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03385 Impacts from a fossil fuel power plant on ozone levels in Memphis, Tennessee
15
solar energy, natural gas and water will be constructed. A feasibility study has shown that this CSIRO hybrid energy concept to be technically feasible and capable of being completed within three years.
99103365 Impacts from a fossil fuel power plant on ozone levels in Memphis, Tennessee Mueller, S. F. and Bailey, E. M. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., [computer optical disk] 1998, 91, RP76C03/1-8. Located on the Mississippi River in the south-west corner of Memphis, Tennessee, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Allen power plant has three coal-fired cyclone boilers with a rated capacity of 272 MW each. It is a Phase II plant under Title IV of the Clean Air Act and is the largest single source of NO, in the Memphis area. TVA plans to reduce Allen NO, emissions through a combination of burning low-sulfur coal and installing gas re-burn technology. A modelling study using the UAM-V photochemical model examined the potential impact of the NO, reductions on 0s concentrations in the Memphis area. A series of four model simulations were made in which different Allen emissions scenarios were examined. The focus period of the photochemical modelling was 11-14 July 1995 when measurements in and near Memphis indicated peak hourly 0s concentrations of 135-140 ppb. This analysis primarily examined computed impacts within 50 km of Memphis. Allen was calculated to contribute as much as 20-30 ppb to ground 0s concentrations 20-50 km downwind using NO, emission rate before Title IV compliance. After compliance, it was computed to contribute only -10-20 ppb. At the same time, maximum daily 0s reductions due to Allen NO, titration of 0s were 30-60 ppb. These benefits will be reduced by 30-50% after Title IV compliance and are expected to occur within 30 km of the plant. More model grid cells indicated disadvantages, rather than benefits on three of four episode days using the Title IV compliance emission rate. Significant 0s disadvantages were expected due to the well-documented NO titration of 0s within plumes having a high NO:volatile organic compound ratio. In examining impacts of the l-h 120 ppb 0s standard versus an 8-h 80 ppb standard, modelling showed that Allen emission reductions were more likely to impact a l-h standard than the proposed 8-h standard.
99103366 Influences of various fuel fractions on the concentration of chlorinated aromatic compounds in waste incineration raw gas Organohalogen compound, 1998, 36, 193-196. Hunsinger, H. et al. Over a 24-hour period, different fuel mixtures containing municipal solid waste (MSW), refuse-derived fuel (RDF), automobile shredder residue (ASR) and electronic and electric waste (E&E) were burnt in a waste incinerator. An attempt was made to determine their influence on the raw gas concentrations of chlorinated aromatic compounds. The parameters of the incinerator were kept constant. Differences in the heating values of the fuel mixtures were compensated by varying the mass flow to keep the temperature and oxygen concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber constant. The authors compiled a list of the most important gaseous pollutants in the raw gas and the related fly ash data. In general, the large differences in the fuel concentrations of chlorine, copper and bromine did not cause any significant variations in the levels and homologue profiles of the investigated chlorinated aromatic compounds.
99103367 Inhibition of acid production in coal refuse amended with calcium sulfite and calcium sulfite-containing flue gas desulfurization byproducts 1998, 127 pp. Avail. UMI, Order No. DA9833991. From Diss. Hao, Y.-L. Abstr. Int., E, 1998, 59, (5), 2096.
Lime treatment of fly ash: characterization of 99103366 leachate composition and solid/water reactions Duchesne, J. and Reardon, E. J. WasteManagement, 1999, 19, (3), 221231. Solution concentrations of boron, chromium, molybdenum and SO4 above drinking water standards, are often yielded by standard leach tests of fly ashes. In this study, the separate addition of lime, Portland cement and cement kiln dust to a Class F and a Class C fly ash has been investigated as a possible remediation treatment to remove undesirable elements from the leachates. Leach tests without additives at several water/solid ratios revealed levels of boron, chromium, molybdenum and SO4 above drinking water standards. A marked reduction in all these elements occurred at 3:1, 6:l and 2O:l water/solid ratios with a 20 mass% addition of lime or cement. Reductions were more pronounced for the Class F than for the Class C fly ash. The mineralogical and chemical composition of fly ash influences its behaviour with respect to the additive treatment. In this study, an anionic clay (hydrocalumite) is formed in considerable quantity in the Class F fly ash treated with lime: and can accommodate anions like borate, chromate and molybdate into its interlayer region. With Class C fly ash, the limetreatment generates hydrogarnet which has less sites for anion substitution: and ettringite, which has less preference for chromate and molybdate than hydrocalumite. The overall order of improvement in fly ash leachate water quality with additive treatment was lime z OPC > CKD.
Environment
(pollution, health protection, safety)
99103369 Method and apparatus for flue gas desulfurization of a power plant operating with fossil fuels and/or refuse Pfeiffer, J. and Ziehe, H. Ger. Offen. DE 19,749,713 (Cl. BOlDS3/80), 10 Dee 1998, DR Appl. 19,724,800, 6 Jun 1997, 6 pp. (In German) Prevention of halides enrichment in the main flue gas desulfurization zone is achieved by separating out the halides droplets after or during the first processing stage and feeding them back into the system. Consequently, the gases entering the second processing stage are low in halides. A magnesium carbonate-rich limestone or a magnesium oxide/magnesium hydroxide-rich calcium hydroxide suspension and/or a scrubbing suspension enriched with sulfates is used in the second stage to increase the sulfate content and produce a better quality gypsum. The method also allows the use of sulfatecontaining wastes. 99103390 A multiple source approach to acute human health risk assessments Mower, B. Waste Mgt, 1998, 18, (6-8), 377-384. The US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) has developed a three-tiered approach to perform an acute non-carcinogenic health risk assessment to comply with requirements contained in USEPA’s ‘Addendum to the Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to Combustor Emissions’ (USEPA, Draft strategy for combustion of hazardous waste, May 1993). The addendum document drafted in November 1993 suggests evaluation of short-term emissions and exposures, but it does not provide necessary guidance or methodology. This evaluation becomes extremely complex when several sources contribute to the overall concentration of contaminants in the air. Because each source has a different emission rate, location and dispersion profile, the compound-specific maximum concentrations are rarely located at the same receptor location, as determined by using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) dispersion model. Furthermore, evaluation of hazard quotients at various receptor locations from a large number of contaminants from multiple sources is an extremely complex and tedious process. This paper will detail a three-tiered approach which was developed to perform the acute risk assessment, quantify possible advantages and disadvantages associated with each tier and demonstrate the effects of contributing factors, such as distance, emission rate variability, population/exposure scenarios and compound speciation. In order to accomplish this task, a sample facility with four different combustion sources was modelled and processed according to the threetiered approach. 99103391 Occupational exposure assessment for power frequency electromagnetic fields Farag, A. S. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 1999, 48, (3), 151-175. Exposure assessment is the determination or estimate of the magnitude, frequency of occurrence and rate of exposure of an individual or a group to an environmental agent. The agents of interest in this case are the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) in the extreme low-frequency range that includes the power frequency of 50/60 Hz. There are an increasing concern that exposure to EMF may be associated with biological and health effects. This concern has prompted numerous measurement projects and the development of instrumentation, methodologies and exposure models and simulations. This paper identifies the status of EMF exposure assessment research related to occupational exposures. It draws the recent results to emphasize the unique aspects of EMF exposures in the home and utilities environments and highlights the research needs. The intensities of electromagnetic fields have been measured under power transmission and distribution lines, at substations and industrial plants and near various electric devices including domestic electrical equipment. The field intensities have been related to the exposure time (duration of staying) in the different areas and have been compared with the internationally established standards. The data presented are useful for understanding the levels of electromagnetic fields that can be encountered in various places and also for estimating possible occupational and residential exposure levels. 99103392 Online nonmetal detection for argon supercritical fluid extraction using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy Liang, S. and Tilotta, D. C. Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, (21), 4487-4493. By coupling argon supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) a solventless instrumental method for determining organic contaminants in soil has been developed, which is the subject of this paper. The method comprises extracting the organic compounds by argon SFE, which are then transferred to the ICP directly in the supercritical (SC) argon and fragmented in the plasma. They are then determined via their non-metal atomic emissions. Four non-metals, carbon, sulfur, phosphorous and silicon, were selected for this preliminary study. The selectivities obtained for these non-metals, referenced to carbon, were found to be 345, 38,000 and 1400 for sulfur, phosphorus and silicon, respectively. Further, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) were determined in two ‘real world’ contaminated soil samples via the carbon emission at 247.9 nm. Dodecane was used as the standard reference compound because its response was found to be similar to other petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g. kerosene, gasoline, no. 1 fuel oil and no. 2 fuel oil). The results of the on-line argon SFE/ICP-AES determinations of TPH in the two samples agreed well with those obtained from conventional off-line carbon dioxide SFE and off-line argon SFE.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1999
355
solar energy, natural gas and water will be constructed. A feasibility study has shown that this CSIRO hybrid energy concept to be technically feasible and capable of being completed within three years.
99103365 Impacts from a fossil fuel power plant on ozone levels in Memphis, Tennessee Mueller, S. F. and Bailey, E. M. Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., [computer optical disk] 1998, 91, RP76C03/1-8. Located on the Mississippi River in the south-west corner of Memphis, Tennessee, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Allen power plant has three coal-fired cyclone boilers with a rated capacity of 272 MW each. It is a Phase II plant under Title IV of the Clean Air Act and is the largest single source of NO, in the Memphis area. TVA plans to reduce Allen NO, emissions through a combination of burning low-sulfur coal and installing gas re-burn technology. A modelling study using the UAM-V photochemical model examined the potential impact of the NO, reductions on 0s concentrations in the Memphis area. A series of four model simulations were made in which different Allen emissions scenarios were examined. The focus period of the photochemical modelling was 11-14 July 1995 when measurements in and near Memphis indicated peak hourly 0s concentrations of 135-140 ppb. This analysis primarily examined computed impacts within 50 km of Memphis. Allen was calculated to contribute as much as 20-30 ppb to ground 0s concentrations 20-50 km downwind using NO, emission rate before Title IV compliance. After compliance, it was computed to contribute only -10-20 ppb. At the same time, maximum daily 0s reductions due to Allen NO, titration of 0s were 30-60 ppb. These benefits will be reduced by 30-50% after Title IV compliance and are expected to occur within 30 km of the plant. More model grid cells indicated disadvantages, rather than benefits on three of four episode days using the Title IV compliance emission rate. Significant 0s disadvantages were expected due to the well-documented NO titration of 0s within plumes having a high NO:volatile organic compound ratio. In examining impacts of the l-h 120 ppb 0s standard versus an 8-h 80 ppb standard, modelling showed that Allen emission reductions were more likely to impact a l-h standard than the proposed 8-h standard.
99103366 Influences of various fuel fractions on the concentration of chlorinated aromatic compounds in waste incineration raw gas Organohalogen compound, 1998, 36, 193-196. Hunsinger, H. et al. Over a 24-hour period, different fuel mixtures containing municipal solid waste (MSW), refuse-derived fuel (RDF), automobile shredder residue (ASR) and electronic and electric waste (E&E) were burnt in a waste incinerator. An attempt was made to determine their influence on the raw gas concentrations of chlorinated aromatic compounds. The parameters of the incinerator were kept constant. Differences in the heating values of the fuel mixtures were compensated by varying the mass flow to keep the temperature and oxygen concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber constant. The authors compiled a list of the most important gaseous pollutants in the raw gas and the related fly ash data. In general, the large differences in the fuel concentrations of chlorine, copper and bromine did not cause any significant variations in the levels and homologue profiles of the investigated chlorinated aromatic compounds.
99103367 Inhibition of acid production in coal refuse amended with calcium sulfite and calcium sulfite-containing flue gas desulfurization byproducts 1998, 127 pp. Avail. UMI, Order No. DA9833991. From Diss. Hao, Y.-L. Abstr. Int., E, 1998, 59, (5), 2096.
Lime treatment of fly ash: characterization of 99103366 leachate composition and solid/water reactions Duchesne, J. and Reardon, E. J. WasteManagement, 1999, 19, (3), 221231. Solution concentrations of boron, chromium, molybdenum and SO4 above drinking water standards, are often yielded by standard leach tests of fly ashes. In this study, the separate addition of lime, Portland cement and cement kiln dust to a Class F and a Class C fly ash has been investigated as a possible remediation treatment to remove undesirable elements from the leachates. Leach tests without additives at several water/solid ratios revealed levels of boron, chromium, molybdenum and SO4 above drinking water standards. A marked reduction in all these elements occurred at 3:1, 6:l and 2O:l water/solid ratios with a 20 mass% addition of lime or cement. Reductions were more pronounced for the Class F than for the Class C fly ash. The mineralogical and chemical composition of fly ash influences its behaviour with respect to the additive treatment. In this study, an anionic clay (hydrocalumite) is formed in considerable quantity in the Class F fly ash treated with lime: and can accommodate anions like borate, chromate and molybdate into its interlayer region. With Class C fly ash, the limetreatment generates hydrogarnet which has less sites for anion substitution: and ettringite, which has less preference for chromate and molybdate than hydrocalumite. The overall order of improvement in fly ash leachate water quality with additive treatment was lime z OPC > CKD.
Environment
(pollution, health protection, safety)
99103369 Method and apparatus for flue gas desulfurization of a power plant operating with fossil fuels and/or refuse Pfeiffer, J. and Ziehe, H. Ger. Offen. DE 19,749,713 (Cl. BOlDS3/80), 10 Dee 1998, DR Appl. 19,724,800, 6 Jun 1997, 6 pp. (In German) Prevention of halides enrichment in the main flue gas desulfurization zone is achieved by separating out the halides droplets after or during the first processing stage and feeding them back into the system. Consequently, the gases entering the second processing stage are low in halides. A magnesium carbonate-rich limestone or a magnesium oxide/magnesium hydroxide-rich calcium hydroxide suspension and/or a scrubbing suspension enriched with sulfates is used in the second stage to increase the sulfate content and produce a better quality gypsum. The method also allows the use of sulfatecontaining wastes. 99103390 A multiple source approach to acute human health risk assessments Mower, B. Waste Mgt, 1998, 18, (6-8), 377-384. The US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) has developed a three-tiered approach to perform an acute non-carcinogenic health risk assessment to comply with requirements contained in USEPA’s ‘Addendum to the Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to Combustor Emissions’ (USEPA, Draft strategy for combustion of hazardous waste, May 1993). The addendum document drafted in November 1993 suggests evaluation of short-term emissions and exposures, but it does not provide necessary guidance or methodology. This evaluation becomes extremely complex when several sources contribute to the overall concentration of contaminants in the air. Because each source has a different emission rate, location and dispersion profile, the compound-specific maximum concentrations are rarely located at the same receptor location, as determined by using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) dispersion model. Furthermore, evaluation of hazard quotients at various receptor locations from a large number of contaminants from multiple sources is an extremely complex and tedious process. This paper will detail a three-tiered approach which was developed to perform the acute risk assessment, quantify possible advantages and disadvantages associated with each tier and demonstrate the effects of contributing factors, such as distance, emission rate variability, population/exposure scenarios and compound speciation. In order to accomplish this task, a sample facility with four different combustion sources was modelled and processed according to the threetiered approach. 99103391 Occupational exposure assessment for power frequency electromagnetic fields Farag, A. S. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 1999, 48, (3), 151-175. Exposure assessment is the determination or estimate of the magnitude, frequency of occurrence and rate of exposure of an individual or a group to an environmental agent. The agents of interest in this case are the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) in the extreme low-frequency range that includes the power frequency of 50/60 Hz. There are an increasing concern that exposure to EMF may be associated with biological and health effects. This concern has prompted numerous measurement projects and the development of instrumentation, methodologies and exposure models and simulations. This paper identifies the status of EMF exposure assessment research related to occupational exposures. It draws the recent results to emphasize the unique aspects of EMF exposures in the home and utilities environments and highlights the research needs. The intensities of electromagnetic fields have been measured under power transmission and distribution lines, at substations and industrial plants and near various electric devices including domestic electrical equipment. The field intensities have been related to the exposure time (duration of staying) in the different areas and have been compared with the internationally established standards. The data presented are useful for understanding the levels of electromagnetic fields that can be encountered in various places and also for estimating possible occupational and residential exposure levels. 99103392 Online nonmetal detection for argon supercritical fluid extraction using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy Liang, S. and Tilotta, D. C. Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, (21), 4487-4493. By coupling argon supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) a solventless instrumental method for determining organic contaminants in soil has been developed, which is the subject of this paper. The method comprises extracting the organic compounds by argon SFE, which are then transferred to the ICP directly in the supercritical (SC) argon and fragmented in the plasma. They are then determined via their non-metal atomic emissions. Four non-metals, carbon, sulfur, phosphorous and silicon, were selected for this preliminary study. The selectivities obtained for these non-metals, referenced to carbon, were found to be 345, 38,000 and 1400 for sulfur, phosphorus and silicon, respectively. Further, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) were determined in two ‘real world’ contaminated soil samples via the carbon emission at 247.9 nm. Dodecane was used as the standard reference compound because its response was found to be similar to other petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g. kerosene, gasoline, no. 1 fuel oil and no. 2 fuel oil). The results of the on-line argon SFE/ICP-AES determinations of TPH in the two samples agreed well with those obtained from conventional off-line carbon dioxide SFE and off-line argon SFE.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1999
355