- Email: [email protected]
03384 Green light given for clean energy
15
Environment
(pollution, health protection, safety)
been developed. This paper presents various approaches for characterizing the contribution of stationary combustion sources to ambient particulate concentrations, especially PMz.5.
COHPAC as an air pollution control option at 99103375 Hudson Unit 2: A case study Waugh, E. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. [computer optical disk], 1998, 91, WA62A05/1-11. Coal-fired utility power plants may face new, stringent emission requirements, subject to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the recently promulgated PMz.5 ambient standards, as well as the EPA utility report to Congress on HAPS and the compliance assurance monitoring (CAM) rule. The potential requirements for lower acid gas, air toxic and PM2.s emissions may be addressed by a combination of technologies, which includes retrofit of a compact hybrid particulate collector (COHPAC) for particulate control and an EPRI-patented high air-to-cloth ratio baghouse used as a polishing device for particulate control. It can be a cost-effective technique to control emissions because of the potential to control more than one pollutant and because of the lower capital cost compared with a full-size conventional baghouse. Public Service Electric & Gas Company (PSE&G) and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) conducted a pilot-scale demonstration programme on the Hudson Unit 2 in 1996-7. ADA Technologies installed, operated and tested the pilot, periodically reporting operating data and test results to the project team. The objective of this programme has been to examine the emission control potential of COHPAC alone and with sorbent injection (HYPAS and TOXECON). This paper presents a discussion of the process employed by PSE&G to evaluate the significant pilot-scale results, the full-scale cost projections for simultaneous control of multiple pollutants and an analysis of the risks and benefits of COHPAC retrofit on this unit.
A comprehensive approach to power plant toxic 99103376 release inventories Rubin, E. S. and Bedillion, M. D. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. [computer optical disk], 1998, 91, MASO/ll-15. Coal-fired and oil-fired power plants, since 1998, have been required to estimate and report their annual mass emissions to the national toxic release inventory (TRI). The TRI is a publicly reported inventory of emissions to air, water and land of approximately 600 chemicals designated as toxic by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This paper reviews the current status of TRI reporting requirements for electric utilities.
Controlling contaminants with a moving granular99103377 bed filter Turk, B. S. et al. High Temp. Gas Clean., [Pap. Int. Symp. Exhib. Gas Clean. High Temp./, 3rd, 1996,302-315. Edited by Schmidt, E., Institut fuer Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik and Mechanik der Universitaet Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Moving granular-bed filters are capable of removing particulate matter as well as other contaminants from flue gas streams of advanced coal-fired power plants. This is due to a chemical reactive filter material which can remove solid and/or gaseous contaminants at high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). A clay-based filter medium was evaluated for the removal of alkali and heavy metals in either reducing or oxidizing environments under laboratory conditions. Combustion Power Company’s granular-bed filter (GBF) has demonstrated the ability to remove particulates from HTHP coal gas streams by impaction and capture of ash particles on inert ceramic pellets. The simultaneous removal of alkali and particles is possible in a GBF at HTHP conditions if part of one filter medium is replaced by a chemical reactive material. This paper reports some recent results on the development of a clay-based filter material for alkali removal. Several clays were screened to determine the most reactive with alkali (sodium), lead, cadmium and chromium. The mechanical and chemical properties of pellets manufactured by different processes are also presented.
Desulfurization of coal to protect the environment 99103378 Ozbayoglu, G. NATO ASI Ser., Ser. 2, 1998, 43, (Mineral Processing and the Environment), 199-221. A review of major coal desulfurization technologies. The main technologies prior to combustion are physical coal cleaning as well as chemical and biological methods, each has its own technical and economical limitations. Because of insufficient liberation, physical coal cleaning can only remove a limited amount of inorganic sulfur. Fine grinding can liberate fine pyrite, but novel coal cleaning techniques are required for separation. Novel cleaning techniques consist of advanced froth flotation, oil agglomeration, selective flocculation and heavy media cyclone separation, most of which have been, or are nearly being, commercially deployed. However, chemical cleaning techniques, due to their high processing costs and microbiological desulfurization, with its technical and economical uncertainties, are not yet commercially applied. Preliminary cost estimations have been performed and appear to show that pre-combustion desulfurization techniques are competitive with the current post-combustion technologies.
354
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1999
99103379 Development of a simultaneous sulfur and dust removal process for IGCC power generation system Ishikawa, K. et al. High Temp. Gas Clean., [Pap. Int. Symp. Exhib. Gas Clean. High Temp.], 3, 1996, 316-327. Edited by Schmidt, E. Institut fuer Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik der Universitaet Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. A moving bed gas cleanup process for integrated coal gasification combined cycle power plants (IGCC) is being developed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. A cross flow type reactor, capable of simultaneously removing sulfur and particulates from hot gas, is included in this process. The granular material contains iron oxide as HIS and COS sorbent. A test facility which cleans 1000 m3N/h of the coal gas from an entrained flow coal gasifier, has been designed, constructed and in operation for the period February 1993 to December 1995. Lower desulfurization performance than expected was experienced during the earlier test operations. However, after installation of a sorbent reducer, which used recycled coal gas as reducing agent, the desulfurization performance and the operation stability were largely improved. 99103380 Emissions of SOa, NO, and COP in transition economies: Emission inventories and Divisia index analysis Viguier, L. The Energy Journal, 1999, 20, (2), 59-87. This paper analyses SOz, NO, and CO1 emissions in three Eastern countries (Hungary, Poland and Russia) and in three OECD countries (France, the United Kingdom and the United States) for 1971-1994. The energy balances method is used to evaluate the emissions from major economic sectors. The emphasis is on explaining high levels of per capita emissions in transition economies. The analysis of the environment-economic growth relationship shows high emission intensities compared to OECD countries. A Divisia index approach is used to decompose the change in emission intensities into the effects of four components: emission factors, fuel mix, economic structure and energy intensity. The main contribution to high emission intensities in transition economies is from the persistence of high energy intensities. Environmental impact analysis of ACFB-based gas 99103381 and power cogeneration Makarytchev, S. V. Energy, 1998, 23, (9), 711-717. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the simultaneous generation of a fuel gas and electric power from coal, a second-law analysis is presented. The analysis is based on the life-cycle evolution of exergy contained in successive energy carriers involved in the process. Defined indexes of environmental efficiency and hazard are used to quantify their impact on the environment. Particular hazards associated with the process are evaluated and compared for low- and high-sulfur coals. 99103382 Fossil fuel biomarkers in plant waxes as pollution parameters Bryselbout, C. et al. Sci. Total Environ., 1998, 222, (3), 201-204. Typical of highly mature sedimentary organic matter, hopane and sterane derivatives have been identified in several plant species growing near Nancy, France. Analyses of plant waxes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry over a restricted mass interval (m/z 185-195) allows definition of pollution parameters based on the relative concentration of fossil hopanes versus modern plant n-alkanes. Indeed, such parameters are higher for Pinus nigra growing along a high traffic highway than for Pinus nigra growing in a less polluted suburb area. Molecular pollution parameters based on fossil molecules are thus promising tools for measuring the extent of fossil fuel input into plants and food. Global warming: discounting is not the issue, but 99103383 substitutability is not the issue, but substitutability is Neumayer, E. Energy Policy, 1999, 27, (l), 33-43. The cost-benefit study of Nordhaus (1994) is representative for the neoclassical approach towards global warming. Nordhaus found that no substantial emission cuts are warranted. Most of his critics have concentrated on the issue of discounting and demanded that a lower discount rate should be applied. These criticisms first miss the point and second lead to ethically dubious, inconsistent conclusions and inefficient policy choices. They miss the point because the real problem of Nordhaus’s methodology is his implicit underlying assumption of perfect substitutability between natural and other forms of capital. Given the validity of this assumption, lowering the rate of discount is inconsistent with current savings behaviour, is ethically dubious because future generations will be much richer than the current one anyway and is inefficient because scarce financial resources are channelled into emissions abatement that exhibits rates of return far inferior to alternative public investments. Any call for aggressive emission abatement must therefore directly attack the perfect substitutability assumption of neoclassical economics. The real disagreement is about whether consumption growth can compensate for environmental degradation caused by global warming. Discounting is not the issue, but substitutability is. 99103384 Green light given for clean energy Anon QGMJ. 1999, 100, (1167), 39. A project to demonstrate that clean urban and regional power can be produced on a large scale by a hybrid solar-fossil generation system is reported on. The system has the potential to emit minimal greenhouse gases. For the purpose of the project, a demonstration facility that uses
15
solar energy, natural gas and water will be constructed. A feasibility study has shown that this CSIRO hybrid energy concept to be technically feasible and capable of being completed within three years.
99103365 Impacts from a fossil fuel power plant on ozone levels in Memphis, Tennessee Mueller, S. F. and Bailey, E. M. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., [computer optical disk] 1998, 91, RP76C03/1-8. Located on the Mississippi River in the south-west corner of Memphis, Tennessee, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Allen power plant has three coal-fired cyclone boilers with a rated capacity of 272 MW each. It is a Phase II plant under Title IV of the Clean Air Act and is the largest single source of NO, in the Memphis area. TVA plans to reduce Allen NO, emissions through a combination of burning low-sulfur coal and installing gas re-burn technology. A modelling study using the UAM-V photochemical model examined the potential impact of the NO, reductions on 0s concentrations in the Memphis area. A series of four model simulations were made in which different Allen emissions scenarios were examined. The focus period of the photochemical modelling was 11-14 July 1995 when measurements in and near Memphis indicated peak hourly 0s concentrations of 135-140 ppb. This analysis primarily examined computed impacts within 50 km of Memphis. Allen was calculated to contribute as much as 20-30 ppb to ground 0s concentrations 20-50 km downwind using NO, emission rate before Title IV compliance. After compliance, it was computed to contribute only -10-20 ppb. At the same time, maximum daily 0s reductions due to Allen NO, titration of 0s were 30-60 ppb. These benefits will be reduced by 30-50% after Title IV compliance and are expected to occur within 30 km of the plant. More model grid cells indicated disadvantages, rather than benefits on three of four episode days using the Title IV compliance emission rate. Significant 0s disadvantages were expected due to the well-documented NO titration of 0s within plumes having a high NO:volatile organic compound ratio. In examining impacts of the l-h 120 ppb 0s standard versus an 8-h 80 ppb standard, modelling showed that Allen emission reductions were more likely to impact a l-h standard than the proposed 8-h standard.
99103366 Influences of various fuel fractions on the concentration of chlorinated aromatic compounds in waste incineration raw gas Organohalogen compound, 1998, 36, 193-196. Hunsinger, H. et al. Over a 24-hour period, different fuel mixtures containing municipal solid waste (MSW), refuse-derived fuel (RDF), automobile shredder residue (ASR) and electronic and electric waste (E&E) were burnt in a waste incinerator. An attempt was made to determine their influence on the raw gas concentrations of chlorinated aromatic compounds. The parameters of the incinerator were kept constant. Differences in the heating values of the fuel mixtures were compensated by varying the mass flow to keep the temperature and oxygen concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber constant. The authors compiled a list of the most important gaseous pollutants in the raw gas and the related fly ash data. In general, the large differences in the fuel concentrations of chlorine, copper and bromine did not cause any significant variations in the levels and homologue profiles of the investigated chlorinated aromatic compounds.
99103367 Inhibition of acid production in coal refuse amended with calcium sulfite and calcium sulfite-containing flue gas desulfurization byproducts 1998, 127 pp. Avail. UMI, Order No. DA9833991. From Diss. Hao, Y.-L. Abstr. Int., E, 1998, 59, (5), 2096.
Lime treatment of fly ash: characterization of 99103366 leachate composition and solid/water reactions Duchesne, J. and Reardon, E. J. WasteManagement, 1999, 19, (3), 221231. Solution concentrations of boron, chromium, molybdenum and SO4 above drinking water standards, are often yielded by standard leach tests of fly ashes. In this study, the separate addition of lime, Portland cement and cement kiln dust to a Class F and a Class C fly ash has been investigated as a possible remediation treatment to remove undesirable elements from the leachates. Leach tests without additives at several water/solid ratios revealed levels of boron, chromium, molybdenum and SO4 above drinking water standards. A marked reduction in all these elements occurred at 3:1, 6:l and 2O:l water/solid ratios with a 20 mass% addition of lime or cement. Reductions were more pronounced for the Class F than for the Class C fly ash. The mineralogical and chemical composition of fly ash influences its behaviour with respect to the additive treatment. In this study, an anionic clay (hydrocalumite) is formed in considerable quantity in the Class F fly ash treated with lime: and can accommodate anions like borate, chromate and molybdate into its interlayer region. With Class C fly ash, the limetreatment generates hydrogarnet which has less sites for anion substitution: and ettringite, which has less preference for chromate and molybdate than hydrocalumite. The overall order of improvement in fly ash leachate water quality with additive treatment was lime z OPC > CKD.
Environment
(pollution, health protection, safety)
99103369 Method and apparatus for flue gas desulfurization of a power plant operating with fossil fuels and/or refuse Pfeiffer, J. and Ziehe, H. Ger. Offen. DE 19,749,713 (Cl. BOlDS3/80), 10 Dee 1998, DR Appl. 19,724,800, 6 Jun 1997, 6 pp. (In German) Prevention of halides enrichment in the main flue gas desulfurization zone is achieved by separating out the halides droplets after or during the first processing stage and feeding them back into the system. Consequently, the gases entering the second processing stage are low in halides. A magnesium carbonate-rich limestone or a magnesium oxide/magnesium hydroxide-rich calcium hydroxide suspension and/or a scrubbing suspension enriched with sulfates is used in the second stage to increase the sulfate content and produce a better quality gypsum. The method also allows the use of sulfatecontaining wastes. 99103390 A multiple source approach to acute human health risk assessments Mower, B. Waste Mgt, 1998, 18, (6-8), 377-384. The US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) has developed a three-tiered approach to perform an acute non-carcinogenic health risk assessment to comply with requirements contained in USEPA’s ‘Addendum to the Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to Combustor Emissions’ (USEPA, Draft strategy for combustion of hazardous waste, May 1993). The addendum document drafted in November 1993 suggests evaluation of short-term emissions and exposures, but it does not provide necessary guidance or methodology. This evaluation becomes extremely complex when several sources contribute to the overall concentration of contaminants in the air. Because each source has a different emission rate, location and dispersion profile, the compound-specific maximum concentrations are rarely located at the same receptor location, as determined by using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) dispersion model. Furthermore, evaluation of hazard quotients at various receptor locations from a large number of contaminants from multiple sources is an extremely complex and tedious process. This paper will detail a three-tiered approach which was developed to perform the acute risk assessment, quantify possible advantages and disadvantages associated with each tier and demonstrate the effects of contributing factors, such as distance, emission rate variability, population/exposure scenarios and compound speciation. In order to accomplish this task, a sample facility with four different combustion sources was modelled and processed according to the threetiered approach. 99103391 Occupational exposure assessment for power frequency electromagnetic fields Farag, A. S. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 1999, 48, (3), 151-175. Exposure assessment is the determination or estimate of the magnitude, frequency of occurrence and rate of exposure of an individual or a group to an environmental agent. The agents of interest in this case are the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) in the extreme low-frequency range that includes the power frequency of 50/60 Hz. There are an increasing concern that exposure to EMF may be associated with biological and health effects. This concern has prompted numerous measurement projects and the development of instrumentation, methodologies and exposure models and simulations. This paper identifies the status of EMF exposure assessment research related to occupational exposures. It draws the recent results to emphasize the unique aspects of EMF exposures in the home and utilities environments and highlights the research needs. The intensities of electromagnetic fields have been measured under power transmission and distribution lines, at substations and industrial plants and near various electric devices including domestic electrical equipment. The field intensities have been related to the exposure time (duration of staying) in the different areas and have been compared with the internationally established standards. The data presented are useful for understanding the levels of electromagnetic fields that can be encountered in various places and also for estimating possible occupational and residential exposure levels. 99103392 Online nonmetal detection for argon supercritical fluid extraction using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy Liang, S. and Tilotta, D. C. Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, (21), 4487-4493. By coupling argon supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) a solventless instrumental method for determining organic contaminants in soil has been developed, which is the subject of this paper. The method comprises extracting the organic compounds by argon SFE, which are then transferred to the ICP directly in the supercritical (SC) argon and fragmented in the plasma. They are then determined via their non-metal atomic emissions. Four non-metals, carbon, sulfur, phosphorous and silicon, were selected for this preliminary study. The selectivities obtained for these non-metals, referenced to carbon, were found to be 345, 38,000 and 1400 for sulfur, phosphorus and silicon, respectively. Further, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) were determined in two ‘real world’ contaminated soil samples via the carbon emission at 247.9 nm. Dodecane was used as the standard reference compound because its response was found to be similar to other petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g. kerosene, gasoline, no. 1 fuel oil and no. 2 fuel oil). The results of the on-line argon SFE/ICP-AES determinations of TPH in the two samples agreed well with those obtained from conventional off-line carbon dioxide SFE and off-line argon SFE.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1999
355
Environment
(pollution, health protection, safety)
been developed. This paper presents various approaches for characterizing the contribution of stationary combustion sources to ambient particulate concentrations, especially PMz.5.
COHPAC as an air pollution control option at 99103375 Hudson Unit 2: A case study Waugh, E. et al. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. [computer optical disk], 1998, 91, WA62A05/1-11. Coal-fired utility power plants may face new, stringent emission requirements, subject to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the recently promulgated PMz.5 ambient standards, as well as the EPA utility report to Congress on HAPS and the compliance assurance monitoring (CAM) rule. The potential requirements for lower acid gas, air toxic and PM2.s emissions may be addressed by a combination of technologies, which includes retrofit of a compact hybrid particulate collector (COHPAC) for particulate control and an EPRI-patented high air-to-cloth ratio baghouse used as a polishing device for particulate control. It can be a cost-effective technique to control emissions because of the potential to control more than one pollutant and because of the lower capital cost compared with a full-size conventional baghouse. Public Service Electric & Gas Company (PSE&G) and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) conducted a pilot-scale demonstration programme on the Hudson Unit 2 in 1996-7. ADA Technologies installed, operated and tested the pilot, periodically reporting operating data and test results to the project team. The objective of this programme has been to examine the emission control potential of COHPAC alone and with sorbent injection (HYPAS and TOXECON). This paper presents a discussion of the process employed by PSE&G to evaluate the significant pilot-scale results, the full-scale cost projections for simultaneous control of multiple pollutants and an analysis of the risks and benefits of COHPAC retrofit on this unit.
A comprehensive approach to power plant toxic 99103376 release inventories Rubin, E. S. and Bedillion, M. D. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. [computer optical disk], 1998, 91, MASO/ll-15. Coal-fired and oil-fired power plants, since 1998, have been required to estimate and report their annual mass emissions to the national toxic release inventory (TRI). The TRI is a publicly reported inventory of emissions to air, water and land of approximately 600 chemicals designated as toxic by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This paper reviews the current status of TRI reporting requirements for electric utilities.
Controlling contaminants with a moving granular99103377 bed filter Turk, B. S. et al. High Temp. Gas Clean., [Pap. Int. Symp. Exhib. Gas Clean. High Temp./, 3rd, 1996,302-315. Edited by Schmidt, E., Institut fuer Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik and Mechanik der Universitaet Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Moving granular-bed filters are capable of removing particulate matter as well as other contaminants from flue gas streams of advanced coal-fired power plants. This is due to a chemical reactive filter material which can remove solid and/or gaseous contaminants at high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). A clay-based filter medium was evaluated for the removal of alkali and heavy metals in either reducing or oxidizing environments under laboratory conditions. Combustion Power Company’s granular-bed filter (GBF) has demonstrated the ability to remove particulates from HTHP coal gas streams by impaction and capture of ash particles on inert ceramic pellets. The simultaneous removal of alkali and particles is possible in a GBF at HTHP conditions if part of one filter medium is replaced by a chemical reactive material. This paper reports some recent results on the development of a clay-based filter material for alkali removal. Several clays were screened to determine the most reactive with alkali (sodium), lead, cadmium and chromium. The mechanical and chemical properties of pellets manufactured by different processes are also presented.
Desulfurization of coal to protect the environment 99103378 Ozbayoglu, G. NATO ASI Ser., Ser. 2, 1998, 43, (Mineral Processing and the Environment), 199-221. A review of major coal desulfurization technologies. The main technologies prior to combustion are physical coal cleaning as well as chemical and biological methods, each has its own technical and economical limitations. Because of insufficient liberation, physical coal cleaning can only remove a limited amount of inorganic sulfur. Fine grinding can liberate fine pyrite, but novel coal cleaning techniques are required for separation. Novel cleaning techniques consist of advanced froth flotation, oil agglomeration, selective flocculation and heavy media cyclone separation, most of which have been, or are nearly being, commercially deployed. However, chemical cleaning techniques, due to their high processing costs and microbiological desulfurization, with its technical and economical uncertainties, are not yet commercially applied. Preliminary cost estimations have been performed and appear to show that pre-combustion desulfurization techniques are competitive with the current post-combustion technologies.
354
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1999
99103379 Development of a simultaneous sulfur and dust removal process for IGCC power generation system Ishikawa, K. et al. High Temp. Gas Clean., [Pap. Int. Symp. Exhib. Gas Clean. High Temp.], 3, 1996, 316-327. Edited by Schmidt, E. Institut fuer Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik der Universitaet Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. A moving bed gas cleanup process for integrated coal gasification combined cycle power plants (IGCC) is being developed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. A cross flow type reactor, capable of simultaneously removing sulfur and particulates from hot gas, is included in this process. The granular material contains iron oxide as HIS and COS sorbent. A test facility which cleans 1000 m3N/h of the coal gas from an entrained flow coal gasifier, has been designed, constructed and in operation for the period February 1993 to December 1995. Lower desulfurization performance than expected was experienced during the earlier test operations. However, after installation of a sorbent reducer, which used recycled coal gas as reducing agent, the desulfurization performance and the operation stability were largely improved. 99103380 Emissions of SOa, NO, and COP in transition economies: Emission inventories and Divisia index analysis Viguier, L. The Energy Journal, 1999, 20, (2), 59-87. This paper analyses SOz, NO, and CO1 emissions in three Eastern countries (Hungary, Poland and Russia) and in three OECD countries (France, the United Kingdom and the United States) for 1971-1994. The energy balances method is used to evaluate the emissions from major economic sectors. The emphasis is on explaining high levels of per capita emissions in transition economies. The analysis of the environment-economic growth relationship shows high emission intensities compared to OECD countries. A Divisia index approach is used to decompose the change in emission intensities into the effects of four components: emission factors, fuel mix, economic structure and energy intensity. The main contribution to high emission intensities in transition economies is from the persistence of high energy intensities. Environmental impact analysis of ACFB-based gas 99103381 and power cogeneration Makarytchev, S. V. Energy, 1998, 23, (9), 711-717. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the simultaneous generation of a fuel gas and electric power from coal, a second-law analysis is presented. The analysis is based on the life-cycle evolution of exergy contained in successive energy carriers involved in the process. Defined indexes of environmental efficiency and hazard are used to quantify their impact on the environment. Particular hazards associated with the process are evaluated and compared for low- and high-sulfur coals. 99103382 Fossil fuel biomarkers in plant waxes as pollution parameters Bryselbout, C. et al. Sci. Total Environ., 1998, 222, (3), 201-204. Typical of highly mature sedimentary organic matter, hopane and sterane derivatives have been identified in several plant species growing near Nancy, France. Analyses of plant waxes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry over a restricted mass interval (m/z 185-195) allows definition of pollution parameters based on the relative concentration of fossil hopanes versus modern plant n-alkanes. Indeed, such parameters are higher for Pinus nigra growing along a high traffic highway than for Pinus nigra growing in a less polluted suburb area. Molecular pollution parameters based on fossil molecules are thus promising tools for measuring the extent of fossil fuel input into plants and food. Global warming: discounting is not the issue, but 99103383 substitutability is not the issue, but substitutability is Neumayer, E. Energy Policy, 1999, 27, (l), 33-43. The cost-benefit study of Nordhaus (1994) is representative for the neoclassical approach towards global warming. Nordhaus found that no substantial emission cuts are warranted. Most of his critics have concentrated on the issue of discounting and demanded that a lower discount rate should be applied. These criticisms first miss the point and second lead to ethically dubious, inconsistent conclusions and inefficient policy choices. They miss the point because the real problem of Nordhaus’s methodology is his implicit underlying assumption of perfect substitutability between natural and other forms of capital. Given the validity of this assumption, lowering the rate of discount is inconsistent with current savings behaviour, is ethically dubious because future generations will be much richer than the current one anyway and is inefficient because scarce financial resources are channelled into emissions abatement that exhibits rates of return far inferior to alternative public investments. Any call for aggressive emission abatement must therefore directly attack the perfect substitutability assumption of neoclassical economics. The real disagreement is about whether consumption growth can compensate for environmental degradation caused by global warming. Discounting is not the issue, but substitutability is. 99103384 Green light given for clean energy Anon QGMJ. 1999, 100, (1167), 39. A project to demonstrate that clean urban and regional power can be produced on a large scale by a hybrid solar-fossil generation system is reported on. The system has the potential to emit minimal greenhouse gases. For the purpose of the project, a demonstration facility that uses
15
solar energy, natural gas and water will be constructed. A feasibility study has shown that this CSIRO hybrid energy concept to be technically feasible and capable of being completed within three years.
99103365 Impacts from a fossil fuel power plant on ozone levels in Memphis, Tennessee Mueller, S. F. and Bailey, E. M. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., [computer optical disk] 1998, 91, RP76C03/1-8. Located on the Mississippi River in the south-west corner of Memphis, Tennessee, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Allen power plant has three coal-fired cyclone boilers with a rated capacity of 272 MW each. It is a Phase II plant under Title IV of the Clean Air Act and is the largest single source of NO, in the Memphis area. TVA plans to reduce Allen NO, emissions through a combination of burning low-sulfur coal and installing gas re-burn technology. A modelling study using the UAM-V photochemical model examined the potential impact of the NO, reductions on 0s concentrations in the Memphis area. A series of four model simulations were made in which different Allen emissions scenarios were examined. The focus period of the photochemical modelling was 11-14 July 1995 when measurements in and near Memphis indicated peak hourly 0s concentrations of 135-140 ppb. This analysis primarily examined computed impacts within 50 km of Memphis. Allen was calculated to contribute as much as 20-30 ppb to ground 0s concentrations 20-50 km downwind using NO, emission rate before Title IV compliance. After compliance, it was computed to contribute only -10-20 ppb. At the same time, maximum daily 0s reductions due to Allen NO, titration of 0s were 30-60 ppb. These benefits will be reduced by 30-50% after Title IV compliance and are expected to occur within 30 km of the plant. More model grid cells indicated disadvantages, rather than benefits on three of four episode days using the Title IV compliance emission rate. Significant 0s disadvantages were expected due to the well-documented NO titration of 0s within plumes having a high NO:volatile organic compound ratio. In examining impacts of the l-h 120 ppb 0s standard versus an 8-h 80 ppb standard, modelling showed that Allen emission reductions were more likely to impact a l-h standard than the proposed 8-h standard.
99103366 Influences of various fuel fractions on the concentration of chlorinated aromatic compounds in waste incineration raw gas Organohalogen compound, 1998, 36, 193-196. Hunsinger, H. et al. Over a 24-hour period, different fuel mixtures containing municipal solid waste (MSW), refuse-derived fuel (RDF), automobile shredder residue (ASR) and electronic and electric waste (E&E) were burnt in a waste incinerator. An attempt was made to determine their influence on the raw gas concentrations of chlorinated aromatic compounds. The parameters of the incinerator were kept constant. Differences in the heating values of the fuel mixtures were compensated by varying the mass flow to keep the temperature and oxygen concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber constant. The authors compiled a list of the most important gaseous pollutants in the raw gas and the related fly ash data. In general, the large differences in the fuel concentrations of chlorine, copper and bromine did not cause any significant variations in the levels and homologue profiles of the investigated chlorinated aromatic compounds.
99103367 Inhibition of acid production in coal refuse amended with calcium sulfite and calcium sulfite-containing flue gas desulfurization byproducts 1998, 127 pp. Avail. UMI, Order No. DA9833991. From Diss. Hao, Y.-L. Abstr. Int., E, 1998, 59, (5), 2096.
Lime treatment of fly ash: characterization of 99103366 leachate composition and solid/water reactions Duchesne, J. and Reardon, E. J. WasteManagement, 1999, 19, (3), 221231. Solution concentrations of boron, chromium, molybdenum and SO4 above drinking water standards, are often yielded by standard leach tests of fly ashes. In this study, the separate addition of lime, Portland cement and cement kiln dust to a Class F and a Class C fly ash has been investigated as a possible remediation treatment to remove undesirable elements from the leachates. Leach tests without additives at several water/solid ratios revealed levels of boron, chromium, molybdenum and SO4 above drinking water standards. A marked reduction in all these elements occurred at 3:1, 6:l and 2O:l water/solid ratios with a 20 mass% addition of lime or cement. Reductions were more pronounced for the Class F than for the Class C fly ash. The mineralogical and chemical composition of fly ash influences its behaviour with respect to the additive treatment. In this study, an anionic clay (hydrocalumite) is formed in considerable quantity in the Class F fly ash treated with lime: and can accommodate anions like borate, chromate and molybdate into its interlayer region. With Class C fly ash, the limetreatment generates hydrogarnet which has less sites for anion substitution: and ettringite, which has less preference for chromate and molybdate than hydrocalumite. The overall order of improvement in fly ash leachate water quality with additive treatment was lime z OPC > CKD.
Environment
(pollution, health protection, safety)
99103369 Method and apparatus for flue gas desulfurization of a power plant operating with fossil fuels and/or refuse Pfeiffer, J. and Ziehe, H. Ger. Offen. DE 19,749,713 (Cl. BOlDS3/80), 10 Dee 1998, DR Appl. 19,724,800, 6 Jun 1997, 6 pp. (In German) Prevention of halides enrichment in the main flue gas desulfurization zone is achieved by separating out the halides droplets after or during the first processing stage and feeding them back into the system. Consequently, the gases entering the second processing stage are low in halides. A magnesium carbonate-rich limestone or a magnesium oxide/magnesium hydroxide-rich calcium hydroxide suspension and/or a scrubbing suspension enriched with sulfates is used in the second stage to increase the sulfate content and produce a better quality gypsum. The method also allows the use of sulfatecontaining wastes. 99103390 A multiple source approach to acute human health risk assessments Mower, B. Waste Mgt, 1998, 18, (6-8), 377-384. The US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) has developed a three-tiered approach to perform an acute non-carcinogenic health risk assessment to comply with requirements contained in USEPA’s ‘Addendum to the Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to Combustor Emissions’ (USEPA, Draft strategy for combustion of hazardous waste, May 1993). The addendum document drafted in November 1993 suggests evaluation of short-term emissions and exposures, but it does not provide necessary guidance or methodology. This evaluation becomes extremely complex when several sources contribute to the overall concentration of contaminants in the air. Because each source has a different emission rate, location and dispersion profile, the compound-specific maximum concentrations are rarely located at the same receptor location, as determined by using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) dispersion model. Furthermore, evaluation of hazard quotients at various receptor locations from a large number of contaminants from multiple sources is an extremely complex and tedious process. This paper will detail a three-tiered approach which was developed to perform the acute risk assessment, quantify possible advantages and disadvantages associated with each tier and demonstrate the effects of contributing factors, such as distance, emission rate variability, population/exposure scenarios and compound speciation. In order to accomplish this task, a sample facility with four different combustion sources was modelled and processed according to the threetiered approach. 99103391 Occupational exposure assessment for power frequency electromagnetic fields Farag, A. S. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 1999, 48, (3), 151-175. Exposure assessment is the determination or estimate of the magnitude, frequency of occurrence and rate of exposure of an individual or a group to an environmental agent. The agents of interest in this case are the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) in the extreme low-frequency range that includes the power frequency of 50/60 Hz. There are an increasing concern that exposure to EMF may be associated with biological and health effects. This concern has prompted numerous measurement projects and the development of instrumentation, methodologies and exposure models and simulations. This paper identifies the status of EMF exposure assessment research related to occupational exposures. It draws the recent results to emphasize the unique aspects of EMF exposures in the home and utilities environments and highlights the research needs. The intensities of electromagnetic fields have been measured under power transmission and distribution lines, at substations and industrial plants and near various electric devices including domestic electrical equipment. The field intensities have been related to the exposure time (duration of staying) in the different areas and have been compared with the internationally established standards. The data presented are useful for understanding the levels of electromagnetic fields that can be encountered in various places and also for estimating possible occupational and residential exposure levels. 99103392 Online nonmetal detection for argon supercritical fluid extraction using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy Liang, S. and Tilotta, D. C. Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, (21), 4487-4493. By coupling argon supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) a solventless instrumental method for determining organic contaminants in soil has been developed, which is the subject of this paper. The method comprises extracting the organic compounds by argon SFE, which are then transferred to the ICP directly in the supercritical (SC) argon and fragmented in the plasma. They are then determined via their non-metal atomic emissions. Four non-metals, carbon, sulfur, phosphorous and silicon, were selected for this preliminary study. The selectivities obtained for these non-metals, referenced to carbon, were found to be 345, 38,000 and 1400 for sulfur, phosphorus and silicon, respectively. Further, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) were determined in two ‘real world’ contaminated soil samples via the carbon emission at 247.9 nm. Dodecane was used as the standard reference compound because its response was found to be similar to other petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g. kerosene, gasoline, no. 1 fuel oil and no. 2 fuel oil). The results of the on-line argon SFE/ICP-AES determinations of TPH in the two samples agreed well with those obtained from conventional off-line carbon dioxide SFE and off-line argon SFE.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1999
355