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02054 Fabrication of LiMn2O4 thin films by sol-gel method for cathode materials of microbattery
06
natural gas combustion in a swirling flow and two pulverized-coal combustion studies involving Utah Blind Canyon and Pittsburgh #8 coals. The second coal study invoIcing the Pittsburgh #8 coal containled the most complete set of data and is described in detail. Novel combustion instrumentation includes the use of coherent anti-stokes Raman soectroscopy (CARS) to measure gas temperature. Novel combustion expehments include the measurement of NO, and burnout with coal-char blends. The measurements have led to an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses associated with different aspects of comprehensive combustion models and in general an improved understanding of the combustion process.
Fabrication of LiMn204 thin films by sol-gel method 99102054 for cathode materials of microbatterv Pa&Y. J. et al. J. of Power Sources, 199{, 76, (l), 41-47. LiMnzOd thin films are potential cathode materials for thin-film microbatteries. LiMn20., thin films were prepared by a sol-gel method using a spin coator. In order to study the decomposition process prior to deposition, the precursor powder was investigated by therm0 gravimetricdifferential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and mass spectroscopy analysis. The coated films were dried at 310 to 360°C and annealed at 700 to 800°C to obtain a spine1 structure. It was found that films annealed under appropriate conditions exhibit good crystallinity, smooth surface morphology, high capacity and good rechargeability. This film is therefore suitable for use as a cathode for thin-film microbatteries.
Gas flow and particle deposition in the hot gas filter vessel at the Tidd 70 MWE PFBC demonstration Dower slant
99102055
Ahmadi. G. and Smith. D. H. Aerosol Sci. Technol.. 1998: 29.13k’206-223. This paper presents a’cimputer simulation study df gas ‘flo&‘&d particle transport and deposition in the Tidd filter vessel, which was the first (19901994) demonstraiion-scale hot-gas filtration system in the United States for clean coal technologies. The FLUENT code was used for evaluating the gas mean velocity and the mean pressure of the gas and the state of turbulence in the filter vessel. The three tiers with a total of 384 filters were modelled as three effective cvlindrical filters. The oarticle eauation of motion , 1. included the non-linear drag and gravity. Particle depos?ltion patterns were evaluated and the effect of particle size was studied. For a clean filter system, the rate of deposition-on different tiers depended on particle size. This could lead to non-uniform composition and thickness of the cakes that form on the candle filters in different tiers. 99102056
Gasification
combined-cycle
power generating
svstem -a
--~
Oota, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 237,465 [98 237,465], (Cl. ClOJ3/48), 8 Sep 1998, Appl. 97/41,734, 26 Feb 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) The title ‘power-generating system is comprised of a coil-gasifier having.a char recycle system, a high-temperature dry-type gas refining apparatus, a gas turbine which uses refined combustible gas from the gasifier for power generation, a waste-heat boiler for heat recovery of the gas discharged from the gas turbine and a steam turbine which uses the steam generated from the waste-heat boiler. It also contains a halogen getter, located upstream of the gas turbine, for the removal of halides from the combustible gas.
In situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of interfaces within plastic lithium batteries
99102057
Orsini, F. et al. J. of Power Sources, 1998, 76, (l), 19-29. Using a scanning electron microscope, cross-sections of plastic rechargeable lithium-cells were observed in a quasi in situ mode. All of the cells were COmDOSed of a comoosite cathode. containine LiMn,Od as active material and’of a hybrid polymer electrolyte consysting of ‘a polymer matrix embedded with a solution of lithium salt. At the negative side, lithium, copper and graphite anodes were successively used. The influence of the current density on the morphology of the lithium deposit was studied from these three different confieurations. Scanning electron microscoov (SEM1 evidences for the accumulation of mossy lithiim and the lithium:deidrites growth at the interface between lithium and electrolyte are given. This correlated to the poor cell cyclability and was confirmed by AC-impedance measurements.
Electrical power supply and utilization (scientific, technical)
action of the calcium additive is to increase while the cobalt imparts good conductivity electrons and protons.
the oxygen evolution potential, to the active material for both
99102060 An internet-based interactive module for air emissions from fossil fuel based power generation Karman, D. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., [computer optical disk], 1997, 90, WP11006/1-WP11006/15. The development, testing and evaluation of an interactive teaching module aimed at college and university students that have previous education in thermodynamic and basic chemistry is described in this paper. Emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides associated with electric power generation in thermal stations that use coal, natural gas, crude and distillate oil can be looked at in the module. Factors governing the thermal efficiency of typical boiler systems and the thermodynamic limitations for converting heat into work are discussed. Supporting background information such as emission trends and emission factors used in calculations are also included as part of this module. The emissions per unit energy delivered from each of the fuels considered are compared using a simple Rankine cycle. For natural gas and distillate oil, combined cycle operation is considered with a gas turbine-heat recovery steam generator combination replacing the boiler in the simple Rankine cycle. For all fuels, the cogeneration option is investigated by expanding the steam to an intermediate pressure in the turbine and utilizing the remaining heat by condensing the steam in a heat recovery application. The module makes use of text, graphics, sound and video and contains hyperlinks to WWW sites that provide additional information on power generation. emissions and cogeneration.
99102061
Layer disorder in carbon anodes
Zhou. P. et al. Carbon. 1998. 36. (12). 1777-1781. An inkestigation into intkr- anh in&l&er disorder in a representative hard carbon derived from epoxy novolac resin at 1000°C. Both the elastic structure factor S(Q) and radial distribution function obtained from pulsed neutron time-of-flight measurements with calculations from simple hypothetic systems with specific disorder characteristics are compared. The spatial relationship between these planar graphene fragments with length scale of 1 nm is probed in terms of inter-layer alignment and intra-layer connectivity. Once coupled with the density of dangling bonds obtained from electron spin resonance (ESR) and residual hydrogen concentration, these simulations provide sufficient information to construct an overall model of the carbon structure. Of particular importance is the physical origin of the ubiquitous broad (002)-like reflection frequently interpreted as that from layers with a uniform interlay spacing (do&. It is found to be directly related to the misalignment between layers with an average interlayer spacing as that in crystalline graphite. 99102062
A liquid-feed solid polymer electrolyte methanol fuel cell operating at near-ambient conditions
direct
Shukla, A. K. et al. J. of Power Sources, 1998, 76, (l), 54-59. A report of the results on the performance of a 25 cm2 liquid-feed solid polymer electrolyte direct methanol fuel cell (SPE-DMFC), operating under near-ambient conditions. The fuel cell can sustain a load current density of 100 mA cm-* with an output voltage of approximately 450 mV at 90°C with 2 M aaueous methanol and air-fed cathode at near-ambient pressures with a caialyst loading of 5 mg cm-2 of platinum. Preliminary data on {he performance of a liquid-feed SPE-DMFC stack comorisinr! two 25 cm’ celis are also reported. These data are sufficient to suggdst thai further developmental work on liquid-feed SPE-DMFCs operating under nearambient conditions (0 barg oxygen at 90°C) is well worthwhile.
Falsetti, J. S. et al. Oil Gas J., 1998, 96, (21), 31-35. This paper describes how the major electricity deficit in India can be cut by the country’s refining industry, while meeting environmental and fuel needs. The prospects for the development of coal bed methane, a much needed new energy resource and the conditions required for meeting the demands of a petrochemical market are also discussed.
99102063 Long cycle life Li-Mn-0 defective spine1 electrodes Mancini, M. R. et al. J. of Power Sources, 1998, 76, (l), 91-97. Through the repeated grinding and heating to temperatures of ~400°C of a mixture of LiOH and MnOz, a lithium-manganese-oxygen defective spine1 phase material has been synthesized. The sample was characterized by Xray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and elemental and oxidation state analvses. At a C/12 charee/discharee rate. the material showed a firstcycle cap&y of almost 200 GA h/g tha; decreased upon cycling to a stable value of 120 mA h/g after the 20th cycle. At a higher rate, C/3.7, the material showed a lone cvcle life uoon lithium insertion and deinsertion with more than half ofthe initial cadacity delivered at the 750th cycle. The work was developed within the ALPE (advanced lithium polymer electrolyte) battej project, an Italian project devoted to the realization of lithium polymer batteries for electric vehicle applications.
The influence of calcium behaviour of the nickel electrode
99102064
99102058
India
offers
ideal
fit for refinery-generated
electricity
99102059
compounds
on the
Yuan, A. et al. J. of Power Sources, 1998, 76, (l), 36-40. Usually nickel hydroxide electrodes exhibit a poor change-acceptance resulting from the competitive reactions of the oxidation of active material and the evolution of oxygen. This paper explains how the combined addition of cobalt and a calcium compound to the nickel hydroxide can improve the utilization and discharge potential of the active material. The
Management of sewage sludge of the City of
Hannover Luddecke, J. AWTAbwassertech., 1998, 49, (2), 18-21. (In German) Included in the manaeement of wastewater treatment sludge in Hannover. Germany are measure: for decreasing its volume and poll&nt content ani disposal by agricultural utilization, in land recultivation and cocombustion with coal in power plants.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1999 211
natural gas combustion in a swirling flow and two pulverized-coal combustion studies involving Utah Blind Canyon and Pittsburgh #8 coals. The second coal study invoIcing the Pittsburgh #8 coal containled the most complete set of data and is described in detail. Novel combustion instrumentation includes the use of coherent anti-stokes Raman soectroscopy (CARS) to measure gas temperature. Novel combustion expehments include the measurement of NO, and burnout with coal-char blends. The measurements have led to an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses associated with different aspects of comprehensive combustion models and in general an improved understanding of the combustion process.
Fabrication of LiMn204 thin films by sol-gel method 99102054 for cathode materials of microbatterv Pa&Y. J. et al. J. of Power Sources, 199{, 76, (l), 41-47. LiMnzOd thin films are potential cathode materials for thin-film microbatteries. LiMn20., thin films were prepared by a sol-gel method using a spin coator. In order to study the decomposition process prior to deposition, the precursor powder was investigated by therm0 gravimetricdifferential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and mass spectroscopy analysis. The coated films were dried at 310 to 360°C and annealed at 700 to 800°C to obtain a spine1 structure. It was found that films annealed under appropriate conditions exhibit good crystallinity, smooth surface morphology, high capacity and good rechargeability. This film is therefore suitable for use as a cathode for thin-film microbatteries.
Gas flow and particle deposition in the hot gas filter vessel at the Tidd 70 MWE PFBC demonstration Dower slant
99102055
Ahmadi. G. and Smith. D. H. Aerosol Sci. Technol.. 1998: 29.13k’206-223. This paper presents a’cimputer simulation study df gas ‘flo&‘&d particle transport and deposition in the Tidd filter vessel, which was the first (19901994) demonstraiion-scale hot-gas filtration system in the United States for clean coal technologies. The FLUENT code was used for evaluating the gas mean velocity and the mean pressure of the gas and the state of turbulence in the filter vessel. The three tiers with a total of 384 filters were modelled as three effective cvlindrical filters. The oarticle eauation of motion , 1. included the non-linear drag and gravity. Particle depos?ltion patterns were evaluated and the effect of particle size was studied. For a clean filter system, the rate of deposition-on different tiers depended on particle size. This could lead to non-uniform composition and thickness of the cakes that form on the candle filters in different tiers. 99102056
Gasification
combined-cycle
power generating
svstem -a
--~
Oota, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 237,465 [98 237,465], (Cl. ClOJ3/48), 8 Sep 1998, Appl. 97/41,734, 26 Feb 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) The title ‘power-generating system is comprised of a coil-gasifier having.a char recycle system, a high-temperature dry-type gas refining apparatus, a gas turbine which uses refined combustible gas from the gasifier for power generation, a waste-heat boiler for heat recovery of the gas discharged from the gas turbine and a steam turbine which uses the steam generated from the waste-heat boiler. It also contains a halogen getter, located upstream of the gas turbine, for the removal of halides from the combustible gas.
In situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of interfaces within plastic lithium batteries
99102057
Orsini, F. et al. J. of Power Sources, 1998, 76, (l), 19-29. Using a scanning electron microscope, cross-sections of plastic rechargeable lithium-cells were observed in a quasi in situ mode. All of the cells were COmDOSed of a comoosite cathode. containine LiMn,Od as active material and’of a hybrid polymer electrolyte consysting of ‘a polymer matrix embedded with a solution of lithium salt. At the negative side, lithium, copper and graphite anodes were successively used. The influence of the current density on the morphology of the lithium deposit was studied from these three different confieurations. Scanning electron microscoov (SEM1 evidences for the accumulation of mossy lithiim and the lithium:deidrites growth at the interface between lithium and electrolyte are given. This correlated to the poor cell cyclability and was confirmed by AC-impedance measurements.
Electrical power supply and utilization (scientific, technical)
action of the calcium additive is to increase while the cobalt imparts good conductivity electrons and protons.
the oxygen evolution potential, to the active material for both
99102060 An internet-based interactive module for air emissions from fossil fuel based power generation Karman, D. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., [computer optical disk], 1997, 90, WP11006/1-WP11006/15. The development, testing and evaluation of an interactive teaching module aimed at college and university students that have previous education in thermodynamic and basic chemistry is described in this paper. Emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides associated with electric power generation in thermal stations that use coal, natural gas, crude and distillate oil can be looked at in the module. Factors governing the thermal efficiency of typical boiler systems and the thermodynamic limitations for converting heat into work are discussed. Supporting background information such as emission trends and emission factors used in calculations are also included as part of this module. The emissions per unit energy delivered from each of the fuels considered are compared using a simple Rankine cycle. For natural gas and distillate oil, combined cycle operation is considered with a gas turbine-heat recovery steam generator combination replacing the boiler in the simple Rankine cycle. For all fuels, the cogeneration option is investigated by expanding the steam to an intermediate pressure in the turbine and utilizing the remaining heat by condensing the steam in a heat recovery application. The module makes use of text, graphics, sound and video and contains hyperlinks to WWW sites that provide additional information on power generation. emissions and cogeneration.
99102061
Layer disorder in carbon anodes
Zhou. P. et al. Carbon. 1998. 36. (12). 1777-1781. An inkestigation into intkr- anh in&l&er disorder in a representative hard carbon derived from epoxy novolac resin at 1000°C. Both the elastic structure factor S(Q) and radial distribution function obtained from pulsed neutron time-of-flight measurements with calculations from simple hypothetic systems with specific disorder characteristics are compared. The spatial relationship between these planar graphene fragments with length scale of 1 nm is probed in terms of inter-layer alignment and intra-layer connectivity. Once coupled with the density of dangling bonds obtained from electron spin resonance (ESR) and residual hydrogen concentration, these simulations provide sufficient information to construct an overall model of the carbon structure. Of particular importance is the physical origin of the ubiquitous broad (002)-like reflection frequently interpreted as that from layers with a uniform interlay spacing (do&. It is found to be directly related to the misalignment between layers with an average interlayer spacing as that in crystalline graphite. 99102062
A liquid-feed solid polymer electrolyte methanol fuel cell operating at near-ambient conditions
direct
Shukla, A. K. et al. J. of Power Sources, 1998, 76, (l), 54-59. A report of the results on the performance of a 25 cm2 liquid-feed solid polymer electrolyte direct methanol fuel cell (SPE-DMFC), operating under near-ambient conditions. The fuel cell can sustain a load current density of 100 mA cm-* with an output voltage of approximately 450 mV at 90°C with 2 M aaueous methanol and air-fed cathode at near-ambient pressures with a caialyst loading of 5 mg cm-2 of platinum. Preliminary data on {he performance of a liquid-feed SPE-DMFC stack comorisinr! two 25 cm’ celis are also reported. These data are sufficient to suggdst thai further developmental work on liquid-feed SPE-DMFCs operating under nearambient conditions (0 barg oxygen at 90°C) is well worthwhile.
Falsetti, J. S. et al. Oil Gas J., 1998, 96, (21), 31-35. This paper describes how the major electricity deficit in India can be cut by the country’s refining industry, while meeting environmental and fuel needs. The prospects for the development of coal bed methane, a much needed new energy resource and the conditions required for meeting the demands of a petrochemical market are also discussed.
99102063 Long cycle life Li-Mn-0 defective spine1 electrodes Mancini, M. R. et al. J. of Power Sources, 1998, 76, (l), 91-97. Through the repeated grinding and heating to temperatures of ~400°C of a mixture of LiOH and MnOz, a lithium-manganese-oxygen defective spine1 phase material has been synthesized. The sample was characterized by Xray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and elemental and oxidation state analvses. At a C/12 charee/discharee rate. the material showed a firstcycle cap&y of almost 200 GA h/g tha; decreased upon cycling to a stable value of 120 mA h/g after the 20th cycle. At a higher rate, C/3.7, the material showed a lone cvcle life uoon lithium insertion and deinsertion with more than half ofthe initial cadacity delivered at the 750th cycle. The work was developed within the ALPE (advanced lithium polymer electrolyte) battej project, an Italian project devoted to the realization of lithium polymer batteries for electric vehicle applications.
The influence of calcium behaviour of the nickel electrode
99102064
99102058
India
offers
ideal
fit for refinery-generated
electricity
99102059
compounds
on the
Yuan, A. et al. J. of Power Sources, 1998, 76, (l), 36-40. Usually nickel hydroxide electrodes exhibit a poor change-acceptance resulting from the competitive reactions of the oxidation of active material and the evolution of oxygen. This paper explains how the combined addition of cobalt and a calcium compound to the nickel hydroxide can improve the utilization and discharge potential of the active material. The
Management of sewage sludge of the City of
Hannover Luddecke, J. AWTAbwassertech., 1998, 49, (2), 18-21. (In German) Included in the manaeement of wastewater treatment sludge in Hannover. Germany are measure: for decreasing its volume and poll&nt content ani disposal by agricultural utilization, in land recultivation and cocombustion with coal in power plants.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1999 211