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03411 Circulating fluidized-bed plus gasification technique. One optimum from two processes
16
Fuel science and technology (fundamental
99lQ3405 Results of the September 1997 DOE/EPA demonstration of multimetal continuous emission monitoring technologies Lemieux, P.M. et al. Wasre Mgt., 1998, 18, (6-g). 38.5-391. In September 1997, the US Department of Energy (DOE) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) co-sponsored a demonstration of several multimetal continuous emission monitors (CEMs). The demonstration, performed at the EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division’s combustion laboratory in Research Triangle Park, NC, involved the side-by-side testing of seven multimetal CEMs at various stages of commercialization. A series of tests were performed to compare results from the multimetal CEMs to Method 0060, the EPA reference method (RM) for metals emission measurements, using the relative accuracy test audit (RATA) protocol. The EPA operated the test facility and performed the RM sampling and each multimetal CEM was operated by the instrument’s respective developer. To accomplish these tests, an aqueous solution of six toxic metals (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead and mercury) along with fly ash from a coal-fired utility boiler, was injected into the afterburner of the EPAs rotary kiln incinerator simulator facility to generate a combustor flue gas with realistic post-flue gas cleaning system particulate loadings and target metals concentrations of approximately 15 and 75 &m3, which constituted the low and high concentration test conditions. The multimetal CEMs that participated in the test included two laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) systems, two inductively coupled plasma (ICP) systems, a sparkinduced breakdown spectroscopy (SIBS) system, a hazardous element sampling train with X-ray fluorescence (HEST/XRF) and a microwave plasma system. Ten RM-CEM sample pairs were taken at both the low and high concentration test conditions and the relative accuracies of the multimetal CEMs were calculated. This test provided performance data that will be used to assess the current state of the art in multimetal CEMs. Revision of standards of erformance for nitrogen 99103406 oxide emissions from new fossil-fuel f!ued steam generating units; revisions to reporting requirements for standards of performance for new fossil-fuel fired steam generating units Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Fed. Regilt., 16 Sep 1998, 63, (179), 49442-49455. USEPA reviewed emission standards for NO. contained in the standards of performance for new electric utility steam generating units and industrialcommercial-institutional steam generating units. EPA proposed revisions to 40 CFR Part 60, Subparts Da and Db based on this review on July 9, 1997. EPA reviewed public comments received on the proposed rule changes and this document reflects EPA’s responses to issues raised by the those who had commented. This action promulgates revised standards of performance. Details are given of the proposals. 99103407 Risk assessment of subsurface disposal of industrial residues in coal mines Himmelsbach, T. and Konig, C. Groundwater Urban Environ., Proc. IAH Congr., 27, 1997, 1, 421-426. Edited by Chilton, J., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. In North-Rhine-Westfalia, Germany, subsurface storage of industrial residues in coal mines underneath densely populated urban areas is important for waste disposal. Electric energy plant residues exist as filter ashes and desulfurization residues which are injected behind long wall faces. Using coal mines as underground repositories requires proof that pollutants, such as heavy metals, will not return via slow groundwater flow to the biosphere. The quantitative risk assessment of such underground storage facilities can only be done using numerical models. Successful modelling of the fractured host rock near-field requires a stochastic fractured aquifer model which includes the physical processes of fracture flow, matrix diffusion, sorption and desorption effects. Surfactant production and use in Germany: 99103408 resource requirements and CO* emissions Patel, M. K. et al. Res., Conserv. & Recycl., 1999, 25, (1), 61-78. Surfactants (surface-active agents) can be derived from both petrochemical feedstocks and renewable resources (e.g. oleochemicals). Renewable resources have the advantage that they contribute less to the greenhouse effect if harvested and grown sustainably. When comparing the contribution to the greenhouse effect, the life-cycle of the product should be analysed, covering the CO* emissions from production, use and degradation after disposal. In this paper, the use phase is only included for washing and cleaning agents since it is practically impossible to cover all the utilization processes for surfactants. At present, biomass-derived raw materials account for about one-third of the material feedstocks for surfactant production in Germany. Within this partial life-cycle inventory, it was calculated that fossil CO1 emissions of the commercially most important surfactants produced in Germany amounted to 1.5 Mt in 1996 (versus total chemical industry emissions of 125 Mt, including the equivalents of feedstock energy). Already today, the production of oleochemical feedstocks avoids the emission of 0.35 Mt of fossil COz p.a. (1996). Total substitution of oleochemical surfactants for petrochemical surfactants would enable a further reduction of 34%, reducing absolute emissions to 0.99 Mt. This is an overestimation of today’s technical potential, but it might be attainable in the longer term. For surfactant applications in laundry detergents, lowering wash temperatures is also an interesting strategy to reduce COz emissions.
science, analysis, instrumentation)
99lO3409 Technology for treatment of flue gas from coal burning power plant Jiang, H. Huonjing Baohu, 1998, (7), 27-28. (In Chinese) Wet, dry (semi-dry), electron beam and seawater desulfurization technology are explored for the treatment of flue gas from coal burning power plants.
99103410 Using lichenology to monitor industrial emission levels Giraudeau, P. Gaz d’aujourd’hui, 1999, 123, 1, 26-32. (In French) Owing to the lichen’s ability to help measure atmospheric pollution levels in any given place, lichenology is directly associated with the study of air quality. This article explains how the impact of rural and industrial activity on the atmosphere can be measured and describes the processes underlying this relatively new area applied in the gas industry.
16
FUEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Fundamental Science, Analysis, Instrumentation
99103411 Circulating fluidired-bed plus gasification technique. One optimum from two processes Nieminen, J. WLB, Wasser, Luff B&en, 1998, 42, (ll-12), 53-56. (In German) A unit for the gasification of wood waste and sorted municipal waste consisting mainly of plastics, paper and wood and a coal and natural gasfired steam generator which was additionally fed with fuel gas from the gasification comprise the apparatus. Preliminary experiences in the gasification of wood waste, combustible wastes and used tires are described. The coupling of municipal waste gasification with a coal and natural gas fired steam generator did not lead to any remarkable changes of emission values.
99193412 A comparison of spectrophotometrfc and gas chromatographic measurements of heavy petroleum products in soil and aqueous samples Nadim, F. et al. Proc. In?. Waste Conf., 1997, (Pub. 1998), 52, 441-450. A comparison of USEPA Method 481.1, known as TPH-IR (IR analyser) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) applications was undertaken to quantify total petroleum hydrocarbons in different types of oil samples in soil, groundwater and potable water. The oil types studied included, No. 2-6 petroleum-based fuel oils, mechanical lubricating oil, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel and weathered gasoline. Extraction solvents used were methylene chloride and Freon 113. Results showed that although Method 481.1 is a relatively fast method to determine total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and water samples, quantitative determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in solid and aqueous samples is not feasible using this method. Solvent extraction and use of GC-FID is more practical than other techniques developed for this analysis and it may also be used to identify the nature and source of petroleum pollution.
99103413 Continuous membrane extraction coupled with chromatographic analysis for the determination of phenols in fuels Fernandez Laespada, M. E. et al. 1. Chromatogr., A, 1998,823, (l-2), 537548. A substantial improvement in sample processing can be achieved by on-line coupling of devices for non-chromatography separation to chromatography analysis systems. This also facilitates the automation of the procedure, considerably decreasing the error of the analysis methods used. For the purpose of this study, a silicone membrane device was coupled to a highperformance liquid chromatograph with electrochemical and UV detection and the system was used to determine phenols in complex organic matrixes (gasolines and kerosene) with minimum sample handling. The set of operations required was controlled by a microcomputer in the overall automatic process. Several quantification methods, internal standard, calibration in phenol-free matrixes and standard addition, were used, all of them providing similar results.
99103414 Developing innovative technology McNulty, T. Min. Eng., 1998, 50, (lo), 50-55. Project case histories in mineral processing and chemical reviewed.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
engineering
September
1999
are
357
Fuel science and technology (fundamental
99lQ3405 Results of the September 1997 DOE/EPA demonstration of multimetal continuous emission monitoring technologies Lemieux, P.M. et al. Wasre Mgt., 1998, 18, (6-g). 38.5-391. In September 1997, the US Department of Energy (DOE) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) co-sponsored a demonstration of several multimetal continuous emission monitors (CEMs). The demonstration, performed at the EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division’s combustion laboratory in Research Triangle Park, NC, involved the side-by-side testing of seven multimetal CEMs at various stages of commercialization. A series of tests were performed to compare results from the multimetal CEMs to Method 0060, the EPA reference method (RM) for metals emission measurements, using the relative accuracy test audit (RATA) protocol. The EPA operated the test facility and performed the RM sampling and each multimetal CEM was operated by the instrument’s respective developer. To accomplish these tests, an aqueous solution of six toxic metals (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead and mercury) along with fly ash from a coal-fired utility boiler, was injected into the afterburner of the EPAs rotary kiln incinerator simulator facility to generate a combustor flue gas with realistic post-flue gas cleaning system particulate loadings and target metals concentrations of approximately 15 and 75 &m3, which constituted the low and high concentration test conditions. The multimetal CEMs that participated in the test included two laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) systems, two inductively coupled plasma (ICP) systems, a sparkinduced breakdown spectroscopy (SIBS) system, a hazardous element sampling train with X-ray fluorescence (HEST/XRF) and a microwave plasma system. Ten RM-CEM sample pairs were taken at both the low and high concentration test conditions and the relative accuracies of the multimetal CEMs were calculated. This test provided performance data that will be used to assess the current state of the art in multimetal CEMs. Revision of standards of erformance for nitrogen 99103406 oxide emissions from new fossil-fuel f!ued steam generating units; revisions to reporting requirements for standards of performance for new fossil-fuel fired steam generating units Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Fed. Regilt., 16 Sep 1998, 63, (179), 49442-49455. USEPA reviewed emission standards for NO. contained in the standards of performance for new electric utility steam generating units and industrialcommercial-institutional steam generating units. EPA proposed revisions to 40 CFR Part 60, Subparts Da and Db based on this review on July 9, 1997. EPA reviewed public comments received on the proposed rule changes and this document reflects EPA’s responses to issues raised by the those who had commented. This action promulgates revised standards of performance. Details are given of the proposals. 99103407 Risk assessment of subsurface disposal of industrial residues in coal mines Himmelsbach, T. and Konig, C. Groundwater Urban Environ., Proc. IAH Congr., 27, 1997, 1, 421-426. Edited by Chilton, J., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. In North-Rhine-Westfalia, Germany, subsurface storage of industrial residues in coal mines underneath densely populated urban areas is important for waste disposal. Electric energy plant residues exist as filter ashes and desulfurization residues which are injected behind long wall faces. Using coal mines as underground repositories requires proof that pollutants, such as heavy metals, will not return via slow groundwater flow to the biosphere. The quantitative risk assessment of such underground storage facilities can only be done using numerical models. Successful modelling of the fractured host rock near-field requires a stochastic fractured aquifer model which includes the physical processes of fracture flow, matrix diffusion, sorption and desorption effects. Surfactant production and use in Germany: 99103408 resource requirements and CO* emissions Patel, M. K. et al. Res., Conserv. & Recycl., 1999, 25, (1), 61-78. Surfactants (surface-active agents) can be derived from both petrochemical feedstocks and renewable resources (e.g. oleochemicals). Renewable resources have the advantage that they contribute less to the greenhouse effect if harvested and grown sustainably. When comparing the contribution to the greenhouse effect, the life-cycle of the product should be analysed, covering the CO* emissions from production, use and degradation after disposal. In this paper, the use phase is only included for washing and cleaning agents since it is practically impossible to cover all the utilization processes for surfactants. At present, biomass-derived raw materials account for about one-third of the material feedstocks for surfactant production in Germany. Within this partial life-cycle inventory, it was calculated that fossil CO1 emissions of the commercially most important surfactants produced in Germany amounted to 1.5 Mt in 1996 (versus total chemical industry emissions of 125 Mt, including the equivalents of feedstock energy). Already today, the production of oleochemical feedstocks avoids the emission of 0.35 Mt of fossil COz p.a. (1996). Total substitution of oleochemical surfactants for petrochemical surfactants would enable a further reduction of 34%, reducing absolute emissions to 0.99 Mt. This is an overestimation of today’s technical potential, but it might be attainable in the longer term. For surfactant applications in laundry detergents, lowering wash temperatures is also an interesting strategy to reduce COz emissions.
science, analysis, instrumentation)
99lO3409 Technology for treatment of flue gas from coal burning power plant Jiang, H. Huonjing Baohu, 1998, (7), 27-28. (In Chinese) Wet, dry (semi-dry), electron beam and seawater desulfurization technology are explored for the treatment of flue gas from coal burning power plants.
99103410 Using lichenology to monitor industrial emission levels Giraudeau, P. Gaz d’aujourd’hui, 1999, 123, 1, 26-32. (In French) Owing to the lichen’s ability to help measure atmospheric pollution levels in any given place, lichenology is directly associated with the study of air quality. This article explains how the impact of rural and industrial activity on the atmosphere can be measured and describes the processes underlying this relatively new area applied in the gas industry.
16
FUEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Fundamental Science, Analysis, Instrumentation
99103411 Circulating fluidired-bed plus gasification technique. One optimum from two processes Nieminen, J. WLB, Wasser, Luff B&en, 1998, 42, (ll-12), 53-56. (In German) A unit for the gasification of wood waste and sorted municipal waste consisting mainly of plastics, paper and wood and a coal and natural gasfired steam generator which was additionally fed with fuel gas from the gasification comprise the apparatus. Preliminary experiences in the gasification of wood waste, combustible wastes and used tires are described. The coupling of municipal waste gasification with a coal and natural gas fired steam generator did not lead to any remarkable changes of emission values.
99193412 A comparison of spectrophotometrfc and gas chromatographic measurements of heavy petroleum products in soil and aqueous samples Nadim, F. et al. Proc. In?. Waste Conf., 1997, (Pub. 1998), 52, 441-450. A comparison of USEPA Method 481.1, known as TPH-IR (IR analyser) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) applications was undertaken to quantify total petroleum hydrocarbons in different types of oil samples in soil, groundwater and potable water. The oil types studied included, No. 2-6 petroleum-based fuel oils, mechanical lubricating oil, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel and weathered gasoline. Extraction solvents used were methylene chloride and Freon 113. Results showed that although Method 481.1 is a relatively fast method to determine total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and water samples, quantitative determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in solid and aqueous samples is not feasible using this method. Solvent extraction and use of GC-FID is more practical than other techniques developed for this analysis and it may also be used to identify the nature and source of petroleum pollution.
99103413 Continuous membrane extraction coupled with chromatographic analysis for the determination of phenols in fuels Fernandez Laespada, M. E. et al. 1. Chromatogr., A, 1998,823, (l-2), 537548. A substantial improvement in sample processing can be achieved by on-line coupling of devices for non-chromatography separation to chromatography analysis systems. This also facilitates the automation of the procedure, considerably decreasing the error of the analysis methods used. For the purpose of this study, a silicone membrane device was coupled to a highperformance liquid chromatograph with electrochemical and UV detection and the system was used to determine phenols in complex organic matrixes (gasolines and kerosene) with minimum sample handling. The set of operations required was controlled by a microcomputer in the overall automatic process. Several quantification methods, internal standard, calibration in phenol-free matrixes and standard addition, were used, all of them providing similar results.
99103414 Developing innovative technology McNulty, T. Min. Eng., 1998, 50, (lo), 50-55. Project case histories in mineral processing and chemical reviewed.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
engineering
September
1999
are
357