03036 Solid acid catalyst and its production method

02 Improving the properties of vegetable oils and fats 99103025 for use as biodiesel Foglia, T. A. et al. Proc. World Conf. Oilseed Edible Oils Process., 1996 (Pub. 1998), 1, 121-125. Edited by Koseoglu, S. S. et al. AOCS Press: Champaign, III. Past and present research on vegetable oil-based alternative diesel fuels, biodiesel, is discussed. Selected fuel properties of some vegetable oils and some soybean esters, transesterification (mono-alkyl esters) and properties of mono-alkyl esters are described. In-vehicle separation of volatile fractions of 99193926 transportation fuels for better cold start operation Plog, C. et al. Ger. DE 19,713,841 (Cl. BOlD3/10), 12 Nov 1998, Appl. 19.713.841, 4 Apr 1997, 6 pp. (In German) Presented is a method of providing volatile fractions of motor fuel invehicle, for use in cold start operations of motor vehicles. The method acts to reduce pressure in the fuel tank, in which the more volatile components evaporate and to condense the separated components through a vacuum membrane. This process is particularly effective for cold starting motor vehicles with lower hydrocarbon emissions. 99i93927 IR spectroscopy study of CO adsorption and of the interaction between CO and hydrogen on alumina-supported cobalt Kadinov, G. et al. J. Chem. Sot., Faraday Trans., 1998,94, (19), 3027-3031. Carbon monoxide adsorption on two samples of 5 wt% Co/AlzOs was studied using IR spectroscopy. By variation of sample pre-treatment, carbon monoxide pressure, contact time and mode of hydrogen coadsorption, several surface species were identified. Polycarbonyls and carbon monoxide adsorbed on cobalt ions of different oxidation states and on metallic cobalt. Three species were distinguished, carbon monoxide linearly adsorbed on cobalt atoms with partial positive charge (Cod’), hydrocarbonyls (H-Co-CO) an? polycarbonyls [Co(CO),]. They gave rise to bands in the 2050-2060 cm region and could coexist on the catalyst, depending on the experimental conditions. The thermal stability and reactivity to hydrogen of the various species were studied and CO-Co’ was found to be the most stable. The results have application in FischerTropsch mechanisms. Latest technology gasoline detergent additive 99103029 Soobramanien, M. C. et al. Petroleum and Coal, 1999, 41, (l), 26-30. More stringent emission regulations and fuel economy targets means engine designs are becoming more advanced. An increase in engine fuel efficiency generally leads to the emerging trend of hotter inlet valves. Furthermore, the modern port fuel injected engine tends to have smaller inlet valves, which provide less heat transfer area and therefore should be hotter compared to vehicles of the past. Different types of gasoline detergents can be used to control deposits throughout the fuel inlet system across a range of engine designs. However, it is important that these detergents possess sufficient thermal stability to ensure maintenance of inlet valve cleanliness for vehicles representative of modern European technology under all conditions. This paper examines the performance of a new technology gasoline detergent additive (DC X) in a series of engine and laboratory tests. Compared to the conventional polybutene amine and polyether amine type additives, it has an increased thermal stability proven by thermogravimetric analysis. This enhanced thermal stability translates to its highly effective performance an the hat valve single paint throttle-body fuel injection VW Polo engine test under a cycle where the tulip temperature reaches 350°C. Lifecycle analysis for heavy vehicles 99193929 Gaines, L. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. [computer optical disk], 1998, 91, WP61B03/1-14. A comparison was made of the lifecycle energy use and emissions from heavy trucks, using selected alternative fuels, such as Fisher-Tropsch diesel fuel and advanced fuel-efficient engines. The total lifecycle includes production and recycling of the vehicle itself; extraction, processing and transportation of the fuel itself and vehicle operation and maintenance. Energy use was considered in total, as well as those portions that are imported, domestic and renewable. Emissions of interest include greenhouse gases (GHG) and criteria pollutants. The Argonne’s Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model was used to generate per-vehicle fuel cycle impacts. The lowest fossil energy use did not necessarily result in the lowest total energy use; lower tailpipe emissions may not necessarily result in lower lifecycle emissions of all criteria pollutants. Use of natural-gas-based alternative fuels in trucks currently saves neither energy nor minimizes GHG emissions. Natural gas would appear more attractive if a more efficient engine were developed. As components of diesel engine exhaust vary drastically with fuel, regulating diesel exhaust as a single pollutant may be inappropriate. The no-harm performance of lubricity additives for 99lO3939 low sulfur diesel fuels Wall, S. W. et al. Petroleum and Coal, 1999, 41, (l), 38-42. Today, most low-sulfur automotive diesel fuels are treated with an additive to enhance the lubricity of the base fuel. Field experience has shown that in order to achieve the full benefits of the low sulfur diesel fuel, the lubricity additive must not only provide sufficient lubricity performance to protect sensitive diesel fuel pumps, but must have no undesirable side effects. The

Liquid fuels (transport, refining, quality, storage)

oil and additive industries have developed a wide range of tests to evaluate the no-harm performance of lubricity additive packages and components. This paper describes many of these tests with reference to their use in developing a novel lubricity additive package recently developed for city diesel fuel. Preparation and transportation of solid-liquid coal 99193031 slurries Shalaurov, V. A. et al. Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Rarrab. Polezn. Iskop., 1997, (5), 112-119. (In Russian) Refining of fuel oils from waste plastics and oil 99103032 fractions of distillate and automobile fuels from it Sadakane, 0. and Matsumoto, Y. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 310,778 [98 310,778] (Cl. ClOG11/18), 24 Nov 1998, Appl. 97/137,898, 12 May 1997, 5 pp. (In Japanese) A fluid catalytic cracking apparatus for removal of diene compounds, chlorine components and oxygen components is employed in refining the oils. Gasoline, gas oil or bottom residue obtained by fractional distillation of the refined fuel oils and the automobile fuels mainly composed of the gasoline or the gas oil are described. It is possible to achieve efficient use of waste plastics for automobile fuels. Rheological characteristics of a lignite slurry fuel T. B. et al. Prog. Trends Rheol. V, Proc. Eur. Rheol. Conf., 5th, 1998, 556-557. Edited by Emri, I., Steirkopff, Darmstadt, Germany. As potential upgraded fuels, concentrated, stable suspensions of lignite in water of maximum concentration -49 wt% were prepared; they were tested in the shear rate range of 0.01-1600/s. The additives showed no effect on the apparent viscosity at the high shear rates. A 3-4 wt% increase of particle loading, at the upper concentration range, cause a one order of magnitude increase of the viscosity. On the other hand, with a bimodal PSD, a reduction of the viscosity by -100% was attained in comparison to unimodal PSD. 99103933 Goudoulas,

Role of hydroprocessing in modern refinery 99103034 Skripek, M. et al. Petroleum and Coal, 1999, 41, (1). 6-19. Included in hydroprocessing are both hydrotreating and hydrocracking technologies. These play an essential role in today’s refinery and are the key technologies for the production of clean, environmentally acceptable fuels, namely gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel and fuel oil. These technologies are also used to upgrade various refinery streams to produce high quality feedstocks for FCC and delayed cokers, as well as for production of lube stocks and petrochemicals. This paper describes all major hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes and how they fit in a modern refinery. A semi-analytical solution for a two-dimensional 99103935 capacitance model in solute transport Bai, M. et al. J. Petroleum Sci. & Engineering, 1999, 22, (4), 275-296. For the analysis of solute transport in heterogeneous porous media where the transport processes are affected by mass transfer between the flowing volume in macropores and the stagnant volume in micropores, a twodimensional capacitance model is presented. The semi-analytical solutions for both penetrating and non-penetrating sources are obtained using double Laplace transforms and numerical inversions. The modelling results reveal the strong influences of dispersive and convective properties of porous media in the transverse direction on the overall transport that cannot be replicated by the current one-dimensional transport models. The solution may provide a useful tool to interpret some transport situations within common field geometries. 99193036 Solid acid catalyst and its production method Inagaki, S. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 296,088 [98 296,088] (Cl. BOlJ29/064), 10 Nov 1998, Appl. 97/111,611, 28 Apr 1997, 12 pp. (In Japanese) A solid acid catalyst comprised of porous material is discussed. The pores contain metal sulfides and the maximum peak pore diameter is 1.4-10 nm with either ~60 ~01% of the pores with size distribution within 240% of the peak pore dtameter or at least one peak with density >1 nm. The catalyst is manufactured by the addition of metal ion into the pores, followed by sulfide gas treatment with optional post oxidation. The catalyst is useful for manufacture of high-octane gasoline from heavy oil, synthesis of drugs and functional organic substances, etc. Stability of CWM in long-distance pipelines 99l93037 Suzuki, Y. et al. Sekiyu Gakkaishi, 1998, 41, (6), 361-368. Using a loop test facility in which a pipe of 200 mm inside diameter was used, the change in apparent viscosity of CWM occurring during longperiod operations was measured. The apparent viscosity of CWM showed a tendency to increase while CWM was circulated in the loop. It was hypothesized that the agglomerated coal particles were dispersed, attributed to the high shear rates created by the CWM fluid flowing through the pipe and the pump. The coal particles in the CWM, being pulverized, adsorbed greater amount of dispersant. Thus, it was considered that the amount of dispersant in the liquid phase was reduced to an extent too little to maintain the viscosity of the CWM at low levels. For the purpose of investigating this phenomenon, the rheological properties were experimentally examined at high and low shear rates. High shear rates were produced

Fuel and Energy Abstracts

September

1999

321