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02028 Trace element distribution and mercury speciation in a pilot-scale coal combustor burning Blacksville coal
05 Nuclear fuels (scientific, technical) Study of coal ash-fusibility 99102024 Wang, Q. and Zeng, P. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1997, 20, (2), 32-37. (In Chinese) A study of coal ash-fusibility is performed with subdivision headings: (1) the relationship between coal ash fusibility and the chemical composition of ash and its mineral composition; (2) the effects of ash mineral composition on the coal ash-fusibility; and (3) the relationship between the coal ashfusibility and the ternary phase equilibrium of ash. Study on desulfurization diluted ammonia water. 1
99102025
of coke oven gas by
Kuroki, M. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 1998, 77, (9), 896-905. (In Japanese) In this paper, the dissolution equilibrium of HCN, HzS and CO* in ammonia water is studied in relation to the title desulfurization process. The reaction factor p is essential to analyse the performance of gas purification by chemical absorption. It is very difficult to calculate B which is expressed by complicated functions composed of several factors. A simple calculation method for p was studied in this work and approximate equations were introduced to estimate p by H* and H. H* is the ordinary Henry’s law constant and H is the Henry’s law constant with chemical reaction. For the HCN-NH3-H20 system, Henry’s law constant with the chemical reaction was measured by a dynamic method. However, constants were calculated based on Van Krevelen’s experimental data in the case of H2S-NH3-Hz0 and COrNH3-H20 systems.
Sulfur dioxide removal by enhanced electrostatics 99102026 Larkin, K. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1997, 90, TP30B02, 1-14. The fact that the economic removal of SO2 still represents such a significant technical challenge means that it could determine the use of certain types of fossil fuels for energy production. Preliminary results of an innovative research project using a low-cost wet electrostatic precipitator to remove SOz are presented. There are many aspects for gas removal in an electrostatic precipitator which are not currently being used. This project used electron attachment of free electrons onto gas molecules and 03 generation to remove SOz, a typical flue gas pollutant. Research was conducted on a bench-scale, wet electrostatic precipitator. A direct-current negative discharge corona was used to generate 03 in-situ.This OX was used to oxidize SO2 to form HZS04, which is very soluble in water. However, it is believed that the primary removal mechanism is electron attachment of the free electrons from the corona which force the SO1 to go to equilibrium with water and be removed from the gas stream. Forcing the equilibrium has been shown to achieve removal efficiencies of 570%. The bench scale unit was designed to operate wet or dry, positive and negative, for comparison purposes. Tests were conducted on a simulated flue gas stream with SO2 of O-4000 ppmv. Test results to determine the effect of operating conditions on removal efficiency are described.
Trace metal processing apparatus 99102030 Morihara, A. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 226,791 198 226,791] (Cl. ClOJ3/20), 25 Aug 1998, Appl. 97/31,714, 17 Feb 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) In coal gasification combined-cycle power-generation systems, trace metal processing apparatus for harmless discharge treatment by oxidation of a part of unreacted char under supercritical conditions comprises a coal gasifier by supplying oxygen (concentration 95%) from an oxygenmanufacturing apparatus and compressed air generated from gas turbine. The remaining nitrogen from the oxygen-manufacturing apparatus are fed to the pressurized coal gasifier through upper-stage and lower-stage burners. The coal gasification gas produced is refined by a crude dedusting apparatus consisting of an electric dust precipitator or a cyclone and hightemperature gag filter. Use of coal combustion byproducts in infrastructure projects - a total benefit option
99lO2031
C. and Humphrey, H. J. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. 1996, 89, ra11401, 1-12. Coal combustion by-products (CCBs) are an abundant, inexpensive and readily available natural resource. The beneficial use of the better known CCBs - fly ash, bottom ash and boiler slag - are well established in many major applications. Their use is also well established in the manufacturing of various products. The federal government mandates the use of CCBs wherever such use is technically feasible and cost-effective. Infrastructure projects have provided an opportunity to comply with this mandate. This paper presents the use and benefits associated with the use of CCBs in infrastructure projects by an investor owned utility, the American Electric Power Company. American Electric Power (AEP) has been a supplier of CCBs either directly or through marketers and has provided technical support in the use of these materials through its engineering and construction organization. Also, it has developed and marketed processes and products for use of CCBs in infrastructure projects. The objective of this paper is to make others aware of the opportunities and economic benefits in using CCBs. Militaru,
Assoc.,
05
NUCLEAR Scientific,
99192032
Thermal expansion of aluminum-fly ash composites 99102027 Rohatgi, P. K. et al. Proc. Am. Power Conf., 1998, 60, (2), 878-882. Measurements were taken between 25 and 400°C of the thermal expansion coefficients (CTEs) of an aluminium matrix composite, reinforced with cenosphere fly ash or precipitator fly ash. The CTEs of fly ash preforms were also measured under the same temperature range and compared with the calculated values of CTE of fly ash from CTE measurements of aluminium-fly ash composite using the rule of the mixture model. Additions of fly ash significantly reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of matrix aluminium alloys. This could be a major advantage in several applications. Trace element distribution and mercury speciation In a pilot-scale coal combustor burning Blacksvllle coal
FUELS
Technical
Commercial nuclear reactor loose part monitor
setpoints Persio, J. V. Progress in Nuclear Energv, 1999, 34, (3), 203-211. The monitoring and detection of small loose parts within commercial lightwater cooled nuclear reactors has been required by regulation in the United States for about 20 years. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) developed an operations and maintenance standard, OM-12, addressing issues which the regulatory guide did not address. The regulatory guide was prepared prior to significant operating experience which began to unfold during the mid-1980s time frame. This paper reflects upon the history of development for the two standards. Based on available information it concludes that systems meeting the OM-12 requirements are more sensitive to impact-like events based on a comparison of the detection sensitivities and alert levels set by each standard.
99102028
R. A. and Pennline, H. W. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1997, 90, WP72B04, l-9. In order to characterize trace element emissions and mercury speciation, a series of tests were conducted on a nominal 500 lb/h, pilot-scale combustion unit. A Blacksville #2, medium-sulfur coal, similar to that used by other researchers investigating mercury speciation, was fired during the testing. A description of the pilot unit operating conditions during the testing is provided. A summary of the gas/solid distribution of trace elements at various locations within the system, material balances and baghouse removal efficiency is also supplied. USEPA Method 29 determined trace element and speciated mercury concentrations before and after the baghouse. The pilot-scale combustion unit was characterized in terms of trace element distribution in two tests while burning a medium-sulfur bituminous Blacksville coal. Average mercury speciation showed that vapour-phase mercury was primarily in the oxidized form, which is consistent with findings of other research with Blacksville coal. Average mercury recovery further validated that this pilot unit will be a viable system for mercury sampling and control methods. Hargis,
Trace metal partitioning when firing pulverized coal and coal-water slurry fuel
99192033 Development of next generation nuclear plants through international cooperation - in the case of HTGR plants An, S. and Tsuchie, Y. ICONE-5, Proc. Int. Conf. Nucl. Eng., 5rh, 1997, 2614, l-6. It is widely believed that nuclear power is going to be the only practical solution for solving global problems of energy and environment in the 21st century. This is due to its lesser environmental impacts, level of technologies already attained and quantity of resources available, in comparison with conventional power sources such as hydro, coal, oil and natural gas and even new energies such as solar and wind. Nuclear energy, so far, has been mainly used as electric power. From now on, however, not only the electricity use but heat use should become valuable, from the view point of enhancing overall energy use efficiency and expanding possible application areas of the energy. High temperature gas cooled reactors (HTGRs) draw attention as next generation nuclear reactors, due to the high energy use efficiency, inherent and passive safety characteristics, which make plant siting near demand areas like cities easier and highly improved economy by adopting production and installation of modular type of reactors of a small power unit, for example, as electric and/or heat power generation plants.
99102029
I. G. et al. Prepr. Extracr Abstr. ACS Natl. Meet., Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Environ. Chem., 1998, 38, (2), 169-172. A study was made into trace metal partitioning when firing pulverized coal and coal-water slurry fuel and is discussed in this paper.
Nodelman,
208
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1999
99102934 Energy ampllflers Zastawny, A. Postepy Fiz., 1998, 49, (3), 121-131. (In Polish) This paper presents a short review of a new concept of nuclear energy production. An energy amplifier is a hybrid system consisting of a medium current (10 mA), medium energy (1 GeV) proton accelerator feeding a
99102025
of coke oven gas by
Kuroki, M. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 1998, 77, (9), 896-905. (In Japanese) In this paper, the dissolution equilibrium of HCN, HzS and CO* in ammonia water is studied in relation to the title desulfurization process. The reaction factor p is essential to analyse the performance of gas purification by chemical absorption. It is very difficult to calculate B which is expressed by complicated functions composed of several factors. A simple calculation method for p was studied in this work and approximate equations were introduced to estimate p by H* and H. H* is the ordinary Henry’s law constant and H is the Henry’s law constant with chemical reaction. For the HCN-NH3-H20 system, Henry’s law constant with the chemical reaction was measured by a dynamic method. However, constants were calculated based on Van Krevelen’s experimental data in the case of H2S-NH3-Hz0 and COrNH3-H20 systems.
Sulfur dioxide removal by enhanced electrostatics 99102026 Larkin, K. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1997, 90, TP30B02, 1-14. The fact that the economic removal of SO2 still represents such a significant technical challenge means that it could determine the use of certain types of fossil fuels for energy production. Preliminary results of an innovative research project using a low-cost wet electrostatic precipitator to remove SOz are presented. There are many aspects for gas removal in an electrostatic precipitator which are not currently being used. This project used electron attachment of free electrons onto gas molecules and 03 generation to remove SOz, a typical flue gas pollutant. Research was conducted on a bench-scale, wet electrostatic precipitator. A direct-current negative discharge corona was used to generate 03 in-situ.This OX was used to oxidize SO2 to form HZS04, which is very soluble in water. However, it is believed that the primary removal mechanism is electron attachment of the free electrons from the corona which force the SO1 to go to equilibrium with water and be removed from the gas stream. Forcing the equilibrium has been shown to achieve removal efficiencies of 570%. The bench scale unit was designed to operate wet or dry, positive and negative, for comparison purposes. Tests were conducted on a simulated flue gas stream with SO2 of O-4000 ppmv. Test results to determine the effect of operating conditions on removal efficiency are described.
Trace metal processing apparatus 99102030 Morihara, A. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 226,791 198 226,791] (Cl. ClOJ3/20), 25 Aug 1998, Appl. 97/31,714, 17 Feb 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) In coal gasification combined-cycle power-generation systems, trace metal processing apparatus for harmless discharge treatment by oxidation of a part of unreacted char under supercritical conditions comprises a coal gasifier by supplying oxygen (concentration 95%) from an oxygenmanufacturing apparatus and compressed air generated from gas turbine. The remaining nitrogen from the oxygen-manufacturing apparatus are fed to the pressurized coal gasifier through upper-stage and lower-stage burners. The coal gasification gas produced is refined by a crude dedusting apparatus consisting of an electric dust precipitator or a cyclone and hightemperature gag filter. Use of coal combustion byproducts in infrastructure projects - a total benefit option
99lO2031
C. and Humphrey, H. J. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. 1996, 89, ra11401, 1-12. Coal combustion by-products (CCBs) are an abundant, inexpensive and readily available natural resource. The beneficial use of the better known CCBs - fly ash, bottom ash and boiler slag - are well established in many major applications. Their use is also well established in the manufacturing of various products. The federal government mandates the use of CCBs wherever such use is technically feasible and cost-effective. Infrastructure projects have provided an opportunity to comply with this mandate. This paper presents the use and benefits associated with the use of CCBs in infrastructure projects by an investor owned utility, the American Electric Power Company. American Electric Power (AEP) has been a supplier of CCBs either directly or through marketers and has provided technical support in the use of these materials through its engineering and construction organization. Also, it has developed and marketed processes and products for use of CCBs in infrastructure projects. The objective of this paper is to make others aware of the opportunities and economic benefits in using CCBs. Militaru,
Assoc.,
05
NUCLEAR Scientific,
99192032
Thermal expansion of aluminum-fly ash composites 99102027 Rohatgi, P. K. et al. Proc. Am. Power Conf., 1998, 60, (2), 878-882. Measurements were taken between 25 and 400°C of the thermal expansion coefficients (CTEs) of an aluminium matrix composite, reinforced with cenosphere fly ash or precipitator fly ash. The CTEs of fly ash preforms were also measured under the same temperature range and compared with the calculated values of CTE of fly ash from CTE measurements of aluminium-fly ash composite using the rule of the mixture model. Additions of fly ash significantly reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of matrix aluminium alloys. This could be a major advantage in several applications. Trace element distribution and mercury speciation In a pilot-scale coal combustor burning Blacksvllle coal
FUELS
Technical
Commercial nuclear reactor loose part monitor
setpoints Persio, J. V. Progress in Nuclear Energv, 1999, 34, (3), 203-211. The monitoring and detection of small loose parts within commercial lightwater cooled nuclear reactors has been required by regulation in the United States for about 20 years. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) developed an operations and maintenance standard, OM-12, addressing issues which the regulatory guide did not address. The regulatory guide was prepared prior to significant operating experience which began to unfold during the mid-1980s time frame. This paper reflects upon the history of development for the two standards. Based on available information it concludes that systems meeting the OM-12 requirements are more sensitive to impact-like events based on a comparison of the detection sensitivities and alert levels set by each standard.
99102028
R. A. and Pennline, H. W. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1997, 90, WP72B04, l-9. In order to characterize trace element emissions and mercury speciation, a series of tests were conducted on a nominal 500 lb/h, pilot-scale combustion unit. A Blacksville #2, medium-sulfur coal, similar to that used by other researchers investigating mercury speciation, was fired during the testing. A description of the pilot unit operating conditions during the testing is provided. A summary of the gas/solid distribution of trace elements at various locations within the system, material balances and baghouse removal efficiency is also supplied. USEPA Method 29 determined trace element and speciated mercury concentrations before and after the baghouse. The pilot-scale combustion unit was characterized in terms of trace element distribution in two tests while burning a medium-sulfur bituminous Blacksville coal. Average mercury speciation showed that vapour-phase mercury was primarily in the oxidized form, which is consistent with findings of other research with Blacksville coal. Average mercury recovery further validated that this pilot unit will be a viable system for mercury sampling and control methods. Hargis,
Trace metal partitioning when firing pulverized coal and coal-water slurry fuel
99192033 Development of next generation nuclear plants through international cooperation - in the case of HTGR plants An, S. and Tsuchie, Y. ICONE-5, Proc. Int. Conf. Nucl. Eng., 5rh, 1997, 2614, l-6. It is widely believed that nuclear power is going to be the only practical solution for solving global problems of energy and environment in the 21st century. This is due to its lesser environmental impacts, level of technologies already attained and quantity of resources available, in comparison with conventional power sources such as hydro, coal, oil and natural gas and even new energies such as solar and wind. Nuclear energy, so far, has been mainly used as electric power. From now on, however, not only the electricity use but heat use should become valuable, from the view point of enhancing overall energy use efficiency and expanding possible application areas of the energy. High temperature gas cooled reactors (HTGRs) draw attention as next generation nuclear reactors, due to the high energy use efficiency, inherent and passive safety characteristics, which make plant siting near demand areas like cities easier and highly improved economy by adopting production and installation of modular type of reactors of a small power unit, for example, as electric and/or heat power generation plants.
99102029
I. G. et al. Prepr. Extracr Abstr. ACS Natl. Meet., Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Environ. Chem., 1998, 38, (2), 169-172. A study was made into trace metal partitioning when firing pulverized coal and coal-water slurry fuel and is discussed in this paper.
Nodelman,
208
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1999
99102934 Energy ampllflers Zastawny, A. Postepy Fiz., 1998, 49, (3), 121-131. (In Polish) This paper presents a short review of a new concept of nuclear energy production. An energy amplifier is a hybrid system consisting of a medium current (10 mA), medium energy (1 GeV) proton accelerator feeding a