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01956 Dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from carbon dioxide-rich syngas
03 Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous
fuels)
concerns associated with oxygen-blown BLG and to demonstrate commercial readiness of the technology, a significant pilot-scale programme is required.
the test
Dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from carbon diox99101956 ide-rich syngas Sardessi, A. and Lee, S. Preor. Extract Abstr. ACS Narl. Meet., Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Environ. Chem., 1998, 38, (2). 46-48. Methanol synthesis catalyst (Cu/ZnO/A1203) and methanol dehydration catalyst (y-alumina) were slurried in an inert liquid medium, namely a white mineral oil such as Witco-40 and Witco-70, in the liquid-phase dimethyl ether (DME) process. This multi-phase, dual-catalytic reaction was conducted in a mechanical agitated slurry reactor. Syngas conversion can be significantly improved in this process by co-production of DME along with methanol. The co-production strategy improves the thermodynamic and kinetic environment of the reaction system. This process can be operated advantageously using both carbon monoxide-rich and carbon dioxide-rich syngas feed compositions. This study proves that the aforementioned process has a good tolerance to carbon dioxide concentration in the feed. Therefore, unbalanced syngas derived from coal gasification as well as syngas derived from carbon dioxide-rich natural gas can be used in this process. Additionally, the role of carbon dioxide-rich syngas in dimethyl ether synthesis and its effect on reaction mechanism and process feasibility are studied. Economic evaluation of the solar thermal co99101957 production of zinc and synthesis gas Steinfeld, A. and Spiewak, I. Energy Convers. Manage., 1998, 39, (15), 1513-1518. The calorific value of the initial reactants can be upgraded by 39% using concentrated solar energy to co-produce zinc and synthesis gas from ZnO and natural gas. In addition, when compared to the traditional carbothermic reduction of ZnO, this process can potentially reduce CO* emissions by up to 78%. An economic assessment for a 50,000 mton/year chemical plant, 30 to 51 MW solar input, indicates that the cost of solar thermal production of zinc ranges between 89-133 $/mt and, thus, at current fuel prices, might be competitive with conventional fossil fuel-based processes. Effect of hydrogen on methane conversion to 99101956 hydrocarbons in ‘one-step’ reaction under non-oxidative conditions at low temperature over Pd-Co/SiOz catalysts prepared by the sol/gel method Guczi, L. et al. Catal. Lett., 1998, 54, (l/2), 33-39. In this paper, methane conversion to higher hydrocarbons in a ‘one-step’ process under low-temperature non-oxidative conditions was introduced and investigated over Co-PdiSiOz catalysts at 250°C as a function of Hz concentration in helium and of catalyst composition. A maximum in the including aromatics, was observed at 1.3 production of Cz+ hydrocarbons, ~01% Hz/He mixture in which one pulse of methane was introduced. Additional hydrogenation with the same Hz/He mixture at 400°C was efficient at removing the larger hydrocarbon fragments already existing on the surface. On pure Pd/SiOz the one-step process is not so efficient as on cobalt-rich samples, but in the latter case, hydrocarbon removal is most efficient during high-temperature hydrogenation. Methane conversion in the one-step process is at least 2.5 times greater than that measured in the ‘two-step’ process. In some cases, 80% of the methane introduced was converted to larger hydrocarbons. A discussion of the results took place in terms of the hydrogen coverage ensuring the optimum hydrogen content in the surface CH, species leading to chain growth. Ener etics study on syngas (CO + Hz) methanation 99101959 reaction on Ni, E u and Ni-Cu alloy surfaces by bond-order conservation model Xia, W.-S. et al. Huanue Xuebao, 1998, 56, (8), 773-779. (In Chinese) In this paper, modifications have taken place on the bond-order conservation-Morse potential method for alloy systems. A study has been made comparing nickel(100) and copper(100) with syngas (CO + H2) methanation activity on NiCu(lOO). The results show that due to the introduction of copper, methanation on NiCu has much lower activity than on nickel, which can be explained by the formation of deposited C, from CO disassociation on nickel surfaces. An investigation also takes place on the rate-determining-step of methanation reaction on those surfaces and the influences of deposited surface species at the beginning of reaction on CO methanation. Fischer-Tropsch wax synthesis in supercritical 99101960 phase process: addition effect of 1-tetradecene Yan, S. et al. Sekiyu Gakkaishi, 1998, 41, (4), 271-277. In the presence of supercritical fluid (SCF), Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has been carried out over Co/SiOz catalysts coupled with a small amount of ltetradecene. SCF could extract the products from the catalyst bed efficiently and consequently the mass transfer for both reactant gas and products were enhanced. This in turn allowed increased CO conversion and hydrocarbon yields. The addition of 1-tetradecene to the reaction system increased the formation rate of hydrocarbons larger than C14 significantly, but decreased the yields of C1-Ct3 hydrocarbons, which made the carbon number distribution of products flatter than in the case without olefin
202
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1999
addition. Moreover, wax composition analysis also showed that the average molecular weight and the degree of saturation of wax increased, while the content of oxygenates decreased by addition of I-tetradecene. 99101961 Formation and measurement of the porosities, tensile strengths, and deformation coefficients of gasification filter cakes at operating temperatures and pressures Kono, H. 0. et al. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 1998, 29, (3). 236-245. At operating temperatures and pressures and under appropriate gas compositions, various physical properties of filter cakes were formed and studied. Knowledge of flow rates through the filter cakes is important for the development of hot-gas filtration for integrated coal gasification combined-cycle (IGGC) power generation. Elutriated particles from a gasification pilot plant at the Federal Energy Technology Center were used to prepare filter cakes at various gas-flow velocities at 25-515°C and lOO300 kpa, conditions characteristic of a pilot plant. This laboratory apparatus was also used to measure the porosities, tensile strengths and deformation coefficients of the cakes at these same temperatures and pressures. A correlation was made with various properties of the filter cakes. 99101962 Gasification equipment for solid or liquid fuels Shinada, 0. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 137,525 [98 137,525] (Cl. BOlD46/00), 26 May 1998, Appl. 96/304,628, 15 Nov 1996, 8 pp. (In Japanese) In the manufacture of fuel gas, the gasification equipment for solid or liquid fuels (e.g. coal) comprises a char recycle system consisting of more than three series of char recycle hoppers and dedusting apparatus equipped inside the hoppers. The gas shut-off valves of the dedusting apparatus inlets are provided on the upstream side of the dedusting apparatus and shut-off valves for the dedusting apparatus outlets provided on the top of it. The char shut-off valves are connected with char supply pipe for the gasifier and char feeders and char shut-off valves are equipped on the downstream side of char recycle system. 99101963 Gasification of biomass and coal in a pressurized fluidized-bed gasifier Andries, J. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1998, 9802, 319-326. A report is given on the co-gasification of biomass (pelletized straw and Miscanthus) with coal in a pressurized bubbling fluidized-bed reactor. The influence of feedstock and operating conditions on the gasification characteristics was studied in a 1.5 MW,h gasifier operating at a pressure of 5 bar and >9OO”C. The project and the test rig are described and results obtained in the first part of the project are presented and analysed. Gasification power-generation system 99101964 Ota, I. and Koya, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 251,669 [98 251.6691, (Cl. ClOJ3/45), 22 Sep 1998, Appl. 97156,778, 12 Mar 1997, 5 pp. (In Japanese) The apparatus for a coal gasification combined power-generation system comprises a gasifier, a gasification gas cooler, a dedusting apparatus consisting of a cyclone and a porous filter, a desulfurizing apparatus and a gas turbine arranged sequentially from upstream. An extracted air system is arranged for feeding the discharge gas generated from the gas turbine to the gasifier. The combined power-generation system also includes an air separation apparatus connected with an air compressor for raw material use. The oxygen separated from the air separation apparatus is mixed with air from the extracted air system and the separated nitrogen can be supplied to the gasifier and within the system. 99101965 High-pressure two-zone molten metal-based gasification of carbon-containing feedstocks for separate removal of hydrogen and carbon monoxide Holcombe, T. C. and Malone, D. P. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 23,707 (Cl. ClOJ3/06), 4 Jun 1998, Appl. 96/US19,081, 25 Nov 1996, 38 pp. In the separate production of Hz-rich and CO-rich gas product streams, a high-pressure (2-200 atm) two-zone molten iron gasification of solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbonacous feeds consists of: (1) introduction of the feedstock into the molten iron in a first zone, in which Hz-rich gas and carbon, which dissolves into the molten iron, is formed (2) circulating the carbon-containing molten iron into contact with an oxygen-containing gas in a second zone, in which CO-rich gas is formed and (3) separate removal of the HZ and CO product. The carbon level in the circulating molten iron is controlled at ~0.3 wt% to minimize formation of FeO. Scrubbing in downstream equipment removes the hydrogen sulfide and other volatile sulfur compounds from the separate gas streams. The method is suitable for a number of potential carbon-containing feedstocks, including waste crankcase oil, waste plastics and coal. 99101966 Hydrocarbon synthesis from dimethyl ether over ZSM-5 catalyst Sardesai, A. and Lee, S. Prepr. Symp. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1998, 43, (3), 722-726. There are significant advantages in using liquid phase synthesis of di-Me ether from syngas instead of the liquid phase methanol synthesis in the areas of syngas conversion and reactor productivity. The merits of this dual catalytic process allows di-Me ether to be utilized as a viable feedstock for petrochemical synthesis. In particular, di-Me ether can be converted to hydrocarbons using HZSM-5 type zeolite catalysts. Appropriate choice of the acidity of the zeolite catalyst as well as the operating parameters such as
fuels)
concerns associated with oxygen-blown BLG and to demonstrate commercial readiness of the technology, a significant pilot-scale programme is required.
the test
Dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from carbon diox99101956 ide-rich syngas Sardessi, A. and Lee, S. Preor. Extract Abstr. ACS Narl. Meet., Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Environ. Chem., 1998, 38, (2). 46-48. Methanol synthesis catalyst (Cu/ZnO/A1203) and methanol dehydration catalyst (y-alumina) were slurried in an inert liquid medium, namely a white mineral oil such as Witco-40 and Witco-70, in the liquid-phase dimethyl ether (DME) process. This multi-phase, dual-catalytic reaction was conducted in a mechanical agitated slurry reactor. Syngas conversion can be significantly improved in this process by co-production of DME along with methanol. The co-production strategy improves the thermodynamic and kinetic environment of the reaction system. This process can be operated advantageously using both carbon monoxide-rich and carbon dioxide-rich syngas feed compositions. This study proves that the aforementioned process has a good tolerance to carbon dioxide concentration in the feed. Therefore, unbalanced syngas derived from coal gasification as well as syngas derived from carbon dioxide-rich natural gas can be used in this process. Additionally, the role of carbon dioxide-rich syngas in dimethyl ether synthesis and its effect on reaction mechanism and process feasibility are studied. Economic evaluation of the solar thermal co99101957 production of zinc and synthesis gas Steinfeld, A. and Spiewak, I. Energy Convers. Manage., 1998, 39, (15), 1513-1518. The calorific value of the initial reactants can be upgraded by 39% using concentrated solar energy to co-produce zinc and synthesis gas from ZnO and natural gas. In addition, when compared to the traditional carbothermic reduction of ZnO, this process can potentially reduce CO* emissions by up to 78%. An economic assessment for a 50,000 mton/year chemical plant, 30 to 51 MW solar input, indicates that the cost of solar thermal production of zinc ranges between 89-133 $/mt and, thus, at current fuel prices, might be competitive with conventional fossil fuel-based processes. Effect of hydrogen on methane conversion to 99101956 hydrocarbons in ‘one-step’ reaction under non-oxidative conditions at low temperature over Pd-Co/SiOz catalysts prepared by the sol/gel method Guczi, L. et al. Catal. Lett., 1998, 54, (l/2), 33-39. In this paper, methane conversion to higher hydrocarbons in a ‘one-step’ process under low-temperature non-oxidative conditions was introduced and investigated over Co-PdiSiOz catalysts at 250°C as a function of Hz concentration in helium and of catalyst composition. A maximum in the including aromatics, was observed at 1.3 production of Cz+ hydrocarbons, ~01% Hz/He mixture in which one pulse of methane was introduced. Additional hydrogenation with the same Hz/He mixture at 400°C was efficient at removing the larger hydrocarbon fragments already existing on the surface. On pure Pd/SiOz the one-step process is not so efficient as on cobalt-rich samples, but in the latter case, hydrocarbon removal is most efficient during high-temperature hydrogenation. Methane conversion in the one-step process is at least 2.5 times greater than that measured in the ‘two-step’ process. In some cases, 80% of the methane introduced was converted to larger hydrocarbons. A discussion of the results took place in terms of the hydrogen coverage ensuring the optimum hydrogen content in the surface CH, species leading to chain growth. Ener etics study on syngas (CO + Hz) methanation 99101959 reaction on Ni, E u and Ni-Cu alloy surfaces by bond-order conservation model Xia, W.-S. et al. Huanue Xuebao, 1998, 56, (8), 773-779. (In Chinese) In this paper, modifications have taken place on the bond-order conservation-Morse potential method for alloy systems. A study has been made comparing nickel(100) and copper(100) with syngas (CO + H2) methanation activity on NiCu(lOO). The results show that due to the introduction of copper, methanation on NiCu has much lower activity than on nickel, which can be explained by the formation of deposited C, from CO disassociation on nickel surfaces. An investigation also takes place on the rate-determining-step of methanation reaction on those surfaces and the influences of deposited surface species at the beginning of reaction on CO methanation. Fischer-Tropsch wax synthesis in supercritical 99101960 phase process: addition effect of 1-tetradecene Yan, S. et al. Sekiyu Gakkaishi, 1998, 41, (4), 271-277. In the presence of supercritical fluid (SCF), Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has been carried out over Co/SiOz catalysts coupled with a small amount of ltetradecene. SCF could extract the products from the catalyst bed efficiently and consequently the mass transfer for both reactant gas and products were enhanced. This in turn allowed increased CO conversion and hydrocarbon yields. The addition of 1-tetradecene to the reaction system increased the formation rate of hydrocarbons larger than C14 significantly, but decreased the yields of C1-Ct3 hydrocarbons, which made the carbon number distribution of products flatter than in the case without olefin
202
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1999
addition. Moreover, wax composition analysis also showed that the average molecular weight and the degree of saturation of wax increased, while the content of oxygenates decreased by addition of I-tetradecene. 99101961 Formation and measurement of the porosities, tensile strengths, and deformation coefficients of gasification filter cakes at operating temperatures and pressures Kono, H. 0. et al. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 1998, 29, (3). 236-245. At operating temperatures and pressures and under appropriate gas compositions, various physical properties of filter cakes were formed and studied. Knowledge of flow rates through the filter cakes is important for the development of hot-gas filtration for integrated coal gasification combined-cycle (IGGC) power generation. Elutriated particles from a gasification pilot plant at the Federal Energy Technology Center were used to prepare filter cakes at various gas-flow velocities at 25-515°C and lOO300 kpa, conditions characteristic of a pilot plant. This laboratory apparatus was also used to measure the porosities, tensile strengths and deformation coefficients of the cakes at these same temperatures and pressures. A correlation was made with various properties of the filter cakes. 99101962 Gasification equipment for solid or liquid fuels Shinada, 0. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 137,525 [98 137,525] (Cl. BOlD46/00), 26 May 1998, Appl. 96/304,628, 15 Nov 1996, 8 pp. (In Japanese) In the manufacture of fuel gas, the gasification equipment for solid or liquid fuels (e.g. coal) comprises a char recycle system consisting of more than three series of char recycle hoppers and dedusting apparatus equipped inside the hoppers. The gas shut-off valves of the dedusting apparatus inlets are provided on the upstream side of the dedusting apparatus and shut-off valves for the dedusting apparatus outlets provided on the top of it. The char shut-off valves are connected with char supply pipe for the gasifier and char feeders and char shut-off valves are equipped on the downstream side of char recycle system. 99101963 Gasification of biomass and coal in a pressurized fluidized-bed gasifier Andries, J. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1998, 9802, 319-326. A report is given on the co-gasification of biomass (pelletized straw and Miscanthus) with coal in a pressurized bubbling fluidized-bed reactor. The influence of feedstock and operating conditions on the gasification characteristics was studied in a 1.5 MW,h gasifier operating at a pressure of 5 bar and >9OO”C. The project and the test rig are described and results obtained in the first part of the project are presented and analysed. Gasification power-generation system 99101964 Ota, I. and Koya, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 251,669 [98 251.6691, (Cl. ClOJ3/45), 22 Sep 1998, Appl. 97156,778, 12 Mar 1997, 5 pp. (In Japanese) The apparatus for a coal gasification combined power-generation system comprises a gasifier, a gasification gas cooler, a dedusting apparatus consisting of a cyclone and a porous filter, a desulfurizing apparatus and a gas turbine arranged sequentially from upstream. An extracted air system is arranged for feeding the discharge gas generated from the gas turbine to the gasifier. The combined power-generation system also includes an air separation apparatus connected with an air compressor for raw material use. The oxygen separated from the air separation apparatus is mixed with air from the extracted air system and the separated nitrogen can be supplied to the gasifier and within the system. 99101965 High-pressure two-zone molten metal-based gasification of carbon-containing feedstocks for separate removal of hydrogen and carbon monoxide Holcombe, T. C. and Malone, D. P. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 23,707 (Cl. ClOJ3/06), 4 Jun 1998, Appl. 96/US19,081, 25 Nov 1996, 38 pp. In the separate production of Hz-rich and CO-rich gas product streams, a high-pressure (2-200 atm) two-zone molten iron gasification of solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbonacous feeds consists of: (1) introduction of the feedstock into the molten iron in a first zone, in which Hz-rich gas and carbon, which dissolves into the molten iron, is formed (2) circulating the carbon-containing molten iron into contact with an oxygen-containing gas in a second zone, in which CO-rich gas is formed and (3) separate removal of the HZ and CO product. The carbon level in the circulating molten iron is controlled at ~0.3 wt% to minimize formation of FeO. Scrubbing in downstream equipment removes the hydrogen sulfide and other volatile sulfur compounds from the separate gas streams. The method is suitable for a number of potential carbon-containing feedstocks, including waste crankcase oil, waste plastics and coal. 99101966 Hydrocarbon synthesis from dimethyl ether over ZSM-5 catalyst Sardesai, A. and Lee, S. Prepr. Symp. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1998, 43, (3), 722-726. There are significant advantages in using liquid phase synthesis of di-Me ether from syngas instead of the liquid phase methanol synthesis in the areas of syngas conversion and reactor productivity. The merits of this dual catalytic process allows di-Me ether to be utilized as a viable feedstock for petrochemical synthesis. In particular, di-Me ether can be converted to hydrocarbons using HZSM-5 type zeolite catalysts. Appropriate choice of the acidity of the zeolite catalyst as well as the operating parameters such as