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03682 Sampling of gases from waste tyre chips pyrolysis
04
~01% Hz, several thousands ppm organic sulfur and -1 ~01% HzS. Diethanolamine solution is better than ethanolamine in the process. Hz may not be added into the rich tail gas of coking after gasoline absorption, diesel oil absorption and ethanolamine absorption. The middle of reactor bed is equipped with mechanical structure of charging desulfurization dry The catalyst used in catalytic gas or Hz in catalytic hydrogenation. hydrogenation is JT-1G type hydrogenation-desulfurization catalyst including Moos, Co0 and NiO.
Sampling of gases from waste tyre chips pyrolysis 99iQ3662 Okano, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 298,569 [98 2985691 (Cl. ClOL3/06), 10 Nov 1998, Appl. 97/122,922,25 Apr 1997,4 pp. (In Japanese) Waste tyre chips are alternatively fed into two batch-type pyrolysis furnaces, feeding fuels via a primary duct into the inlet side of the combustion chamber of each furnace. Stable gases are withdrawn from the primary duct and a supplementary fuel is fed, via a secondary duct, into the combustion chamber. Through the secondary duct, the unstable gases are withdrawn in a predetermined cycle between the initial and final stages of the operation of each furnace. Finally, the timing of the remote control valve operation in each duct is determined during gas sampling. A solar chemical reactor for co-production of zinc and synthesis gas
99103663
Steinfeld, A. et al. Energy, 1998, 23, (lo), 803-814. In order to perform the combined ZnO-reduction and CH4-reforming processes, a novel solar chemical reactor was developed. It consists of a gasparticle vortex flow confined to a solar cavity receiver that is exposed to concentrated solar irradiation. A 5 kW reactor was fabricated and tested in a high-flux solar furnace. The design methodology and experimental programme are described. Conducted from 1000 to 1600 K, tests yielded up to 90% chemical conversion of zinc in a single pass.
Styrene foam gasification apparatus 99103664 Takahashi, K. and Takahashi, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 310,784 [98 310,784] (Cl. ClOJ3/02), 24 Nov 1998, Appl. 97/122,169, 13 May 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) For gasifying block foam styrene, the apparatus comprises a pulverizing mechanism for pulverizing the foam styrene, an oil-generating tank for heating finely divided foam styrene to melt and a vaporizer for heating the melt liquid from the oil-generating tank to give a fuel gas. Synthesis gas production by ion transport
99103665
membranes Nataraj, S. and Russek, S. L. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 882,670 (Cl. COlB3/36), 9 Dee 1998, US Appl. 870,012, 6 Jun 1997, 23 pp. A methane-containing reactant gas was used to manufacture synthesis gas in a mixed conducting membrane reactor. The reactor is operated to maintain the product gas outlet temperature above the reactant gas feed temperature. The total gas pressure on the oxidant side of the membrane is less than the total gas pressure on the reactant side of the membrane. The reactant gas feed temperature is preferably below a maximum threshold temperature of -760°C and typically between -510°C and -760°C. The maximum temperature on the reactant side of the membrane reactor is >815”C.
04
BY-PRODUCTS TO FUELS
RELATED
99103666
Changes in the quality of coal combustion by products produced by Kentucky power plants, 1976 to 1997: consequences of Clean Air Act directives
Hower, J. C. et al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (6). 701-712. A considerable improvement in the quality of coal burned by utilities and in the type of pollution control equipment needed to reduce SOz and NO, emissions has been necessary to fulfil the original US Clean Air Act (CAA), implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1971, and the amendments to the act in 1977 and 1990. Any change in coal quality or emission control implies a change in the amount, type and quality of coal combustion by-products (CCB). CCB is a collective term for fly ash, bottom ash and boiler slag and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) or fluidized-bed combustion products fron coal burning. Studies by the University of Kentucky in 1978, 1992 and 1997, the latter two conducted by the Center for Applied Energy Research, have focused on the amount, quality and end use of CCBs from Kentucky power plants, with particular emphasis on fly ash. The evolution of clean air standards has impacted the quality and volume of CCBs in a variety of ways: (1) switching from high sulfur to lower sulfur coal generates lower quantities of spine1 phases and greater amounts of alumino-silicate glasses; (2) switching to Powder River Basin subbituminous coals produces Class C fly ash, compared to Class F fly ash from the combustion of the typical eastern bituminous coals; (3) the wider use of beneficiated coals reduces the amount of fly ash and bottom ash produced; (4) use of a wider rank range into the coal blend increases the potential of unburned carbon caused by inefficient combustion of non-
By-products
related to fuels
design coals; (5) the inclusion of non-coal fuels, such as petroleum coke and with tyre-derived fuel, in the coal blend: (6) reduction of NO, emissions has generally meant an initial increase in the amount of carbon in the fly ash; (7) addition of FGD means an added CCB stream, either a calcium sulfite which is generally mixed with fly ash and landfilled, or a calcium sulfate. which is sold for wallboard manufacture. 99103667 Coal ash for admixture and concrete composition Shintani, N. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 12,000 (99 12,000] (Cl. C04B18/08), 19 Jan 1999, Appl. 97/162,816,19 Jun 1997,4 pp. (In Japanese) Comprising SiOz 30-40, CaO 10-30. SO3 3.0-10 wt%, AlzOs and FezOs and having specific surface area >lO,OOO cm*/g, coal ash is used as the admixture. The coal ash may be dust obtained from combustion reaction of desulfurization coal with limestone powder in pressurized fluidized bed. Concrete compositions comprise cement, aggregate, wafer and the admixtures. High-strength concrete products are manufactured with less cement. 99103666
Design and testing controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) using clean coal ash
Naik, T. R. et al. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ., 1998, STP 1331, 27-42. The project aimed to develop mixture proportions for controlled lowstrength material (CLSM) using clean coal ash obtained from atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC). The specific ashes used for this project were: (1) circulating fluidized bed boiler fly ash and bottom ash and (2) stoker-type boiler fly ash and bottom ash. These two coal ash samples were characterized for physical and chemical properties. Chemical properties and water leaching tests were also performed on the hardened CLSM. Many initial CLSM mixtures were developed by blending the two types of ash. Tests results show that acceptable CLSM material can be developed by blending the fluidized bed boiler ash with the stoker boiler ash. Recommendations for a pilot-scale manufacturing application of the three CLSM mixtures were made based upon the laboratory test results. 99103669 Manufacture of artificial aggregate from fly ash Mori, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 116,300 [99 116,300] (Cl. C04B 18/08) , 27 Apr 1999, Appl. 97/282,290, 15 Ott 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) The main components of the artificial aggregate are as follows: 3-5 wt% iron and 0.2-0.3 wt% carbon beside SiOz, Alz03, iron oxide, CaO and MgO as main components. It has a hematite-based outer layer and a wustite- and/ or magnetite-based inner layer. To create the binder, fly ash is mixed with bentonite, while SiOz-containing mineral is used as composition controlling agent, coal or coke as a reducing agent, pulverized to average size
Method for utilization of low-molecular-weight polyethylene, a waste from the manufacture of low-density polyethylene
99103690
Novichikhin, D. N. and Saibel, L. 1. Khim. Prom-st., 1997, (1I), 786-787. (In Russian), A by-product of low-density polyethylene production, low-molecular-weight polyethylene, is utilized by addition to petroleum residual fuel oil or coaltar fuel oil at concentration 5-7%.
99JO3691
Modification of fly ash for use in cement
Saito, S. and Kaneko, Y. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho 11,999] (Cl. CO4Bl8/08), 19 Jan 1999, Appl. 97/172,783. (In Japanese) The treatment of fly ash involves (1) incineration to carbon content
JP 11 11,999 [99 16 Jun 1997, 7 pp. make the unfired /Am-mesh pass, or
99103692
Sorption aided process optimization for the removal and recovery of anionic surfactant from wastewater using fly-ash, the waste solid generated from Thermal Power Plant
Sarkar, M. Proc. Int. Conf. Solid Waste Technol. Manage., 1998, 14, 3D.31 l-2. The paper presents the process of sodium dodecylsulfate adsorption, an anionic surfactant, from aqueous solution onto fly ash. The process has been carried out under varying reaction conditions following batch study. The process follows first order rate expression. Column regeneration has been tried to recover the loaded surfactant and restore the column without dismantling it. 99103693
Synthesis of reoltte from waste lignite ash from
Thailand Virakornphanich, P. and Egashira, K. Soil Sci. Planf Nutr., 1998, 44, (4). 707-710. With the objective of developing a new method for the disposal of industrial wastes, attempts were made to synthesize zeolite-like substances from lignite ash from Thailand.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 1999 369
~01% Hz, several thousands ppm organic sulfur and -1 ~01% HzS. Diethanolamine solution is better than ethanolamine in the process. Hz may not be added into the rich tail gas of coking after gasoline absorption, diesel oil absorption and ethanolamine absorption. The middle of reactor bed is equipped with mechanical structure of charging desulfurization dry The catalyst used in catalytic gas or Hz in catalytic hydrogenation. hydrogenation is JT-1G type hydrogenation-desulfurization catalyst including Moos, Co0 and NiO.
Sampling of gases from waste tyre chips pyrolysis 99iQ3662 Okano, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 298,569 [98 2985691 (Cl. ClOL3/06), 10 Nov 1998, Appl. 97/122,922,25 Apr 1997,4 pp. (In Japanese) Waste tyre chips are alternatively fed into two batch-type pyrolysis furnaces, feeding fuels via a primary duct into the inlet side of the combustion chamber of each furnace. Stable gases are withdrawn from the primary duct and a supplementary fuel is fed, via a secondary duct, into the combustion chamber. Through the secondary duct, the unstable gases are withdrawn in a predetermined cycle between the initial and final stages of the operation of each furnace. Finally, the timing of the remote control valve operation in each duct is determined during gas sampling. A solar chemical reactor for co-production of zinc and synthesis gas
99103663
Steinfeld, A. et al. Energy, 1998, 23, (lo), 803-814. In order to perform the combined ZnO-reduction and CH4-reforming processes, a novel solar chemical reactor was developed. It consists of a gasparticle vortex flow confined to a solar cavity receiver that is exposed to concentrated solar irradiation. A 5 kW reactor was fabricated and tested in a high-flux solar furnace. The design methodology and experimental programme are described. Conducted from 1000 to 1600 K, tests yielded up to 90% chemical conversion of zinc in a single pass.
Styrene foam gasification apparatus 99103664 Takahashi, K. and Takahashi, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 310,784 [98 310,784] (Cl. ClOJ3/02), 24 Nov 1998, Appl. 97/122,169, 13 May 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) For gasifying block foam styrene, the apparatus comprises a pulverizing mechanism for pulverizing the foam styrene, an oil-generating tank for heating finely divided foam styrene to melt and a vaporizer for heating the melt liquid from the oil-generating tank to give a fuel gas. Synthesis gas production by ion transport
99103665
membranes Nataraj, S. and Russek, S. L. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 882,670 (Cl. COlB3/36), 9 Dee 1998, US Appl. 870,012, 6 Jun 1997, 23 pp. A methane-containing reactant gas was used to manufacture synthesis gas in a mixed conducting membrane reactor. The reactor is operated to maintain the product gas outlet temperature above the reactant gas feed temperature. The total gas pressure on the oxidant side of the membrane is less than the total gas pressure on the reactant side of the membrane. The reactant gas feed temperature is preferably below a maximum threshold temperature of -760°C and typically between -510°C and -760°C. The maximum temperature on the reactant side of the membrane reactor is >815”C.
04
BY-PRODUCTS TO FUELS
RELATED
99103666
Changes in the quality of coal combustion by products produced by Kentucky power plants, 1976 to 1997: consequences of Clean Air Act directives
Hower, J. C. et al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (6). 701-712. A considerable improvement in the quality of coal burned by utilities and in the type of pollution control equipment needed to reduce SOz and NO, emissions has been necessary to fulfil the original US Clean Air Act (CAA), implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1971, and the amendments to the act in 1977 and 1990. Any change in coal quality or emission control implies a change in the amount, type and quality of coal combustion by-products (CCB). CCB is a collective term for fly ash, bottom ash and boiler slag and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) or fluidized-bed combustion products fron coal burning. Studies by the University of Kentucky in 1978, 1992 and 1997, the latter two conducted by the Center for Applied Energy Research, have focused on the amount, quality and end use of CCBs from Kentucky power plants, with particular emphasis on fly ash. The evolution of clean air standards has impacted the quality and volume of CCBs in a variety of ways: (1) switching from high sulfur to lower sulfur coal generates lower quantities of spine1 phases and greater amounts of alumino-silicate glasses; (2) switching to Powder River Basin subbituminous coals produces Class C fly ash, compared to Class F fly ash from the combustion of the typical eastern bituminous coals; (3) the wider use of beneficiated coals reduces the amount of fly ash and bottom ash produced; (4) use of a wider rank range into the coal blend increases the potential of unburned carbon caused by inefficient combustion of non-
By-products
related to fuels
design coals; (5) the inclusion of non-coal fuels, such as petroleum coke and with tyre-derived fuel, in the coal blend: (6) reduction of NO, emissions has generally meant an initial increase in the amount of carbon in the fly ash; (7) addition of FGD means an added CCB stream, either a calcium sulfite which is generally mixed with fly ash and landfilled, or a calcium sulfate. which is sold for wallboard manufacture. 99103667 Coal ash for admixture and concrete composition Shintani, N. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 12,000 (99 12,000] (Cl. C04B18/08), 19 Jan 1999, Appl. 97/162,816,19 Jun 1997,4 pp. (In Japanese) Comprising SiOz 30-40, CaO 10-30. SO3 3.0-10 wt%, AlzOs and FezOs and having specific surface area >lO,OOO cm*/g, coal ash is used as the admixture. The coal ash may be dust obtained from combustion reaction of desulfurization coal with limestone powder in pressurized fluidized bed. Concrete compositions comprise cement, aggregate, wafer and the admixtures. High-strength concrete products are manufactured with less cement. 99103666
Design and testing controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) using clean coal ash
Naik, T. R. et al. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ., 1998, STP 1331, 27-42. The project aimed to develop mixture proportions for controlled lowstrength material (CLSM) using clean coal ash obtained from atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC). The specific ashes used for this project were: (1) circulating fluidized bed boiler fly ash and bottom ash and (2) stoker-type boiler fly ash and bottom ash. These two coal ash samples were characterized for physical and chemical properties. Chemical properties and water leaching tests were also performed on the hardened CLSM. Many initial CLSM mixtures were developed by blending the two types of ash. Tests results show that acceptable CLSM material can be developed by blending the fluidized bed boiler ash with the stoker boiler ash. Recommendations for a pilot-scale manufacturing application of the three CLSM mixtures were made based upon the laboratory test results. 99103669 Manufacture of artificial aggregate from fly ash Mori, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 116,300 [99 116,300] (Cl. C04B 18/08) , 27 Apr 1999, Appl. 97/282,290, 15 Ott 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) The main components of the artificial aggregate are as follows: 3-5 wt% iron and 0.2-0.3 wt% carbon beside SiOz, Alz03, iron oxide, CaO and MgO as main components. It has a hematite-based outer layer and a wustite- and/ or magnetite-based inner layer. To create the binder, fly ash is mixed with bentonite, while SiOz-containing mineral is used as composition controlling agent, coal or coke as a reducing agent, pulverized to average size
Method for utilization of low-molecular-weight polyethylene, a waste from the manufacture of low-density polyethylene
99103690
Novichikhin, D. N. and Saibel, L. 1. Khim. Prom-st., 1997, (1I), 786-787. (In Russian), A by-product of low-density polyethylene production, low-molecular-weight polyethylene, is utilized by addition to petroleum residual fuel oil or coaltar fuel oil at concentration 5-7%.
99JO3691
Modification of fly ash for use in cement
Saito, S. and Kaneko, Y. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho 11,999] (Cl. CO4Bl8/08), 19 Jan 1999, Appl. 97/172,783. (In Japanese) The treatment of fly ash involves (1) incineration to carbon content
JP 11 11,999 [99 16 Jun 1997, 7 pp. make the unfired /Am-mesh pass, or
99103692
Sorption aided process optimization for the removal and recovery of anionic surfactant from wastewater using fly-ash, the waste solid generated from Thermal Power Plant
Sarkar, M. Proc. Int. Conf. Solid Waste Technol. Manage., 1998, 14, 3D.31 l-2. The paper presents the process of sodium dodecylsulfate adsorption, an anionic surfactant, from aqueous solution onto fly ash. The process has been carried out under varying reaction conditions following batch study. The process follows first order rate expression. Column regeneration has been tried to recover the loaded surfactant and restore the column without dismantling it. 99103693
Synthesis of reoltte from waste lignite ash from
Thailand Virakornphanich, P. and Egashira, K. Soil Sci. Planf Nutr., 1998, 44, (4). 707-710. With the objective of developing a new method for the disposal of industrial wastes, attempts were made to synthesize zeolite-like substances from lignite ash from Thailand.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 1999 369