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03141 Boron accumulation by maize grown in acidic soil amended with coal combustion products
04
By-products related to fuels
h ’(CH4) and 870 “C. The promoted catalysts were studied by XRD, TPR and XPS techniques. Ceria suppressed the growth of nickel crystallites, enhancing the stability and performance of the catalyst.
Reactivity of Pt/A1203 and Pt/Ce02/A1203 catalysts 99103134 for partial oxidation of methane to syngas
Yan, Q.-G. et al. Stud. Surf Sci. Catal., 1998, 119, (Natural Gas Conversion, V), 855-860. In the partial oxidation of methane to syngas, the use of ceria modified Pt/ Ce02/AIz09 and Pt/AIzO3 catalysts was studied. The SEM, XRD, TPR and TPD techniques were used for the catalyst characterization. The addition of ceria enhanced the platinum dispersion and decreased the platinum crystallites size. A significant improvement was witnessed in the activity and selectivity of the catalyst for partial oxidation and the methane total oxidation was sharply suppressed.
Studies on CH4 partial oxidation to syngas in 99103136 microwave field
Bi, X. et al. Yunnan Dame Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 1998, 20, (Suppl.), 362-365. (In Chinese) The paper studies the catalytic activity of Ni/LazOs catalyst for the partial oxid&i& of methane to syngas under-microwave irradiation. The mkthane conversion and the selectivity of CO and Hz increased with increasing the space velocity and the effect of the nickel content on catalytic activity was negligible. Compared with a conventional heating mode, the temperature of the catalytic bed is much lower and there is a higher selectivity of CO with microwave irradiation.
Study on catalytic oxidation and reforming of CH4, 99103136 CO2 and O2 to syngas - action of Ce02 in catalyst Song, Y. and Zhao, X. Tianranqi Huagong, 1998, 23, (4), 12-14. (In Chinese) An investigation of the catalytic performance of nickel-based catalyst containing cerium for the catalytic oxidation and reforming of CH4, CO* and Oz tosyngas. It was found that the activity and selectivity of the catalyst were remarkably improved by cerium addition. The results of TPR, XRD and XPS showed that the existence of CeOz could enhance the interaction between the active component and carrier, adjust the composition of nickel species in the catalyst and increase the activity and selectivity of the catalyst.
Synthesis gas production: comparison of 99103137 gasification wtth steam reforming for direct reduced iron production
Foulds, G. A. et al. Stud. Surf Sci. Catal., 1998, 119, (Natural Gas Conversion, V), 889-894. Coupled to the production of direct reduced iron (DRI) in the form of briquettes, gasification is compared with steam reforming. This is done because there are significant process integration benefits to be gained by using the gasifier in this application. However, it should be noted that the benefits of integration will vary, depending on the particular downstream application, The end result of the study is that an equivalent cost of natural gas and gasifier feedstock is obtained, giving some idea as to how much of a threat gasification of opportunity fuels is to natural gas steam reforming.
99l03140
Application of fly ash in process of wastewater
treatment
Yu, Y. et al. Guisuanyan Tongbao, 1998, 17, (3), 42-45. (In Chinese) When treated by acids fly ash formed a coagulant containing A12(S04)3, Fe& H2Si03 and AIC13. SEM was used to detect its surface microstructure and the influence of grain size of fly ash on its adsorption property is discussed here. The study investigated the application of the fly ash coagulant in treatment of paper making wastewater and tanning wastewater and presents the coagulation mechanism of fly ash coagulant. The fly ash coagulant displayed better coagulation properties than normal coagulant such as Alz(SO.,)j and FeCI+ The coagulation property of fly ash treated by 1N HCI and 1N H2S04 was better than that of fly ash treated by 2N HCI or 2N Hz.SOd. 99103141 Boron accumulation by maize grown in acidic soil amended with coal combustion products Clark, R. B. et al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (2). 179-185. Coal combustion products (CCPs) have potential for use as soil amendments on acidic soils. One concern for plants grown on acidic soils amended with CCPs is boron toxicity, since many CCPs contain considerable boron. Maize was grown on acidic soil amended with 15 CCPs [two fly ashes (FAs), three fluidized bed combustion products (LBCs), one calcium oxide (CaO) material, six high calcium sulfite (CaS03) flue gas desulfurization products (FGDs) and three high calcium sulfate (CaS04) PGDs] at different levels to determine accumulation of boron in shoots. Plants were also grown in soil amended with calcium carbonate (CaC03, lime) and chemical grade CaS04 and CaS03 as controls. Among the CCPs tested, FAs contained the highest boron levels. Shoot boron concentrations were as high as 500 mg kg without reductions in dry matter (DM) for plants grown on soil amended with one FA. Plants grown with one FBC had sufficient boron to suspect potential boron toxicity and plant DM was greatly reduced or died when grown with 20.5% of this material. Relatively high shoot boron concentrations were noted in plants grown with the highest levels of high CaS03, FGDs. High shoot boron concentrations (-300 mg kg-’ were noted for plants grown with >5% levels of one high CaS04 FGD and DM declined after reaching these levels. Plants grown on soil amended with CaO had low shoot boron. Some of the CCPs used in this study contained sufficient boron to potentially induce boron toxicity in plants grown on the acidic soil amended with the various CCPs. Maize growth was generally enhanced when grown on soil amended with the CCPs at appropriate levels. 99103142 Coal fly ash: a retrospective and future look Manz, 0. E. Fuel, 1999, 78, (2), 133-136. To accommodate the many new sub-bituminous fly ashes, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) established two classes of fly ash, Class F from bituminous coal and Class C from sub-bituminous and lignite coal. However, the wide variability of the Class C ashes from location to location led to extensive X-ray diffraction studies, with the conclusion that the mineralogy was more important than the chemical analysis and that the classification by type of coal was erroneous. A need exists to produce a performance-oriented standard rather than a prescriptive one. Recently, the installation of NO, burners has increased the carbon content of fly ash and, consequently, the instability of entrained air in concrete. This paper presents a retrospective and future look on the use of fly ash for concrete production in the United States and makes suggestions for future research. 99103143
Coal wastes as a valuable raw material for cement
production
04
BY-PRODUCTS TO FUELS
RELATED
P’yachev, V. A. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Gorn. Zh., 1998, (3-4), 64-74. (In Russian) For the purpose of assessing the possibility of their use in cement manufacture in the Ural region, the physicochemical, mineral and technology properties of coal beneficiation tailings were studied. Experimental production using mixed charges of coal tailings and limestone resulted in good quality cement clinkers. 99103144
99103136
Agricultural use of a flue gas desulfurization
byproduct
Dick, W. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. [computer optical disk], 1998, 91, TP5207/1-16 For operators of small coal-fired boilers that require a flue-gas desulfurization system which does not generate wastes, there are very few, if any, economical alternatives. A new duct-injection technology called Fluesorbent has been developed to help fill this gap, designed so that the saturated SOz-sorbent materials would be valuable soil amendments for agricultural or turf-grass land. Agricultural and turf grass studies recently commenced using spent Fluesorbent materials from an FGD pilot programme at an Ohio power plant. In the first year of testing, alfalfa yields on field plots with the FGD by-products were approximately 250% greater than on plots with no treatment and about 40% greater than on plots treated with an equivalent amount of agricultural lime. Detailed yield and chemical data are presented.
99103139 Application of fly ash in fire-resistant packing seal Gao, Z. and Peng, J. et al. Huanjing Baohu, 1998, (7), 42-43. (In Chinese) The paper introduces the formula, characteristics and performance index of SDF-series fire-resistant packing seals using fly ash as aggregate.
330
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1999
The composition, structure and properties of coal
tars
Bratchun, V. I. et al. Koks Khim., 1998, (6), 23-25. (In Russian) Eleven coal-tar road bitumens and coal-tar pitch are the subject of a study into composition, rheological and colloidal properties. 99103145
mineral oil
Control of toluene and xylene by absorption in
De Assuncao, J. V. and Vasconcelos, S. M. F. Proc., Annu. Meet.Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1997, 90, MP4A06/1-10. Control of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is usually accomplished by thermal or catalytic incineration, adsorption and more recently biofiltration. In Brazil there is no specific environmental legislation for VOC control. Current enforcement is based on population complaints in relation to odour outside the plant. In the near future, regulation for VOC control will be enacted, aimed at attaining the 0s standard. Experimental results for the absorption of toluene and xylene in mineral oil (fuel oil used in diesel buses and trucks) with a countercurrent flow packed tower are presented. The resultant enriched mineral oil would still be used as a fuel and could be a more economical way of reducing VOC emissions if it is not necessary for collection efficiencies to be as high as those obtained by incineration or adsorption. This control method could also be a way of waste recycling; other organic liquids will be tested in the near future.
By-products related to fuels
h ’(CH4) and 870 “C. The promoted catalysts were studied by XRD, TPR and XPS techniques. Ceria suppressed the growth of nickel crystallites, enhancing the stability and performance of the catalyst.
Reactivity of Pt/A1203 and Pt/Ce02/A1203 catalysts 99103134 for partial oxidation of methane to syngas
Yan, Q.-G. et al. Stud. Surf Sci. Catal., 1998, 119, (Natural Gas Conversion, V), 855-860. In the partial oxidation of methane to syngas, the use of ceria modified Pt/ Ce02/AIz09 and Pt/AIzO3 catalysts was studied. The SEM, XRD, TPR and TPD techniques were used for the catalyst characterization. The addition of ceria enhanced the platinum dispersion and decreased the platinum crystallites size. A significant improvement was witnessed in the activity and selectivity of the catalyst for partial oxidation and the methane total oxidation was sharply suppressed.
Studies on CH4 partial oxidation to syngas in 99103136 microwave field
Bi, X. et al. Yunnan Dame Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 1998, 20, (Suppl.), 362-365. (In Chinese) The paper studies the catalytic activity of Ni/LazOs catalyst for the partial oxid&i& of methane to syngas under-microwave irradiation. The mkthane conversion and the selectivity of CO and Hz increased with increasing the space velocity and the effect of the nickel content on catalytic activity was negligible. Compared with a conventional heating mode, the temperature of the catalytic bed is much lower and there is a higher selectivity of CO with microwave irradiation.
Study on catalytic oxidation and reforming of CH4, 99103136 CO2 and O2 to syngas - action of Ce02 in catalyst Song, Y. and Zhao, X. Tianranqi Huagong, 1998, 23, (4), 12-14. (In Chinese) An investigation of the catalytic performance of nickel-based catalyst containing cerium for the catalytic oxidation and reforming of CH4, CO* and Oz tosyngas. It was found that the activity and selectivity of the catalyst were remarkably improved by cerium addition. The results of TPR, XRD and XPS showed that the existence of CeOz could enhance the interaction between the active component and carrier, adjust the composition of nickel species in the catalyst and increase the activity and selectivity of the catalyst.
Synthesis gas production: comparison of 99103137 gasification wtth steam reforming for direct reduced iron production
Foulds, G. A. et al. Stud. Surf Sci. Catal., 1998, 119, (Natural Gas Conversion, V), 889-894. Coupled to the production of direct reduced iron (DRI) in the form of briquettes, gasification is compared with steam reforming. This is done because there are significant process integration benefits to be gained by using the gasifier in this application. However, it should be noted that the benefits of integration will vary, depending on the particular downstream application, The end result of the study is that an equivalent cost of natural gas and gasifier feedstock is obtained, giving some idea as to how much of a threat gasification of opportunity fuels is to natural gas steam reforming.
99l03140
Application of fly ash in process of wastewater
treatment
Yu, Y. et al. Guisuanyan Tongbao, 1998, 17, (3), 42-45. (In Chinese) When treated by acids fly ash formed a coagulant containing A12(S04)3, Fe& H2Si03 and AIC13. SEM was used to detect its surface microstructure and the influence of grain size of fly ash on its adsorption property is discussed here. The study investigated the application of the fly ash coagulant in treatment of paper making wastewater and tanning wastewater and presents the coagulation mechanism of fly ash coagulant. The fly ash coagulant displayed better coagulation properties than normal coagulant such as Alz(SO.,)j and FeCI+ The coagulation property of fly ash treated by 1N HCI and 1N H2S04 was better than that of fly ash treated by 2N HCI or 2N Hz.SOd. 99103141 Boron accumulation by maize grown in acidic soil amended with coal combustion products Clark, R. B. et al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (2). 179-185. Coal combustion products (CCPs) have potential for use as soil amendments on acidic soils. One concern for plants grown on acidic soils amended with CCPs is boron toxicity, since many CCPs contain considerable boron. Maize was grown on acidic soil amended with 15 CCPs [two fly ashes (FAs), three fluidized bed combustion products (LBCs), one calcium oxide (CaO) material, six high calcium sulfite (CaS03) flue gas desulfurization products (FGDs) and three high calcium sulfate (CaS04) PGDs] at different levels to determine accumulation of boron in shoots. Plants were also grown in soil amended with calcium carbonate (CaC03, lime) and chemical grade CaS04 and CaS03 as controls. Among the CCPs tested, FAs contained the highest boron levels. Shoot boron concentrations were as high as 500 mg kg without reductions in dry matter (DM) for plants grown on soil amended with one FA. Plants grown with one FBC had sufficient boron to suspect potential boron toxicity and plant DM was greatly reduced or died when grown with 20.5% of this material. Relatively high shoot boron concentrations were noted in plants grown with the highest levels of high CaS03, FGDs. High shoot boron concentrations (-300 mg kg-’ were noted for plants grown with >5% levels of one high CaS04 FGD and DM declined after reaching these levels. Plants grown on soil amended with CaO had low shoot boron. Some of the CCPs used in this study contained sufficient boron to potentially induce boron toxicity in plants grown on the acidic soil amended with the various CCPs. Maize growth was generally enhanced when grown on soil amended with the CCPs at appropriate levels. 99103142 Coal fly ash: a retrospective and future look Manz, 0. E. Fuel, 1999, 78, (2), 133-136. To accommodate the many new sub-bituminous fly ashes, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) established two classes of fly ash, Class F from bituminous coal and Class C from sub-bituminous and lignite coal. However, the wide variability of the Class C ashes from location to location led to extensive X-ray diffraction studies, with the conclusion that the mineralogy was more important than the chemical analysis and that the classification by type of coal was erroneous. A need exists to produce a performance-oriented standard rather than a prescriptive one. Recently, the installation of NO, burners has increased the carbon content of fly ash and, consequently, the instability of entrained air in concrete. This paper presents a retrospective and future look on the use of fly ash for concrete production in the United States and makes suggestions for future research. 99103143
Coal wastes as a valuable raw material for cement
production
04
BY-PRODUCTS TO FUELS
RELATED
P’yachev, V. A. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Gorn. Zh., 1998, (3-4), 64-74. (In Russian) For the purpose of assessing the possibility of their use in cement manufacture in the Ural region, the physicochemical, mineral and technology properties of coal beneficiation tailings were studied. Experimental production using mixed charges of coal tailings and limestone resulted in good quality cement clinkers. 99103144
99103136
Agricultural use of a flue gas desulfurization
byproduct
Dick, W. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. [computer optical disk], 1998, 91, TP5207/1-16 For operators of small coal-fired boilers that require a flue-gas desulfurization system which does not generate wastes, there are very few, if any, economical alternatives. A new duct-injection technology called Fluesorbent has been developed to help fill this gap, designed so that the saturated SOz-sorbent materials would be valuable soil amendments for agricultural or turf-grass land. Agricultural and turf grass studies recently commenced using spent Fluesorbent materials from an FGD pilot programme at an Ohio power plant. In the first year of testing, alfalfa yields on field plots with the FGD by-products were approximately 250% greater than on plots with no treatment and about 40% greater than on plots treated with an equivalent amount of agricultural lime. Detailed yield and chemical data are presented.
99103139 Application of fly ash in fire-resistant packing seal Gao, Z. and Peng, J. et al. Huanjing Baohu, 1998, (7), 42-43. (In Chinese) The paper introduces the formula, characteristics and performance index of SDF-series fire-resistant packing seals using fly ash as aggregate.
330
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1999
The composition, structure and properties of coal
tars
Bratchun, V. I. et al. Koks Khim., 1998, (6), 23-25. (In Russian) Eleven coal-tar road bitumens and coal-tar pitch are the subject of a study into composition, rheological and colloidal properties. 99103145
mineral oil
Control of toluene and xylene by absorption in
De Assuncao, J. V. and Vasconcelos, S. M. F. Proc., Annu. Meet.Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1997, 90, MP4A06/1-10. Control of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is usually accomplished by thermal or catalytic incineration, adsorption and more recently biofiltration. In Brazil there is no specific environmental legislation for VOC control. Current enforcement is based on population complaints in relation to odour outside the plant. In the near future, regulation for VOC control will be enacted, aimed at attaining the 0s standard. Experimental results for the absorption of toluene and xylene in mineral oil (fuel oil used in diesel buses and trucks) with a countercurrent flow packed tower are presented. The resultant enriched mineral oil would still be used as a fuel and could be a more economical way of reducing VOC emissions if it is not necessary for collection efficiencies to be as high as those obtained by incineration or adsorption. This control method could also be a way of waste recycling; other organic liquids will be tested in the near future.