo), 914-920. (In Japanese) Waste plastics are hydrothermally decomposed to manufacture oily or greasy substances. This review focuses on results of hydrothermal decomposition tests done by the authors. With polyethylene, the viscosity and rate of the reaction products (paraffins and olefins) can be adjusted by selecting temperature and water density. Some co-existing gases affect the viscosity of the reaction products, the rate of decomposition and the rate of the reaction products. The yield of the reaction products can be improved by recovering and recycling the water. Successful results of high-rate decomposition of polyethylene in supercritical water and treatment of mixtures of different kinds of plastics are also described.
99101885 Device for recycling used oil and other substances, which could be recycled, distilled or cracked with waste oil EC0 IMPACT Unternehmensberatung GmbH Ger. Offen. DE 19,708,384 (Cl. ClOM175/02), 3 Sep 1998, Appl. 19,708,384, 1 Mar 1997, 6 pp. (In German) An inclined tube equipped with a screw-type conveyor that carries the material (upward) at increasing distillation temperature along the tube, can be implemented to distill ‘old oils’ (petroleum refining wastes, used lubricating oils, etc.), miscible, recyclable materials or wastes, oily and fatty wastes and other substances in liquid or semi-liquid form. With increasing residence time in the distillation tube, distillates of increasing viscosity and boiling point are obtained.
99101888 The effect of catalyst, hydrogen pressure, and solvent in coal liquefaction under simulated preheater conditions Ferrance, J. P. et al. Prepr. Symp. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1998, 43, (3), 694-698. Using loadings of coal, solvent, hydrogen and catalyst similar to those used in large-scale coal liquefaction preheaters as well as a heat-up procedure that reasonably approximated the time/temperature histories of the large units, micro-autoclave experiments were employed. In addition to routine micro-autoclave liquefaction product characterization procedures, extraction with N-methylpyrrolidone and TGA were used to gain more insight into the reactions occurring as coal dissolves and begins to liquefy. The results reveal that the initial coal breakdown reactions occur very rapidly and that >90% of the total conversion for a system is attained in the preheater. In addition, dispersed catalyst precursor added to the slurry becomes active as it passes through the preheater.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1999
195
have similar composition as petroleum derived highway asphalts, but are significantly different from that of coal tar pitch, paraffinic petroleum residue and building asphalt.
Apparatus for continuous conversion of coal using supercritical water
99101882 Comparison between water and solid sorbents as collection media for sampling of atmospheric methanol and ethanol
99101875
Arai, K. er al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 251,655 [98 251,655] (Cl. ClOG1/06), 22 Sep 1998, Appl. 97/60,823, 14 Mar 1997,6 pp. (In Japanese) A slurry tank stores the finely-powdered coal, water and either or both of HCOzH and crushed or disintegrated cellulosic biomass. A heating device for the slurry and a reactor for liquefaction of the slurry under supercritical condition are provided. An extraction device extracts the liquefied oil with supercritical water and a fractionation device, via gradual vacuuming and cooling, fractionates the product. High yield and low cost are achieved with this process.
Apparatus for removal of low-boiling point components from oils obtained by thermal decomposition of waste plastics
99101878
Kobayashi, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 245,569 [98 245,569] (Cl. ClOGlIlO), 14 Sep 1998, Appl. 97/49,925, 5 Mar 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) The removal of components with low-boiling point from oils obtained by the thermal decomposition of waste plastics and the condensation of the resultant gases is possible with the title apparatus. It is equipped with an inlet for a stripping gas for discharging low-boiling point components and an outlet for the stripping gas containing the low-boiling point components. High flashing point and safety in transportation and storage are characteristics of the resultant oils.
99101877
Apparatus for treatment of waste plastics
Kuroki, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 245,567 [98 245,567] (Cl. ClOGl/lO), 14 Sep 1998, Appl. 97/47,669, 3 Mar 1997,5 pp. (In Japanese) Plastic is continuously heated in a pre-treatment reactor for dehydrochlorination, etc. and then fed automatically into the main reactor for decomposition. Treatment of waste plastics containing non-liquefiable polymers is effective.
Brown coal conversion by microwave 99lOl878 reactions under successive supply of methane Kamei, 0. et al. Fuel, 1998,77, (13) 1503-1506.
plasma
Microwave plasma technology was applied to the direct conversion of Yallourn brown coal in order to develop an innovative method for direct single-step conversion of brown coal to liquid and gaseous fuels and synthesis gases with simultaneous upgrading of the residue’s carbon content. Under reduced pressure, methane was supplied through a quartz reactor into the irradiation zone and reacted with the coal bed placed downstream. Both the coal conversion and the carbon content of the residue increased with increasing irradiation time. The maximum yield of oily products (18 wt%) was achieved at 2 min irradiation and the fuels were composed mainly of Cts_s4-aliphatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, CO and Hz accompanied by a molar fraction of ~16% acetylene were mainly produced when the irradiation time was varied from 1 to 10 min.
Brown coal-based aqueous dispersed systems as a power-plant and process fuel
99101879
Delyagin, G. N. et al. Ross. Khim. Zh., 1997, 41, (6), 72-77. (In Russian) Brown coal water fuels using mainly Kansk-Achinsk coals are described in this paper. Consideration is also taken of the economic aspects of the implementation.
99101880 Catalysts for coal liquefaction and their manufacture Okada,T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 263,401 [98 263,401], (Cl. BOlJ23/745), 6 Ott 1998, Appl. 97/68,684, 21 Mar 1997, 7 pp. (In Japanese) Catalysts used in the liquefaction of coal are discussed. They are mixtures prepared by wet crushing of solids of one or more one iron compounds in the presence of coal having average particle diameter 250 km and oxygen contents 220 wt%. The iron compounds used are iron sulfides and iron oxides. The catalysts have been proved to enhance activity and can be used to produce light oil-rich products.
99lOl881 Catalytic hydrogenation of Yanzhou coal and characterization of the heavy products Yang, J. et al. Meifan Zhuanhua, 1998, 21, (2), 63-67. (In Chinese) At mild conditions, catalytic coal hydrogenation is important for both direct coal liquefaction and mild pyrolysis. It is one of the methods for production of liquid fuels and chemical from coal. The hydrogenation of Yanzhou coal took place in the temperature range of 375-425”C and under a Hz pressure of 7 MPa (cold) without the presence of a solvent. An iron sulfide catalyst was used. Using the thin layer chromatography (TLCC) technique, heavy hydrogenation products, a portion of toluene and trichloroenthylene (TCEC) solubles were studied. The conversion of catalytic hydrogenation is about twice that of thermal hydrogenation under most of the conditions used. The yield of toluene solubles are similar to that of TCE solubles. Under certain conditions, the hydrogenation products of Yanzhou coal
Andrade, J. B. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1996, 89, wa62a0211-wa62a0217. Brazil is probably unique in the way that it uses an ethanol fuelled vehicular fleet. The gasoline used there is, in fact, a mixture with ethanol, popularly named gasohol. Nevertheless, due to the lack of information about its ambient levels, there are no evaluations about unburned ethanol emissions and processes derived from atmospheric reactions. In the present work, tests have been conducted for the sampling of atmospheric methanol and ethanol in the vapour phase, with subsequent quantification by HRGCFID. The results from urban atmosphere levels of methanol and ethanol are reported for a few samples.
99101883 Copyroiysis and hydropyrolysis of mixtures of coal and heavy oils under pressure
Moliner, R. Comm. Eur. Commrmities, [Rep./ EUR, 1998, (EUR 17500), 1-164. (In Spanish) A study of the copyrolysis of a coal suspended in a waste oil under pressure with short contact times in a fluidized bed. The main objective of the study was to show the technical feasibility of the copyrolysis of coal and waste material slurries and to evaluate the efficiency of the copyrolysis to improve quality and quantity of the products in relation to those obtained form the pyrolysis of coal. The thermal behaviour of the oils and model compounds under different reactive atmospheres as well as the preparation and behaviour of the coal/oil slurries and the injection systems in a fluidized bed were studied. For the study, three coals and four aliphatic wastes from different origins were used. The coals were; Samca (sub-bituminous), HT51 (high-volatile bituminous) and Figaredo (low-volatile bituminous): and the wastes were; industrial hydraulic oils (AHU), lube oils (AMU), petroleum vacuum residuum (RP) and solutions of this residuum in vacuum gas-oil, RPG. The work was carried out at three steps defined on the basis of the sample size used: milligrams for the first one (analysis scale), grams for the second one (bench scale) and kilograms for the third one (preparative scale). Only the pair Samca/AMU was found suitable for the final fluidized bed preparative-scale runs. The results obtained from the analysis are detailed in the paper.
99101884 reaction
Decomposition of waste plastics by hydrothermal
Moriya, T. and Enomoto, H. Kinzoku, 1998, 68, (lo), 914-920. (In Japanese) Waste plastics are hydrothermally decomposed to manufacture oily or greasy substances. This review focuses on results of hydrothermal decomposition tests done by the authors. With polyethylene, the viscosity and rate of the reaction products (paraffins and olefins) can be adjusted by selecting temperature and water density. Some co-existing gases affect the viscosity of the reaction products, the rate of decomposition and the rate of the reaction products. The yield of the reaction products can be improved by recovering and recycling the water. Successful results of high-rate decomposition of polyethylene in supercritical water and treatment of mixtures of different kinds of plastics are also described.
99101885 Device for recycling used oil and other substances, which could be recycled, distilled or cracked with waste oil EC0 IMPACT Unternehmensberatung GmbH Ger. Offen. DE 19,708,384 (Cl. ClOM175/02), 3 Sep 1998, Appl. 19,708,384, 1 Mar 1997, 6 pp. (In German) An inclined tube equipped with a screw-type conveyor that carries the material (upward) at increasing distillation temperature along the tube, can be implemented to distill ‘old oils’ (petroleum refining wastes, used lubricating oils, etc.), miscible, recyclable materials or wastes, oily and fatty wastes and other substances in liquid or semi-liquid form. With increasing residence time in the distillation tube, distillates of increasing viscosity and boiling point are obtained.
99101888 The effect of catalyst, hydrogen pressure, and solvent in coal liquefaction under simulated preheater conditions Ferrance, J. P. et al. Prepr. Symp. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1998, 43, (3), 694-698. Using loadings of coal, solvent, hydrogen and catalyst similar to those used in large-scale coal liquefaction preheaters as well as a heat-up procedure that reasonably approximated the time/temperature histories of the large units, micro-autoclave experiments were employed. In addition to routine micro-autoclave liquefaction product characterization procedures, extraction with N-methylpyrrolidone and TGA were used to gain more insight into the reactions occurring as coal dissolves and begins to liquefy. The results reveal that the initial coal breakdown reactions occur very rapidly and that >90% of the total conversion for a system is attained in the preheater. In addition, dispersed catalyst precursor added to the slurry becomes active as it passes through the preheater.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1999
195