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03287 Energy recovery from solid waste fuels using advanced gasification technology
07
Alternative
energy sources (others, including development,
economics)
Thermal characteristics of a solar tank with aerogel 99103279 surface insulation Kamiuto, K. er al. Applied Energy, 1999, 62, (3), 113-123. Experimental and theoretical examinations have been completed on the transient thermal characteristics of a solar tank with silica aerogel surface insulation. The temperature drop of the water within the solar tank after sunset can be appreciably suppressed by introducing the aerogel surface insulation system. Furthermore, the proposed theoretical model can predict sunny-day hourly variations in the hot-water temperature within the solar tank with acceptable accuracy.
Wind Energy Dynamics of diesel and wind turbine generators on 99103280 an isolated power system Das, D. et al. Elecmrical Power and Energy Systems, 1999, 21, (3), 183-189. A dynamic system analysis of an isolated electric power system consisting of a diesel generator and a wind turbine generator is reported. The 150 kW wind turbine generator is operated in parallel with a diesel generator to serve an average load of 350 kW. Time domain solutions are used to study the performance of the power system. Optimum values of gain settings of the proportional-integral controller (P-I) are obtained by using the integral squared error (ISE) technique. A simple variable structure control (VSC) logic is also proposed for improvement of the dynamic performance of the system. Feasibility analysis of wind-energy utilization in 99103281 Croatia FeretiC, D. et al. Energy, 1999, 24, (3), 239-246. An investigation has been carried out into the competitiveness of windpowered generators built in Croatia. By applying Weibull wind-distribution functions with altitude corrections suggested by Justus, wind characteristics at suitable sites at 35m height have been calculated. Two sites on the Adriatic coast have been identified as promising locations and analysed in detail, using a generally applicable method. Wind-power utilization at one of the sites with the best wind-energy potential in Croatia is now marginally competitive with fossil-fuel systems. Technology policy and renewable energy: public 99103282 roles in the development of new energy technologies Loiter, J. M. and Norberg-Bohm, V. Energy Policy, 1999, 27, (2) 85-97. Efforts to restructure the electric utility industry have led to renewed calls for increased use of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation. These technologies are, for the most part, not yet cost competitive with traditional methods of generation. While wind generation of electricity is perhaps the closest to commercial viability, it is widely believed that further advances in the technology are necessary for it to become fully practicable in the genera1 view, indeed, public resources continue to be spent toward this end. This paper presents a study of the technological and policy history of the development of wind power in the United States. The primary conclusion is that demand-side policies are needed to encourage not only diffusion of wind energy, but innovation in the technology itself. Weak demand-side policies for wind energy risks wasting the expenditure of public resources on research programmes aimed at technological innovation. When these programmes operate without the benefit of a market to test the results or provide guidance for future efforts, they are less likely to succeed. Recommendations as to specific public policies for creating a market for renewable energy are made. Wind farm proposed for Stradbroke Island 99103283 Anon QGMJ, 1999, 100, (1167), 40. The planned development of a wind farm on North Stradbroke Island, off Queensland, is discussed. If the project proceeds, the wind farm is expected to be operational by mid-2000.
Others, including Development, Economics 99103284 Alternative fuel reburning Maly, P. M. et al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (3), 327-334. As a NO, control technology, advanced reburning couples basic reburning with the injection of nitrogen agents and promoter compounds. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted in which efficiency of basic and advanced reburning processes were characterized with a wide range of reburn fuels. Test fuels included natural gas, pulverized coal, coal pond fines, biomass, refuse derived fuel and Orimulsion. Process variables studied included reburn fuel type, reburn fuel heat input, reburn zone residence time, initial NO, concentration, nitrogen agent injection temperature and promoter type and amount. Reburn fuel properties found to affect the performance
344
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1999
most significantly include fuel nitrogen content, volatiles and ash constituents. Basic reburning performance for the tested solid fuels was found to approach that of natural gas reburning, with over 70% NO, reduction possible at reburn heat inputs above 20%. Advanced reburn tests were conducted in which reburning was coupled with injection of nitrogen agents and promoters. Alkalis were found to be the most effective promoter compounds, most notably sodium compounds. At reburn heat input of lo%, NO, reductions in the range of 85-95% were achieved with natural gas and biomass advanced reburning. 99103285 Combustion of refuse derived fuel in a fluidized bed Piao, G. et al. Waste Mgt., 1998, 18, (6-8), 509-512. Power generation from refuse derived fuel (RDF) is an attractive utilization technology of municipal solid waste. To explain the behaviour of a RDFfired fluidized bed incinerator, commercial-size RDF was continuously burnt in a 30x30 cm bubbling type fluidized-bed combustor. It was found that a 12 kg/h RDF feed rate was too high for this test unit and the carbon monoxide level was higher than 500 ppm. However, 10 kg/h of RDF was a proper feed rate and the carbon monoxide level was kept under 150 ppm. Secondary air injection and changing air ratio from the pipe grid were effective for the complete combustion of RDF. It was also found that hydrogen chloride concentration in flue gas was controlled by the calcium component contained in RDF and its level was decreased with decreasing the combustor temperature. 99103206 Energy recovery from municipal solid waste in small communities Rodriguez-Anon, J. et al. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 1998, 52, (3), 10051012. A project was undertaken in order to assess the possibility of using municipal solid waste as a source of recovered energy. A static bomb calorimeter was used to measure the heating values of municipal solid waste generated in three towns with a population of less than 50,000, situated in Galicia (Spain). Samples of raw refuse were burnt either as received or after sorting of the different combustible components. Samples from controlled and uncontrolled landfills were used in the study. The calorific values were compared with those corresponding to a commercial refusederived fuel. Energy recorery from solid waste fuels using 99103267 advanced gasification technology Morris, M. and Waldheim, L. Waste Mgr., 1998, 18, (6-8), 557-564. Since the mid-1980s, TPS Termiska Processer AB has been working on the development of an atmospheric-pressure gasification process. A major aim at the start of this work was the generation of fuel gas from indigenous fuels to Sweden (i.e. biomass). As the economic climate changed and awareness of the damage to the environment caused by the use of fossil fuels in power generation equipment increased, the aim of the development work at TPS was changed to applying the process to heat and power generation from feedstocks such as biomass and solid wastes. Compared with modern waste incineration with heat recovery, the gasification process will permit an increase in electricity output of up to 50%. The gasification process being developed is based on an atmospheric-pressure circulating fluidized bed gasifier coupled to a tar-cracking vessel. The gas produced from this process is then cooled and cleaned in conventional equipment. The energyrich gas produced is clean enough to be fired in a gas boiler (and, in the longer term, in an engine or gas turbine) without requiring extensive flue gas cleaning, as is normally required in conventional waste incineration plants. Producing clean fuel gas in this manner, which facilitates the use of efficient gas-fired boilers, means that overall plant electrical efficiencies of close to 30% can he achieved. TPS has performed a considerable amount of pilot plant testing on waste fuels in their gasification/gas cleaning pilot plant in Sweden. Two gasifiers of TPS design have been in operation in G&e-in-Chianti, Italy, since 1992. This plant processes 200 tonnes of RDF (refuse-derived fuel) per day. It is planned that the complete TPS gasification process (including the complete fuel gas cleaning system) be demonstrated in several gas turbine-based biomass-fuelled power generating plants in different parts of the world. It is the aim of TPS to prove, at commercial scale, the technical feasibility and economic advantages of the gasification process when it is applied to solid waste fuels. This aim shall be achieved, in the short-term, by employing the cold clean product gas in a gas boiler and, in the longer-term, by firing the gas in engines and gas turbines. A study for a 90 MWth waste-fuelled co-generation plant in Sweden has shown that, already today, gasification of solid waste can compete economically with conventional incineration technologies. 99103288 Evaluation of tire-derived fuel for use in nitrogen oxide reduction by reburning Miller, C. A. et al. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1998, 48, (8), 729-735. To determine its feasibility as a fuel for use in reburning to control nitric oxide, tire-derived fuel (TDF) was tested in a small-scale (44 kW or 150,000 Btu/h) combustor. TDF was gravity-fed into upward flowing combustion gases from a primary natural gas flame doped with NH3 to simulate a high nitric oxide combustion process. Nitric oxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter emissions were then measured. Tests varied the nominal primary nitric oxide concentration from 600 to 1200 ppm, the primary stoichiometry from 1.1 to 1.2 and used both natural gas and TDF as rebum fuels. Reburn injection rate was varied to achieve 820% of total heat input from reburn fuel. Reductions of 20-63% of nitric
Alternative
energy sources (others, including development,
economics)
Thermal characteristics of a solar tank with aerogel 99103279 surface insulation Kamiuto, K. er al. Applied Energy, 1999, 62, (3), 113-123. Experimental and theoretical examinations have been completed on the transient thermal characteristics of a solar tank with silica aerogel surface insulation. The temperature drop of the water within the solar tank after sunset can be appreciably suppressed by introducing the aerogel surface insulation system. Furthermore, the proposed theoretical model can predict sunny-day hourly variations in the hot-water temperature within the solar tank with acceptable accuracy.
Wind Energy Dynamics of diesel and wind turbine generators on 99103280 an isolated power system Das, D. et al. Elecmrical Power and Energy Systems, 1999, 21, (3), 183-189. A dynamic system analysis of an isolated electric power system consisting of a diesel generator and a wind turbine generator is reported. The 150 kW wind turbine generator is operated in parallel with a diesel generator to serve an average load of 350 kW. Time domain solutions are used to study the performance of the power system. Optimum values of gain settings of the proportional-integral controller (P-I) are obtained by using the integral squared error (ISE) technique. A simple variable structure control (VSC) logic is also proposed for improvement of the dynamic performance of the system. Feasibility analysis of wind-energy utilization in 99103281 Croatia FeretiC, D. et al. Energy, 1999, 24, (3), 239-246. An investigation has been carried out into the competitiveness of windpowered generators built in Croatia. By applying Weibull wind-distribution functions with altitude corrections suggested by Justus, wind characteristics at suitable sites at 35m height have been calculated. Two sites on the Adriatic coast have been identified as promising locations and analysed in detail, using a generally applicable method. Wind-power utilization at one of the sites with the best wind-energy potential in Croatia is now marginally competitive with fossil-fuel systems. Technology policy and renewable energy: public 99103282 roles in the development of new energy technologies Loiter, J. M. and Norberg-Bohm, V. Energy Policy, 1999, 27, (2) 85-97. Efforts to restructure the electric utility industry have led to renewed calls for increased use of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation. These technologies are, for the most part, not yet cost competitive with traditional methods of generation. While wind generation of electricity is perhaps the closest to commercial viability, it is widely believed that further advances in the technology are necessary for it to become fully practicable in the genera1 view, indeed, public resources continue to be spent toward this end. This paper presents a study of the technological and policy history of the development of wind power in the United States. The primary conclusion is that demand-side policies are needed to encourage not only diffusion of wind energy, but innovation in the technology itself. Weak demand-side policies for wind energy risks wasting the expenditure of public resources on research programmes aimed at technological innovation. When these programmes operate without the benefit of a market to test the results or provide guidance for future efforts, they are less likely to succeed. Recommendations as to specific public policies for creating a market for renewable energy are made. Wind farm proposed for Stradbroke Island 99103283 Anon QGMJ, 1999, 100, (1167), 40. The planned development of a wind farm on North Stradbroke Island, off Queensland, is discussed. If the project proceeds, the wind farm is expected to be operational by mid-2000.
Others, including Development, Economics 99103284 Alternative fuel reburning Maly, P. M. et al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (3), 327-334. As a NO, control technology, advanced reburning couples basic reburning with the injection of nitrogen agents and promoter compounds. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted in which efficiency of basic and advanced reburning processes were characterized with a wide range of reburn fuels. Test fuels included natural gas, pulverized coal, coal pond fines, biomass, refuse derived fuel and Orimulsion. Process variables studied included reburn fuel type, reburn fuel heat input, reburn zone residence time, initial NO, concentration, nitrogen agent injection temperature and promoter type and amount. Reburn fuel properties found to affect the performance
344
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1999
most significantly include fuel nitrogen content, volatiles and ash constituents. Basic reburning performance for the tested solid fuels was found to approach that of natural gas reburning, with over 70% NO, reduction possible at reburn heat inputs above 20%. Advanced reburn tests were conducted in which reburning was coupled with injection of nitrogen agents and promoters. Alkalis were found to be the most effective promoter compounds, most notably sodium compounds. At reburn heat input of lo%, NO, reductions in the range of 85-95% were achieved with natural gas and biomass advanced reburning. 99103285 Combustion of refuse derived fuel in a fluidized bed Piao, G. et al. Waste Mgt., 1998, 18, (6-8), 509-512. Power generation from refuse derived fuel (RDF) is an attractive utilization technology of municipal solid waste. To explain the behaviour of a RDFfired fluidized bed incinerator, commercial-size RDF was continuously burnt in a 30x30 cm bubbling type fluidized-bed combustor. It was found that a 12 kg/h RDF feed rate was too high for this test unit and the carbon monoxide level was higher than 500 ppm. However, 10 kg/h of RDF was a proper feed rate and the carbon monoxide level was kept under 150 ppm. Secondary air injection and changing air ratio from the pipe grid were effective for the complete combustion of RDF. It was also found that hydrogen chloride concentration in flue gas was controlled by the calcium component contained in RDF and its level was decreased with decreasing the combustor temperature. 99103206 Energy recovery from municipal solid waste in small communities Rodriguez-Anon, J. et al. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 1998, 52, (3), 10051012. A project was undertaken in order to assess the possibility of using municipal solid waste as a source of recovered energy. A static bomb calorimeter was used to measure the heating values of municipal solid waste generated in three towns with a population of less than 50,000, situated in Galicia (Spain). Samples of raw refuse were burnt either as received or after sorting of the different combustible components. Samples from controlled and uncontrolled landfills were used in the study. The calorific values were compared with those corresponding to a commercial refusederived fuel. Energy recorery from solid waste fuels using 99103267 advanced gasification technology Morris, M. and Waldheim, L. Waste Mgr., 1998, 18, (6-8), 557-564. Since the mid-1980s, TPS Termiska Processer AB has been working on the development of an atmospheric-pressure gasification process. A major aim at the start of this work was the generation of fuel gas from indigenous fuels to Sweden (i.e. biomass). As the economic climate changed and awareness of the damage to the environment caused by the use of fossil fuels in power generation equipment increased, the aim of the development work at TPS was changed to applying the process to heat and power generation from feedstocks such as biomass and solid wastes. Compared with modern waste incineration with heat recovery, the gasification process will permit an increase in electricity output of up to 50%. The gasification process being developed is based on an atmospheric-pressure circulating fluidized bed gasifier coupled to a tar-cracking vessel. The gas produced from this process is then cooled and cleaned in conventional equipment. The energyrich gas produced is clean enough to be fired in a gas boiler (and, in the longer term, in an engine or gas turbine) without requiring extensive flue gas cleaning, as is normally required in conventional waste incineration plants. Producing clean fuel gas in this manner, which facilitates the use of efficient gas-fired boilers, means that overall plant electrical efficiencies of close to 30% can he achieved. TPS has performed a considerable amount of pilot plant testing on waste fuels in their gasification/gas cleaning pilot plant in Sweden. Two gasifiers of TPS design have been in operation in G&e-in-Chianti, Italy, since 1992. This plant processes 200 tonnes of RDF (refuse-derived fuel) per day. It is planned that the complete TPS gasification process (including the complete fuel gas cleaning system) be demonstrated in several gas turbine-based biomass-fuelled power generating plants in different parts of the world. It is the aim of TPS to prove, at commercial scale, the technical feasibility and economic advantages of the gasification process when it is applied to solid waste fuels. This aim shall be achieved, in the short-term, by employing the cold clean product gas in a gas boiler and, in the longer-term, by firing the gas in engines and gas turbines. A study for a 90 MWth waste-fuelled co-generation plant in Sweden has shown that, already today, gasification of solid waste can compete economically with conventional incineration technologies. 99103288 Evaluation of tire-derived fuel for use in nitrogen oxide reduction by reburning Miller, C. A. et al. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1998, 48, (8), 729-735. To determine its feasibility as a fuel for use in reburning to control nitric oxide, tire-derived fuel (TDF) was tested in a small-scale (44 kW or 150,000 Btu/h) combustor. TDF was gravity-fed into upward flowing combustion gases from a primary natural gas flame doped with NH3 to simulate a high nitric oxide combustion process. Nitric oxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter emissions were then measured. Tests varied the nominal primary nitric oxide concentration from 600 to 1200 ppm, the primary stoichiometry from 1.1 to 1.2 and used both natural gas and TDF as rebum fuels. Reburn injection rate was varied to achieve 820% of total heat input from reburn fuel. Reductions of 20-63% of nitric