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03011 Organic geochemistry and palynology of Lower Cretaceous Zuunbayan Oil shales, Mongolia
02 are important source rocks in the basin. The crude oils examined in this study were obtained from reservoir formations of the same age throughout the oil field. The source rock screening analysis indicates that the Karababa-A member and the Karabogaz formation have substantial oilgeneration potential. The Karababa-B and C members have no source potential because they do not contain sufficient amount of total organic matter content (0.12-0.24 TOC wt%). Selected source rock and oil samples were characterized in detail and distributions and concentrations (both relative and absolute) of biomarkers at different oils were examined. The biomarker characteristics were combined with other geochemical and geological data to interpret the sources, depositional environments and the age of the oils. Oil-source rock correlations were made between source rocks and crude oils based on qualitative and quantitative biomarker distributions. Petrographic descriptions and vitrinite reflectance measurements were used to evaluate petrographic properties of source rocks and maturity levels of the formations. 99lQ3007 Geochemical study of Misoa Formation crude oils, Centro Lago Field, Lake Maracaibo, Western Venezuelan Basin Tocco, R. and Margarita, A. Marine and Perroleum Geology, 1999, 16, (2), 135-150. This study aims to evaluate hydrocarbon distributions (C1.5- and C15+) in the Misoa Formation oils from the Centro Lago Field (Lake Maracaibo western Venezuela). Detailed geochemical analyses of 38 crude oils from various producing sands (B-X, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6) indicate that the oils are derived from the same source rock (La Luna Formation) and that they were formed during the main phase of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. Migration-fractionation is considered as a possible contributor to changes in crude oil composition. On the basis of the analysis C15organic compounds, various crude oil families were differentiated in the Centro Lago Field. The reservoir is composed of four principal oil families: B-X crude oils in CLA-237 and CLA-346, C2 crude oils, C3 and C4 oils of the south dome (except CLA-233 for C3 and CL-24 and CLA-238 for C4 and C4 (north dome) and C5 oils form an oil family with similar chemical composition. 99l03QQ8 The model of hydrocarbon generation and evolution for coal and macerals in the Tuha Basin, China Zhao, C. and Cheng, K. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1998, 43, (21), 1826-1830. The properties of hydrocarbon generation of macerals are determined by means of pyrolysis gas chromatography, 13C-NMR and fluorescent analysis and the evolution model of hydrocarbon generation is established for macerals and coal of the Tuha Basin. There are two stages of oil generation for the coal of the Tuha Basin, whose R” values are 0.40-0.80% and 0.901.20%. respectively. 99103009 Nontoxic propellants for orbital manoeuvring and reaction control systems for reusable spacecraft Hurlbert, E. er al. 1. Propul. Power, 1998, 14, (5), 676-687. Toxic propellants are potentially hazardous and thus require extensive safety precautions. Consequently, ground operations cost are high, particularly for reusable spacecraft. Since the late 196Os, non-toxic propellants for orbital manoeuvring and reaction control systems have received periodic attention as new reusable vehicles and upgrades to existing vehicles have been proposed. In this paper, the spacecraft requirements that drive propellant selections, the viable candidates for non-toxic propellants and the system concepts and technologies required are discussed. Additionally, options for non-toxic propellants are discussed. These are categorized as monopropellants, storable bipropellants and cryogenic oxygen-based bipropellants. Monopropellants provide inherently simple systems and are most suited to low total impulse systems. Hydrogen peroxide and kerosene is a promising storable bipropellant in terms of its density, specific impulse and low toxicity for long-duration spacecraft onorbit propulsion systems. This combination can be made hypergolic, which renders it a very effective replacement for currently used storable propellants. The hypergolic characteristics of kerosene with additives and high-concentration hydrogen peroxide are presented in detail. Higherperformance liquid oxygen and alcohol or hydrocarbon fuels are advantageous for reusable propulsion systems that emphasize fluid commonality with other spacecraft systems and for human exploration missions where insiru propellant production is foreseen. The prospects for further research work on all of these propellants are also examined. 99lO3010 Oil production by vacuum pyrolysis of Canadian oil shales and fate of the biologrcal markers Pakdel, H. et al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (3), 365-375. In order to investigate the potential of vacuum pyrolysis for the production of oil from Carboniferous-age oil shales from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, a bench-scale experimental study was undertaken. Vacuum pyrolysis limits the secondary decomposition reactions, which, as a result, provides a high yield of pyrolysis oil and a low yield of gas. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the optimum pyrolysis conditions for the production of pyrolysis oil; (2) to study the influence of reaction conditions on the nature of the oil; (3) to correlate the oil composition with the organic source material; and (4) to gain some insight into the kerogen decomposition. Batches of 120 g oil shale samples sieved to l-5 mm particle size were heated to 600°C and 1 kPa total pressure. The oil yield varied in the range of 10-20 wt% depending on the type of oil shale pyrolysed. The major pyrolysis gases generated during pyrolysis were COz (the most abundant),
Liquid fuels (sources,
properties,
recovery)
CO, Hz, CH4 and Cz-C,, hydrocarbons. The pyrolysis shale oils were deasphalted and yielded about 60-80 wt% maltene. n-Alkanes with bimodal distribution in the range of Cs-Cs4 were found in maltene fractions. The maltene fraction of a lamosite pyrolysis shale oil from New Brunswick was analysed in detail and the results of the analysis are presented.
99103011 Organic geochemistry and palynology of Lower Cretaceous Zuunbayan Oil shales, Mongolia Yamamoto, M. er al. Chishirsu Chosasho Geppo, 1998, 49, (6), 257-274. Derived from 26 oil shales from the Zuunbayan Group, Lower Cretaceous lacustrine sedimentary sequences in eastern Mongolia, biomarkers, spores and pollens were analysed. The results are presented in full detail.
99lQ3012 Petroleum generation, migration and entrapment in the Zhu 1 depression, Pearl River Mouth basin, south China Sea Robison, C. R. et al. Inr. J. Coal Geol., 1998, 37, (l-2), 155-178. An analysis of crude oils from several fields in and near the Huizhou sag, Zhu 1 depression, Pearl River Mouth basin was completed. The analysis provides an excellent demonstration of inferring petroleum generation, migration and entrapment in areas where drilling encounters hydrocarbons, but fails to penetrate the effective generative sequence. This paper illustrates the integration of geochemical, geophysical and geological interpretations to develop a model of petroleum generation, migration and entrapment. Although drilling in the Zhu l’s Huizbou sag and on the adjacent Dongsha Massif has netted numerous oil discoveries since the early 198Os, it has not encountered any effective or potential source rocks within the penetrated sections. However, interpretation of the systematic variations in crude oil chemistry within the regional geological and structural framework has been invaluable in inferring source attributes and delineating location and distribution of the unpenetrated probable source. The signatures resulting from genetic and alteration processes suggest that high-wax oils were generated in mature, lacustrine source facies of the syn-rift sequence and were expelled into a tightly sealed massive sandstone carrier system. They migrated south-south-east toward the Dongsha Massif, were entrapped to spill point in traps along the migration route and were altered increasingly within the successively shallower and cooler reservoirs on the massif.
Predicting the quantities of oil and gas generated 99103013 from Australian Permian coals, Bowen Basin using pyrolytic methods Boreham, C. J. et al. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1999, 16, (2), 165188. The determination of kinetic parameters for gas and oil generation and testing of applicability of the kinetic models to petroleum generation through comparisons with natural maturity coal sequences and field observations in the Bowen and surat basins was the goal of this study. From bulk pyrolysis and py-gc, the quantities and composition of coalderived products have established that the ‘oil window’ is between 440 and 465°C. This compares favourably with the oil window defined using the chemical kinetics model applied to the geo-history model, as well as encompassing the range in chemical maturities of the oils in the Bowen and Surat basins. Furthermore, field observations on gas maturity support the kinetic predictions that the bulk of the gas generation mainly occurs after bulk oil generation. However, there are specific discrepancies that question the current kinetic treatment for coal and its ability to accurately predict petroleum generation in the subsurface. For example. the naturally matured coals are more oil prone. as a result of re-incorporation of hydrogen-rich volatile components into the coal matrix. compared with predictions from the immature analogue. Furthermore, cumulative GORs determined from modelling significantly underestimate GOR found for recoverable gas and oil from the Bowen and surat basins. Here, uncertainties in the extent of gas and oil preservation arising from multiple phases of petroleum generation during a complex burial history model may also be significant.
99103014 Resistivity index of fractional wettability porous media Tsakiroglou, C. D. and Fleury, M. J. Petroleum Sci. & Engineering, 1999, 22, (4), 253-274. Using pore network models, the effects of fractional wettability on electrical resistivity index curves of porous media are investigated. A bond percolation-and-fractal roughness model is used to simulate the oil/water drainage of the conventional porous plate method in pore networks composed of randomly distributed ‘strongly water-wet’ and ‘strongly oilwet’ capillaries. Based on universal scaling laws of percolation quantities, effective medium approximation and fractal geometry, approximate analytic relationships are developed with respect to the dependence of the resistivity index, capillary pressure and saturation exponent on certain microstructural properties of the pore space and surface fractional wettability over the various water saturation regions. The simulated data are fitted to twoexponent power laws, which in turn are evaluated as macroscopic conceptual models of the resistivity index.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1999
319
Liquid fuels (sources,
properties,
recovery)
CO, Hz, CH4 and Cz-C,, hydrocarbons. The pyrolysis shale oils were deasphalted and yielded about 60-80 wt% maltene. n-Alkanes with bimodal distribution in the range of Cs-Cs4 were found in maltene fractions. The maltene fraction of a lamosite pyrolysis shale oil from New Brunswick was analysed in detail and the results of the analysis are presented.
99103011 Organic geochemistry and palynology of Lower Cretaceous Zuunbayan Oil shales, Mongolia Yamamoto, M. er al. Chishirsu Chosasho Geppo, 1998, 49, (6), 257-274. Derived from 26 oil shales from the Zuunbayan Group, Lower Cretaceous lacustrine sedimentary sequences in eastern Mongolia, biomarkers, spores and pollens were analysed. The results are presented in full detail.
99lQ3012 Petroleum generation, migration and entrapment in the Zhu 1 depression, Pearl River Mouth basin, south China Sea Robison, C. R. et al. Inr. J. Coal Geol., 1998, 37, (l-2), 155-178. An analysis of crude oils from several fields in and near the Huizhou sag, Zhu 1 depression, Pearl River Mouth basin was completed. The analysis provides an excellent demonstration of inferring petroleum generation, migration and entrapment in areas where drilling encounters hydrocarbons, but fails to penetrate the effective generative sequence. This paper illustrates the integration of geochemical, geophysical and geological interpretations to develop a model of petroleum generation, migration and entrapment. Although drilling in the Zhu l’s Huizbou sag and on the adjacent Dongsha Massif has netted numerous oil discoveries since the early 198Os, it has not encountered any effective or potential source rocks within the penetrated sections. However, interpretation of the systematic variations in crude oil chemistry within the regional geological and structural framework has been invaluable in inferring source attributes and delineating location and distribution of the unpenetrated probable source. The signatures resulting from genetic and alteration processes suggest that high-wax oils were generated in mature, lacustrine source facies of the syn-rift sequence and were expelled into a tightly sealed massive sandstone carrier system. They migrated south-south-east toward the Dongsha Massif, were entrapped to spill point in traps along the migration route and were altered increasingly within the successively shallower and cooler reservoirs on the massif.
Predicting the quantities of oil and gas generated 99103013 from Australian Permian coals, Bowen Basin using pyrolytic methods Boreham, C. J. et al. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1999, 16, (2), 165188. The determination of kinetic parameters for gas and oil generation and testing of applicability of the kinetic models to petroleum generation through comparisons with natural maturity coal sequences and field observations in the Bowen and surat basins was the goal of this study. From bulk pyrolysis and py-gc, the quantities and composition of coalderived products have established that the ‘oil window’ is between 440 and 465°C. This compares favourably with the oil window defined using the chemical kinetics model applied to the geo-history model, as well as encompassing the range in chemical maturities of the oils in the Bowen and Surat basins. Furthermore, field observations on gas maturity support the kinetic predictions that the bulk of the gas generation mainly occurs after bulk oil generation. However, there are specific discrepancies that question the current kinetic treatment for coal and its ability to accurately predict petroleum generation in the subsurface. For example. the naturally matured coals are more oil prone. as a result of re-incorporation of hydrogen-rich volatile components into the coal matrix. compared with predictions from the immature analogue. Furthermore, cumulative GORs determined from modelling significantly underestimate GOR found for recoverable gas and oil from the Bowen and surat basins. Here, uncertainties in the extent of gas and oil preservation arising from multiple phases of petroleum generation during a complex burial history model may also be significant.
99103014 Resistivity index of fractional wettability porous media Tsakiroglou, C. D. and Fleury, M. J. Petroleum Sci. & Engineering, 1999, 22, (4), 253-274. Using pore network models, the effects of fractional wettability on electrical resistivity index curves of porous media are investigated. A bond percolation-and-fractal roughness model is used to simulate the oil/water drainage of the conventional porous plate method in pore networks composed of randomly distributed ‘strongly water-wet’ and ‘strongly oilwet’ capillaries. Based on universal scaling laws of percolation quantities, effective medium approximation and fractal geometry, approximate analytic relationships are developed with respect to the dependence of the resistivity index, capillary pressure and saturation exponent on certain microstructural properties of the pore space and surface fractional wettability over the various water saturation regions. The simulated data are fitted to twoexponent power laws, which in turn are evaluated as macroscopic conceptual models of the resistivity index.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1999
319