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02831 Study on concentrations and sources of heavy metals in atmospheric particulate matters in Qingdao urban districts
15 Studies estimating the dermai bioavailability of 99102828 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from manufactured gas plant tar-contaminated soils Roy, T. A. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1998, 32, (20) 3113-3117. Contaminate-l soils or organic extracts of contaminated soils collected at manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites were analysed by in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. The MGP tar-contaminated soils were found to contain a group of targeted polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) at levels ranging from lo-2400 mgikg. The soil extracts contained target PAH at levels ranging from 12,000-34,000 mg/kg. Results from three MGP sites showed reductions of two to three orders of magnitude in PAH absorption through human skin from the most contaminated soils in comparison to the soil extracts. Reduction in PAH penetration can be attributed to PAH concentration and (soil) matrix properties. PAH dermal flux values are used to determine site-specific dermally absorbed dose (DAD) and chronic daily intake (CDI) which are essential terms required to estimate risk associated with human exposure to MGP tar and MGP tar-contaminated soils.
Studies of radionuclide concentrations in surface 99102829 soil in and around fly ash disposal sites Bern, E. M. et al. Sci. Total Environ., 1998, 220, (2-3), 215-222. An investigation of natural radionuclides and “‘Cs in the surface soil layer (O-5 cm) within and outside three recultivated coal fly ash disposal sites. yray spectrometry with an REGe detector was used to determine their activity levels. The activity of natural radionuclides from the *‘“U and 232Th series ranged between 7.5-77 Bqikg. Within and outside two of the disposal sites no significant differences in the activity of concentrations were found. However, in the vicinity of the third site an abnormally high depositional flux of *“‘Pb was observed. This is explained by the insufficient soil coverage Local geographical of deposited fly ash with high ’ ‘Rn emanation. conditions can substantially influence the radionuclide depositional flux from the atmosphere to the soil.
Studies on relative capabilities of bacterial and 99to2830 yeast isolates from tropical soil in degrading crude oil Waste Management, 1998, 18, (5), 293-299. An investigation of the relative capabilities of two bacterial isolates Serratia marcescens OCS-21 and Acinetohacter calcoaceticus COU-27 from Ebubu oil polluted soil of Rivers State, Nigeria and a yeast isolate, Candida tropicalis PFS-95 from unpolluted soil of the University of Calabar campus, in degrading transniger pipeline crude oil. Crude oil degradation was measured by gravimetric analysis and capillary gas chromatographic techniques. Cundida tropicalis PFS-95 exhibited a more efficient ability in degrading the crude oil than either S. morcescens OCS-21 or A. calcoaceticus COU-27. The yeast isolate PFS-95 degraded 68.9% of crude oil after 16 days of incubation whereas OCS-21 and COU-27 degraded 51.5% and 45.5% of crude oil, respectively, over the same incubation period. Capillary gas chromatographic analysis of the degraded crude oil revealed that crude oil components of chain length Cl2 to C3z were extensively degraded by PFS-95 after 16 days of incubation while OCS-21 caused a moderate degradation of the crude oil components (Czo to Czx) over the same period. A. calcoaceticus COU-27 was able to degrade only Cza to Cs,, components of the crude oil after 16 days of incubation. Results of crude oil adherence/emulsification tests revealed that OCS-21 was unable to emulsify the crude oil but exhibited maximal adherence to the crude oil whereas PFS-95 and COU-27 exhibited minimal adherence to, but maximal emulsification of the crude oil. Results obtained suggest that for clearing oil spills C. tropicalis PFS-95 may be a better microorganism in tropical soils than either S. marcescens OCS-21 or A. colcoaceticus COU. 27.
99102831 Study on concentrations and sources of heavy metals in atmospheric particulate matters in Qingdao urban districts Liu, C. et al. Qingdao Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 1998, 11, (3) 42-46. (In Chinese) Samples of atmospheric particulate matters were collected between spring and early summer in 1995 and 1996 at the aerosol observatory in Ocean University of Qingdao (Maidao), China. Analysis by GAAS and/or ICPAES for up to 16 major and trace metals was carried out, including aluminium, iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, vanadium, strontium, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, chromium and nickel. The concentrations and temporal variation of the heavy metals were examined from these results, and the sources of the heavy metals were also explored using enrichment factors and factor analysis. Results indicate that the heavy metals in the atmospheric particulate matters in Qingdao urban districts are largely derived from crust dust, coal ash dust, burning dust of fossil fuels and marine aerosol. The terrestrial matters show a high degree of seasonal variation. Atmospheric particulate matter concentrations are naturally higher in spring than in summer, with precipitation playing an important part in scavenging the atmospheric particulate matters.
99102832 sorbents
Environment
(pollution,
Sulfidation-regeneration
health
protection,
safety)
kinetics of zinc titanate
Mojtahedi, W. et al. High Temp. Gas Clean., /Pap. fnt. Symp. Exhib. Gas Clean. High Temp.], 3rd. 1996. 557-568. Edited by Schmidt, E., lnstitut fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik der Universitaet Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Hot-gas cleanup, part of advanced integrated gasification combined-cycle power systems, involves a high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) sulfur removal component. Hydrogen sulfide is the most prolific sulfur compound found in coal gasifier gas, and can be removed to <50 ppmv by regenerable zinc-based mixed-metal oxide sorbents. In this paper sulfidation kinetics of a number of zinc titanate sorbents were evaluated using a thermogravimetnc analyser (TGA) and a high-pressure micro fixed-bed reactor (MFBR) at 0.1-2.0 MPa and 400-600°C in the presence of simulated UGas. Additionally, regeneration kinetics of a selected sorbent was evaluated usingTGA at 0.1 MPa and 400-775°C as a function of oxygen concentration and sulfur dioxide concentration. TGA data indicated the sulfidation reaction has an activation energy of -77 kJ/mol, whereas the regeneration reaction has an activation energy of -200 kJ/mol Further results obtained are presented and their application and implications for design of a continuous large-scale fluidized-bed reactor system are discussed.
99102833 ture Gangwal, High
S. K.
Temp.],
Sulfur removal from gas streams at high temperaHigh Temp. Gas Clean.. [Pup. Int. Symp. Exhib. Gas Clean. 3, 1996, 489-501. Edited by Schmidt, E. lnstitut fur
Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik der Universitaet Karlsruhe. Karlsruhe, Germany. In this article the removal of sulfur from gas streams at >3OO”C is discussed. Gas streams containing sulfur species can be classified into three types; fuel gas from gasification of coal and other fuels that contains reduced sulfur gases, primarily hydrogen sulfide (HS), flue gas from combustion of these fuels that contains oxidized sulfur gases, primarily sulfur dioxide (SO& and gas streams from industrial sources. Most research and development of high-temperature sulfur removal processes has been in the area of coal gasification and combustion. Because of its potential for high thermal efficiency and low environmental impact, hot-gas desulfurization (HGD) of HzS from fuel gas in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power systems using regenerable metal oxide sorbents has received increased attention. Currently, zinc oxide-based sorbents are the leading regenerable sorbents for HGD. High-temperature SO2 removal process development efforts for coal combustion have concentrated on disposable calcium-based sorbents. Regenerable sorbent processes need to be coupled with tail-gas processes to recover the sulfur as a byproduct, such as elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. Gas streams from industrial sources, when desulfurized, are generally subjected to lowtemperature scrubbing operations much below 300°C. There are opportunities for technology transfer from emerging high-temperature particulate and sulfur removal processes to their use in treating these gas streams in a cost-effective manner.
99102834 Thermodynamic and transport properties of H-S gases including sulfur dihydride: H2S Pateyron, Plasma
B. et al. Prog. Plasma Process. Mater. 1997, Proc. hrt. Therm. Processes Conf., 4th. 1996, (Pub. 1997). 611-617. Edited by
Fauchais, P., Begell House, New York. Sulfur dihydride (HzS) is one of the major toxic wastes resulting from oil to fuel conversion. The thermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous sulfur dihydride are investigated in this paper. There are several techniques of HzS conversion to hydrogen and sulfur, amongst which thermal plasmas is very promising. In this process, composition, thermodynamic and transport properties are calculated at atmospheric pressure up to 20,000 K, using the data bank and ADEP computer code. For composition calculations, the code is derived from the White and Dantzig method, which allows the formation of minor species to be studied. The transport properties of hydrogen/sulfur system are determined according to the Chapman-Enskog theory. It was found that hydrogen/sulfur systems have very high specific enthalpy (23.3 MJ/kg at 5000 K), high viscosity (0.2 x 10-s kg/m/s at 5000 K) and a high mean thermal conductivity (4 J/(m.s.K) at 10,000 K).
99102835 Transboundary environmental problems: the case of the burning of coal in Poland for heating and electricity purposes Change, 1998, 8, (4), 329-340. Lbfstedt, R. E. Global Environmental This paper examines an example of a transboundary environmental risk problem, namely that of coal burning in Poland. Transboundary environmental problems have increased in prevalence over recent years in Eastern Europe where the scope and extent of the problems, and hence possibility of impacts outside of national borders, have been considerably greater than in western nations. The case study focuses on determining both Polish policy makers’ and the public’s views regarding the perceived importance of local in relation to transboundary environmental concerns.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1999 295
Studies of radionuclide concentrations in surface 99102829 soil in and around fly ash disposal sites Bern, E. M. et al. Sci. Total Environ., 1998, 220, (2-3), 215-222. An investigation of natural radionuclides and “‘Cs in the surface soil layer (O-5 cm) within and outside three recultivated coal fly ash disposal sites. yray spectrometry with an REGe detector was used to determine their activity levels. The activity of natural radionuclides from the *‘“U and 232Th series ranged between 7.5-77 Bqikg. Within and outside two of the disposal sites no significant differences in the activity of concentrations were found. However, in the vicinity of the third site an abnormally high depositional flux of *“‘Pb was observed. This is explained by the insufficient soil coverage Local geographical of deposited fly ash with high ’ ‘Rn emanation. conditions can substantially influence the radionuclide depositional flux from the atmosphere to the soil.
Studies on relative capabilities of bacterial and 99to2830 yeast isolates from tropical soil in degrading crude oil Waste Management, 1998, 18, (5), 293-299. An investigation of the relative capabilities of two bacterial isolates Serratia marcescens OCS-21 and Acinetohacter calcoaceticus COU-27 from Ebubu oil polluted soil of Rivers State, Nigeria and a yeast isolate, Candida tropicalis PFS-95 from unpolluted soil of the University of Calabar campus, in degrading transniger pipeline crude oil. Crude oil degradation was measured by gravimetric analysis and capillary gas chromatographic techniques. Cundida tropicalis PFS-95 exhibited a more efficient ability in degrading the crude oil than either S. morcescens OCS-21 or A. calcoaceticus COU-27. The yeast isolate PFS-95 degraded 68.9% of crude oil after 16 days of incubation whereas OCS-21 and COU-27 degraded 51.5% and 45.5% of crude oil, respectively, over the same incubation period. Capillary gas chromatographic analysis of the degraded crude oil revealed that crude oil components of chain length Cl2 to C3z were extensively degraded by PFS-95 after 16 days of incubation while OCS-21 caused a moderate degradation of the crude oil components (Czo to Czx) over the same period. A. calcoaceticus COU-27 was able to degrade only Cza to Cs,, components of the crude oil after 16 days of incubation. Results of crude oil adherence/emulsification tests revealed that OCS-21 was unable to emulsify the crude oil but exhibited maximal adherence to the crude oil whereas PFS-95 and COU-27 exhibited minimal adherence to, but maximal emulsification of the crude oil. Results obtained suggest that for clearing oil spills C. tropicalis PFS-95 may be a better microorganism in tropical soils than either S. marcescens OCS-21 or A. colcoaceticus COU. 27.
99102831 Study on concentrations and sources of heavy metals in atmospheric particulate matters in Qingdao urban districts Liu, C. et al. Qingdao Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 1998, 11, (3) 42-46. (In Chinese) Samples of atmospheric particulate matters were collected between spring and early summer in 1995 and 1996 at the aerosol observatory in Ocean University of Qingdao (Maidao), China. Analysis by GAAS and/or ICPAES for up to 16 major and trace metals was carried out, including aluminium, iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, vanadium, strontium, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, chromium and nickel. The concentrations and temporal variation of the heavy metals were examined from these results, and the sources of the heavy metals were also explored using enrichment factors and factor analysis. Results indicate that the heavy metals in the atmospheric particulate matters in Qingdao urban districts are largely derived from crust dust, coal ash dust, burning dust of fossil fuels and marine aerosol. The terrestrial matters show a high degree of seasonal variation. Atmospheric particulate matter concentrations are naturally higher in spring than in summer, with precipitation playing an important part in scavenging the atmospheric particulate matters.
99102832 sorbents
Environment
(pollution,
Sulfidation-regeneration
health
protection,
safety)
kinetics of zinc titanate
Mojtahedi, W. et al. High Temp. Gas Clean., /Pap. fnt. Symp. Exhib. Gas Clean. High Temp.], 3rd. 1996. 557-568. Edited by Schmidt, E., lnstitut fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik der Universitaet Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Hot-gas cleanup, part of advanced integrated gasification combined-cycle power systems, involves a high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) sulfur removal component. Hydrogen sulfide is the most prolific sulfur compound found in coal gasifier gas, and can be removed to <50 ppmv by regenerable zinc-based mixed-metal oxide sorbents. In this paper sulfidation kinetics of a number of zinc titanate sorbents were evaluated using a thermogravimetnc analyser (TGA) and a high-pressure micro fixed-bed reactor (MFBR) at 0.1-2.0 MPa and 400-600°C in the presence of simulated UGas. Additionally, regeneration kinetics of a selected sorbent was evaluated usingTGA at 0.1 MPa and 400-775°C as a function of oxygen concentration and sulfur dioxide concentration. TGA data indicated the sulfidation reaction has an activation energy of -77 kJ/mol, whereas the regeneration reaction has an activation energy of -200 kJ/mol Further results obtained are presented and their application and implications for design of a continuous large-scale fluidized-bed reactor system are discussed.
99102833 ture Gangwal, High
S. K.
Temp.],
Sulfur removal from gas streams at high temperaHigh Temp. Gas Clean.. [Pup. Int. Symp. Exhib. Gas Clean. 3, 1996, 489-501. Edited by Schmidt, E. lnstitut fur
Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik der Universitaet Karlsruhe. Karlsruhe, Germany. In this article the removal of sulfur from gas streams at >3OO”C is discussed. Gas streams containing sulfur species can be classified into three types; fuel gas from gasification of coal and other fuels that contains reduced sulfur gases, primarily hydrogen sulfide (HS), flue gas from combustion of these fuels that contains oxidized sulfur gases, primarily sulfur dioxide (SO& and gas streams from industrial sources. Most research and development of high-temperature sulfur removal processes has been in the area of coal gasification and combustion. Because of its potential for high thermal efficiency and low environmental impact, hot-gas desulfurization (HGD) of HzS from fuel gas in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power systems using regenerable metal oxide sorbents has received increased attention. Currently, zinc oxide-based sorbents are the leading regenerable sorbents for HGD. High-temperature SO2 removal process development efforts for coal combustion have concentrated on disposable calcium-based sorbents. Regenerable sorbent processes need to be coupled with tail-gas processes to recover the sulfur as a byproduct, such as elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. Gas streams from industrial sources, when desulfurized, are generally subjected to lowtemperature scrubbing operations much below 300°C. There are opportunities for technology transfer from emerging high-temperature particulate and sulfur removal processes to their use in treating these gas streams in a cost-effective manner.
99102834 Thermodynamic and transport properties of H-S gases including sulfur dihydride: H2S Pateyron, Plasma
B. et al. Prog. Plasma Process. Mater. 1997, Proc. hrt. Therm. Processes Conf., 4th. 1996, (Pub. 1997). 611-617. Edited by
Fauchais, P., Begell House, New York. Sulfur dihydride (HzS) is one of the major toxic wastes resulting from oil to fuel conversion. The thermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous sulfur dihydride are investigated in this paper. There are several techniques of HzS conversion to hydrogen and sulfur, amongst which thermal plasmas is very promising. In this process, composition, thermodynamic and transport properties are calculated at atmospheric pressure up to 20,000 K, using the data bank and ADEP computer code. For composition calculations, the code is derived from the White and Dantzig method, which allows the formation of minor species to be studied. The transport properties of hydrogen/sulfur system are determined according to the Chapman-Enskog theory. It was found that hydrogen/sulfur systems have very high specific enthalpy (23.3 MJ/kg at 5000 K), high viscosity (0.2 x 10-s kg/m/s at 5000 K) and a high mean thermal conductivity (4 J/(m.s.K) at 10,000 K).
99102835 Transboundary environmental problems: the case of the burning of coal in Poland for heating and electricity purposes Change, 1998, 8, (4), 329-340. Lbfstedt, R. E. Global Environmental This paper examines an example of a transboundary environmental risk problem, namely that of coal burning in Poland. Transboundary environmental problems have increased in prevalence over recent years in Eastern Europe where the scope and extent of the problems, and hence possibility of impacts outside of national borders, have been considerably greater than in western nations. The case study focuses on determining both Polish policy makers’ and the public’s views regarding the perceived importance of local in relation to transboundary environmental concerns.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1999 295