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01939 An outline of AquaFuel, its energy conversions, applications and open problems
03 Gaseous fuels (sources, properties, recovery, treafment) Dry desulfurizing agents for high-temperature 99lQ1933 reductive gases derived from such as coal or petroleum gasification Sera, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 249,132 [98 249,132] (Cl. BOlD53/14), 22 Sep 1998, Appl. 97/70,521, 7 Mar 1997, 6 pp. (In Japanese) Mainly composed of metal oxides, honeycomb structures are used as the agents for absorbing and removing sulfur compounds in the gases. A honeycomb material containing FezOs, SiOz, TiOz and glass fibres was contacted with a gas containing Nz, CO, Hz and a small amount of HzS.
Electronic structure of the main components of 99101934 synthesis gas. The problem of their activation. Review Gagarin, S. G. Koks Khim., 1998, (5) 22-26. (In Russian) This paper presents a review on the electronic structure and chemical activity of the main components of synthesis gas: molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide. MO, dipole moments, vibrational levels and electron affinity of Hz and CO are described in view of reactivity of the molecules.
Enhanced rate of methanol and acetate uptake for production of methane in batch cultures using Methanosarcina mazei
99101935
Rajoka,
Bioresource Technology, 1999, 67, (3), 305-311. mazei cultures can produce methane and carbon dioxide. of Methanosarcina mazei were performed to examine the
M. I. et al.
Methanosarcina
Batch cultures uptake of methanol and acetate for production of methane and carbon dioxide. The growth, substrate consumption, methane and carbon dioxide production characteristics were analysed and compared. The maximum values of specific growth rate, specific rate of substrate consumption from methanol were 0.047-0.084 ha-’ and 0.37-0.678 methanol g- cells h-i, while the values of specific rate of methane and carbon dioxide formation we:e 13.38-19.99 mM methane g -i cells hh’ and 5.46 mm carbon dioxide cells h-i, respectively. Similarly, maximum values of specific growth g rate and specific rate of acetate consumption were 0.059-0.096 hh’, 0.490.74 g acetate g-i cells h-‘, respectively, while the values of specific rate of methane and carbon dioxide formation were, 5.30-9.90 mM methane g-i cells h-’ and 5.30-11.0 mm carbo dioxide g-i cells h-i from its consumption. These values of substrate consumption kinetic parameters are significantly higher than those reported in other studies for Methanosarcina spp. and other acetoclastic methane producers.
Improvements in or relating to fluidized-bed sys99101936 tems for cooling and cleaning fuel gas generated from solid fuelgasification process Butt, A. R. Brit. UK Pat. Appl. GB 2,315,433 (Cl. BOlJ8/26), 4 Feb 1998, Appl. 96115,603, 25 Jul 1996, 14 pp. Included in the system are both a cleaning section and a regenerator section; the spent sorbent is transferred across a common boundary to the regenerator section for regeneration. Distributor plates, which are provided with through passages of curvilinear form for the flow of the fluidized gases, support the fluidized bed. The form of the passages affords a throttling effect and prevents bed material from passing into the plenum.
Isotope composition of thermally generated gases. Experimental studies of isotope fractionation of pyrolysis gases from type Ill Kerogens (vitrinites)
applications which are already available. The ongoing theoretical studies on AquaFuel are briefly described with particular reference to the possible emergence of new technologies. The paper focuses on the excellent features of AquaFuel as a combustible gas, without any consideration of the ratio between the input and output energy. Upon completion of the necessary experimental measurements, this aspect will be addressed in the future.
99l91940
Problems of the recovery and use of mine methane
Khudin, Y. L. Ross. Khim. Zh., 1997, 41, (6) 62-64. (In Russian) Coal methane recovery is reviewed from the standpoint of mine safety improvement and energy production.
99101941 Single tube test on methane reforming with CO2 for production of synthesis gas Lu, S. and Qiu, F. Tianranqi Huagong, 1998, 23, (l), 1-4. (In Chinese) Under the simulated conditions of the industrial process of methane reforming with steam over a Raschig-ring catalyst, a monotube test has been performed. The effects of temperature, pressure, space velocity and CHJCOz ratio on product distribution and the mechanical strength and carbon deposition of the catalyst have been investigated. The synthesis gas obtained has CO content -48% and Hz/CO ratio 0.8 and, particularly at lower reaction temperatures, carbon deposition on the catalyst and catalyst shattering easily occur.
99101942
Soot blowing apparatus for water tube wall
Yanagisawa, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 245,572 [98 245,572], (Cl. ClOJ3/46), 14 Sep 1998, Appl. 97151,304, 6 Mar 1997, 3 pp. (In Japanese) A soot blowing pipe installed in a crude syngas cooler of a coal gasifier is used for blowing nitrogen along the cooling water tube wall. A metal plate connects it to the water tube and acts as a cooling apparatus for the water tube.
99101943 Studies of flows of two-component gas mixtures in coal from the mines Czeczott and Zofiowka Dyrga, L. and Zolcinska, J. Arch. Min. Sci., 1998, 43, (1) 85-96. It is customary for coal deposits to be accompanied by the occurrence of methane, carbon dioxide or nitrogen (from the air). One technique of methane-enhanced recovery from the coal seams consists of pumping another gas inside them. Gas mixtures are thus formed and sorbed methane is replaced with carbon dioxide, which allows for the enhanced methane extraction. As there is no sufficient information available, a study was made into the flow of such mixtures in coals. Flows of individual gases were investigated in addition to the mixtures of nitrogen-methane, nitrogencarbon dioxide and methane-carbon dioxide. Both methane and carbon dioxide are sorbed in coal (to a different degree) and therefore nitrogen, which is not sorbed, was chosen as a reference gas. It was first necessary to calculate the viscosity of the two-component gas mixtures for the specified range of pressure and temperature. Coal permeability during the flow of the gas mixtures usually correlates well with the sorptive capacities for its components and their concentration in the mixture. Thus coal permeability will decrease in an increased concentration of the stronger sorbing component.
99101937
DGMK Tagungsber.,
1998,9801,399-400.
99191944 Technological experiences and winning results of the coal-bed-methane project Saar, Germany
(In German) Gaschnitz, R. et al. It was discovered that the isotopic composition of hydrocarbon components was important in order to clear the origin of the natural gas and the maturity of the educt rock. The kinetics and isotope fractionation during gas formation from vitrinites of different maturity was studied in an experimental device consisting of a device for non-isothermal pyrolysis combined with an isotope mass spectrometer. The isotopic composition of the product gases depended on the pyrolysis temperature and the maturity of the starting vitrinites. Increasing amounts of heavy isotopes were found in the product gases with increasing temperature.
Klafki, M. and Kalhvang, H.-J. DGMK Tagungsber., 1998,9801, 27-41. (In German) This paper describes the experiences with the drilling at Aspenhuebel 1 within the coal-bed methane (CBM) project Saar. The coal mines lied in a depth of 1318-1560 m and two stimulations were performed in the depth of 1380 and 1490 m. During 718 days 16,648 m3 of water and 264,489 m3 of raw gas, containing 85% CH4, 1% ethane, 2% COz and 12% Nz, were obtained. Model calculations were performed for the better understanding of the degassing of the coal mine.
Modeling and simulation under dynamic conditions 99101938 of an industrial carbon dioxide absorber for syngas purification
99191945 A volumetric analysis of Almond formation (Cretaceous, Mesaverde Group) gas production in the Coal Gulch-Echo Springs Standard Draw field complex, Washakie basin, southwest Wyoming
Todinca, T. and Tirnoveanu, M. Rev. Roum. Chim., 1998,43, (3), 261-267. (In French) The absorber used in a syngas purification plant is mathematically modelled under unsteady state conditions. The value of the promoter enhancement factor was evaluated with a steady state profile of phase composition and temperatures. The cell technique was chosen to solve the unsteady state mathematical model. Between the real and simulated values for gas and liquid Peclet numbers at about 200, an acceptable agreement was revealed.
An outline of AquaFuel, its energy conversions, 99101939 applications and open problems Santilli, R. M. Hadronic J. Suppl., 1998, 13, (1) l-22. The technology underlying the fuel gas called AquaFuel is reviewed in this paper. The equipment producing AquaFuel is a new energy converter capable of transforming carbon (graphite) and water into a new combustible gas via the use of a suitable electric discharge. AquaFuel is quite easy to produce, has novel physical and chemical characteristics and exhibits greatly reduced emission pollutants in comparison to currently used fuels. Nine basic experimental measurements currently under study by TTL are reviewed, which are necessary for a scientific appraisal of AquaFuel. Also outlined are the rather diversified industrial and consumer
299
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1999
Burch, D. N. and Cluff, R. M. SPE Reservoir EvaI. Eng., 1998, 1, (4) 328337. With >l x 10” ft3 recoverable gas reserves, the Coal Gulch-Echo SpringsStandard Draw field complex is one of the largest commercial gas accumulations in the Rocky Mountain region. Gas is produced from both the Upper Almond barrier bar and shoreline sandstones at the top of the Mesaverde Group (Upper Cretaceous) and from underlying Main Almond fluvial and marginal marine sandstones. Some recently published models suggested that although the bulk of the produced gas in the fields is from the Upper Almond bar interval, simple volumetric calculations can only account for 50% of the estimated ultimate recovery from this reservoir. This implies that the depleting Upper Almond reservoir might be actively recharged by gas leakage from deeper Main Almond sandstones. The implication is that the Upper Almond bar sand acts as a gas flow conduit and its presence is required for efficient drainage of the Main Almond. The GIP within the Upper Almond reservoir was determined by detailed openhole log analysis and volumetric mapping to be 1,050 x lo9 ft3 gas. Total reserves from all producing intervals were estimated by decline curve analysis to be 1003 x lo9 ft3 gas. When the contribution to total production of the Main Almond lenticular reservoirs is assumed to be statistically
Electronic structure of the main components of 99101934 synthesis gas. The problem of their activation. Review Gagarin, S. G. Koks Khim., 1998, (5) 22-26. (In Russian) This paper presents a review on the electronic structure and chemical activity of the main components of synthesis gas: molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide. MO, dipole moments, vibrational levels and electron affinity of Hz and CO are described in view of reactivity of the molecules.
Enhanced rate of methanol and acetate uptake for production of methane in batch cultures using Methanosarcina mazei
99101935
Rajoka,
Bioresource Technology, 1999, 67, (3), 305-311. mazei cultures can produce methane and carbon dioxide. of Methanosarcina mazei were performed to examine the
M. I. et al.
Methanosarcina
Batch cultures uptake of methanol and acetate for production of methane and carbon dioxide. The growth, substrate consumption, methane and carbon dioxide production characteristics were analysed and compared. The maximum values of specific growth rate, specific rate of substrate consumption from methanol were 0.047-0.084 ha-’ and 0.37-0.678 methanol g- cells h-i, while the values of specific rate of methane and carbon dioxide formation we:e 13.38-19.99 mM methane g -i cells hh’ and 5.46 mm carbon dioxide cells h-i, respectively. Similarly, maximum values of specific growth g rate and specific rate of acetate consumption were 0.059-0.096 hh’, 0.490.74 g acetate g-i cells h-‘, respectively, while the values of specific rate of methane and carbon dioxide formation were, 5.30-9.90 mM methane g-i cells h-’ and 5.30-11.0 mm carbo dioxide g-i cells h-i from its consumption. These values of substrate consumption kinetic parameters are significantly higher than those reported in other studies for Methanosarcina spp. and other acetoclastic methane producers.
Improvements in or relating to fluidized-bed sys99101936 tems for cooling and cleaning fuel gas generated from solid fuelgasification process Butt, A. R. Brit. UK Pat. Appl. GB 2,315,433 (Cl. BOlJ8/26), 4 Feb 1998, Appl. 96115,603, 25 Jul 1996, 14 pp. Included in the system are both a cleaning section and a regenerator section; the spent sorbent is transferred across a common boundary to the regenerator section for regeneration. Distributor plates, which are provided with through passages of curvilinear form for the flow of the fluidized gases, support the fluidized bed. The form of the passages affords a throttling effect and prevents bed material from passing into the plenum.
Isotope composition of thermally generated gases. Experimental studies of isotope fractionation of pyrolysis gases from type Ill Kerogens (vitrinites)
applications which are already available. The ongoing theoretical studies on AquaFuel are briefly described with particular reference to the possible emergence of new technologies. The paper focuses on the excellent features of AquaFuel as a combustible gas, without any consideration of the ratio between the input and output energy. Upon completion of the necessary experimental measurements, this aspect will be addressed in the future.
99l91940
Problems of the recovery and use of mine methane
Khudin, Y. L. Ross. Khim. Zh., 1997, 41, (6) 62-64. (In Russian) Coal methane recovery is reviewed from the standpoint of mine safety improvement and energy production.
99101941 Single tube test on methane reforming with CO2 for production of synthesis gas Lu, S. and Qiu, F. Tianranqi Huagong, 1998, 23, (l), 1-4. (In Chinese) Under the simulated conditions of the industrial process of methane reforming with steam over a Raschig-ring catalyst, a monotube test has been performed. The effects of temperature, pressure, space velocity and CHJCOz ratio on product distribution and the mechanical strength and carbon deposition of the catalyst have been investigated. The synthesis gas obtained has CO content -48% and Hz/CO ratio 0.8 and, particularly at lower reaction temperatures, carbon deposition on the catalyst and catalyst shattering easily occur.
99101942
Soot blowing apparatus for water tube wall
Yanagisawa, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 245,572 [98 245,572], (Cl. ClOJ3/46), 14 Sep 1998, Appl. 97151,304, 6 Mar 1997, 3 pp. (In Japanese) A soot blowing pipe installed in a crude syngas cooler of a coal gasifier is used for blowing nitrogen along the cooling water tube wall. A metal plate connects it to the water tube and acts as a cooling apparatus for the water tube.
99101943 Studies of flows of two-component gas mixtures in coal from the mines Czeczott and Zofiowka Dyrga, L. and Zolcinska, J. Arch. Min. Sci., 1998, 43, (1) 85-96. It is customary for coal deposits to be accompanied by the occurrence of methane, carbon dioxide or nitrogen (from the air). One technique of methane-enhanced recovery from the coal seams consists of pumping another gas inside them. Gas mixtures are thus formed and sorbed methane is replaced with carbon dioxide, which allows for the enhanced methane extraction. As there is no sufficient information available, a study was made into the flow of such mixtures in coals. Flows of individual gases were investigated in addition to the mixtures of nitrogen-methane, nitrogencarbon dioxide and methane-carbon dioxide. Both methane and carbon dioxide are sorbed in coal (to a different degree) and therefore nitrogen, which is not sorbed, was chosen as a reference gas. It was first necessary to calculate the viscosity of the two-component gas mixtures for the specified range of pressure and temperature. Coal permeability during the flow of the gas mixtures usually correlates well with the sorptive capacities for its components and their concentration in the mixture. Thus coal permeability will decrease in an increased concentration of the stronger sorbing component.
99101937
DGMK Tagungsber.,
1998,9801,399-400.
99191944 Technological experiences and winning results of the coal-bed-methane project Saar, Germany
(In German) Gaschnitz, R. et al. It was discovered that the isotopic composition of hydrocarbon components was important in order to clear the origin of the natural gas and the maturity of the educt rock. The kinetics and isotope fractionation during gas formation from vitrinites of different maturity was studied in an experimental device consisting of a device for non-isothermal pyrolysis combined with an isotope mass spectrometer. The isotopic composition of the product gases depended on the pyrolysis temperature and the maturity of the starting vitrinites. Increasing amounts of heavy isotopes were found in the product gases with increasing temperature.
Klafki, M. and Kalhvang, H.-J. DGMK Tagungsber., 1998,9801, 27-41. (In German) This paper describes the experiences with the drilling at Aspenhuebel 1 within the coal-bed methane (CBM) project Saar. The coal mines lied in a depth of 1318-1560 m and two stimulations were performed in the depth of 1380 and 1490 m. During 718 days 16,648 m3 of water and 264,489 m3 of raw gas, containing 85% CH4, 1% ethane, 2% COz and 12% Nz, were obtained. Model calculations were performed for the better understanding of the degassing of the coal mine.
Modeling and simulation under dynamic conditions 99101938 of an industrial carbon dioxide absorber for syngas purification
99191945 A volumetric analysis of Almond formation (Cretaceous, Mesaverde Group) gas production in the Coal Gulch-Echo Springs Standard Draw field complex, Washakie basin, southwest Wyoming
Todinca, T. and Tirnoveanu, M. Rev. Roum. Chim., 1998,43, (3), 261-267. (In French) The absorber used in a syngas purification plant is mathematically modelled under unsteady state conditions. The value of the promoter enhancement factor was evaluated with a steady state profile of phase composition and temperatures. The cell technique was chosen to solve the unsteady state mathematical model. Between the real and simulated values for gas and liquid Peclet numbers at about 200, an acceptable agreement was revealed.
An outline of AquaFuel, its energy conversions, 99101939 applications and open problems Santilli, R. M. Hadronic J. Suppl., 1998, 13, (1) l-22. The technology underlying the fuel gas called AquaFuel is reviewed in this paper. The equipment producing AquaFuel is a new energy converter capable of transforming carbon (graphite) and water into a new combustible gas via the use of a suitable electric discharge. AquaFuel is quite easy to produce, has novel physical and chemical characteristics and exhibits greatly reduced emission pollutants in comparison to currently used fuels. Nine basic experimental measurements currently under study by TTL are reviewed, which are necessary for a scientific appraisal of AquaFuel. Also outlined are the rather diversified industrial and consumer
299
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1999
Burch, D. N. and Cluff, R. M. SPE Reservoir EvaI. Eng., 1998, 1, (4) 328337. With >l x 10” ft3 recoverable gas reserves, the Coal Gulch-Echo SpringsStandard Draw field complex is one of the largest commercial gas accumulations in the Rocky Mountain region. Gas is produced from both the Upper Almond barrier bar and shoreline sandstones at the top of the Mesaverde Group (Upper Cretaceous) and from underlying Main Almond fluvial and marginal marine sandstones. Some recently published models suggested that although the bulk of the produced gas in the fields is from the Upper Almond bar interval, simple volumetric calculations can only account for 50% of the estimated ultimate recovery from this reservoir. This implies that the depleting Upper Almond reservoir might be actively recharged by gas leakage from deeper Main Almond sandstones. The implication is that the Upper Almond bar sand acts as a gas flow conduit and its presence is required for efficient drainage of the Main Almond. The GIP within the Upper Almond reservoir was determined by detailed openhole log analysis and volumetric mapping to be 1,050 x lo9 ft3 gas. Total reserves from all producing intervals were estimated by decline curve analysis to be 1003 x lo9 ft3 gas. When the contribution to total production of the Main Almond lenticular reservoirs is assumed to be statistically