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03927 Using of coal fines in gasification-smelting unit in manufacture of molten pig iron or steel foreproduct
13
Space heating and cooling
Processes for the injection of pulverized coal into 99103923 the blast furnace Letzel, D. et al. Stahl Eisen, 1998, 118, (12) 91-99. (In German) Five pulverized coal of different grain size were investigated to study their combustion behaviour. Grain size had no effect on the degree of burn of soft brown coal grades, whereas the burn-off of hard coal grades showed a strong dependence on it. The levels of volatile components and the carbon/ oxygen ratio of the coal grades have emerged as characteristic parameters. A combustion model was used to calculate the further combustion process of the char left over from the injected media in the raceway. If the hot blast temperature was increased, a stronger effect was achieved than enriching the blast with oxygen. Also determined was the effect of the Fe0 content on the ability to obtain a complete gasification of the pulverized coal.
Propagation of the internal pressure as swelling 99163924 pressure on the walls of coke ovens Arendt, P. et al. Glueckauf-Forschungsh., 1999, 60, (l), 19-23. (In German) Operated by DMT, the two semi-industrial coking ovens were used to investigate two different methods for the transfer of the internal gas pressure, which arises in the plastic zone, as swelling pressure acting on the oven chamber walls. High internal gas pressures of several hundred millibar are transmitted to the chamber wall almost on a 1:1 basis. As the chamber width increases there is a reduction in both the internal gas pressure and in the wall pressure, presumably as a result of the larger absolute shrinkage factor. At low internal gas pressure values, such as are produced by lower coking temperatures, only part of the pressure is transferred to the chamber wall as swelling pressure. In this case the relationships are more complex, with the result that without individual testing no generally applicable quantitative data is available on the relationship which exists between the internal gas pressure and the wall pressure as a function of temperature conditions, chamber width and the bulk density and type of the coal charge. However, since the application of low to medium swelling pressures are particularly relevant for industrial purposes, it is precisely this pressure range which is in need of a more detailed investigation.
99163925
Recent activities In research of ironmaklng
Itaya, H. Kawasaki Seilefsu Giho, 1999, 31, (1), l-7. (In Japanese) A brief overview is provided regarding recent ironmaking technologies in Japan. In addition, ironmaking R & D activities over the past decade are presented. Cost reduction and stable operation has been achieved in all areas of coke making, sintering, blast furnace and new smelting. In coke making, the contributions to the use of a large amount of low-cost semi-soft coal and the decrease in the trouble of hard push were brought about through coal blending technologies. In the field of sintering, fundamental studies on sinter reaction based on new experimental methods such as Xray CT and also a newly developed charging apparatus of raw material contributed to cost reduction. Furthermore, a new charging system of the furnace top, burden distribution control technology and computer simulation system for blast furnace operation have been developed for blast furnace technologies. These developments have realized a stable operation and also the large amount use of low cost burden and fuel. In the area of smelting reduction, a commercial plant of STAR process for stainless steel dust recycling has commenced operation and the application of this process to electric arc furnace dust recycling is under development.
Use of an oxygen-gas burner In a cupola for 99163926 processing of foundry dust and for replaclng energy Neumann, F. et al. Slevarenstvi, 1998, 46, (7/8), 253-258. (In Czech) Air Products, in co-operation with the firm Buderus Guss, has developed the process described here, of which the most important part is the oxygen burner. On the basis of a burner combusting coal dust developed in the 1980s this burner was developed for the present use. The present generation of burners represents considerable improvement. Besides residual matter such as cupola dust, industrial refuse, dust from a fettling shop and dust from the moulding equipment charged into the cupola by the burner, alloying agents such as ferrosilicon and ferromanganese and blown coal can be added so that the chemical composition of the melt is suitably controlled.
Uslng of coal fines in gasification-smeltlng unit in 99103927 manufacture of molten pig Iron or steel foreproduct Schrey, G. and Zahedi, P. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 01,583 (Cl. C2lBl3/00), 14 Jan 1999, AT Appl. 9,7/1,157, 4 Jul 1997, 20 pp. (In German) During the production of molten pig iron or steel foreproduct from, especially, partly reduced iron sponge, a carbonaceous material consisting at least partly of coal fines and dust is supplied to a bed of the carbonaceous material to melt down the partly reduced iron sponge with simultaneous formation of a reduction gas. The used coal fines and coal dust are dried and mixed in the warm state with bitumen and then briquetted in the cold state. The produced briquettes are introduced to the gasification-smelting unit in the cold state and subjected to shock heating.
412
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 1999
12 REFRACTORIES/ CERAMICS Properties,
Production,
Applications
Causes of fracture of refractory lining in the upper zone of coking chambers
99103926
Krivoshein, V. T. Koks Khim., 1998, (lo), 19-21. (In Russian) The design of the coking furnaces influences the destruction of the Dinas refractory linings at the upper zone coking chambers. Principally, it is the height of the coking furnaces, as well as the mechanical effects of the thermal compression. Several recommendations are given to prevent the early failure of the refractory linings of coking furnaces. 99103929
Dynamically compacted all-ceramic lithium-ion
batteries
Jak, M. J. G. et al. J. Power Sources, 1999, 80, (112). 83-89. A cell design and a unique manufacturing process for all solid-state lithiumion batteries are reported. Detailed analyses of the manufacturing of the components for such a battery and the compaction of the green battery are presented. The electrodes were made of coatings of LiMnZ.04 on metal foils. The electrolyte was a free-standing foil of the ceramtc electrolyte lithium-doped BP04 in a polymer matrix. The different layers were wound and compacted by using magnetic pulse compaction. Several characteristics of the compacted batteries are presented.
Effect of the TiOn-fraction on the glass-ceramic crystallization In the system CaO-A1203-Si02
99103930
He, L. P. et al. Interceram., 1998, 47, (6), 387-389. The effect of the addition of the nucleating agent Ti02 on the crystallization of a glass-ceramic in the system CaO-AlzOs-Si02 was investigated by Xray diffraction, DTA and SEM. A suitable addition (fraction) of TiOz promoted the crystallization by the formation of an intermediate crystal phase which provided more favourable conditions for crystallization. Inadequate addition of TiOz limited the crystallization on the surface of the glass-ceramics, while a too large amount led to the formation of microcracks. The optimum fraction of TiOz was 10 mass%.
Results of use of the first large-unit coke oven batteries made of refractory concretes
99103931
Kombarov, A. P. et al. Koks Khim., 1998, (ll-12), 13-17. (In Russian) Details from the development and functional characteristics of refractory concrete linings in coke ovens in Russia are reported.
Self-firing carbon-based refractory linings with low porosity for blast furnace and reduced electric furnace
99103932
Hao, Y. et al. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,114,297 (Cl. C04B35/66), 3 Jan 1996, Appl. 94,106,611, 30 Jun 1994, 5 pp. (In Chinese) Composed of fired anthracite (preferably 35-60 wt%), Sic (IO-25 wt%), SiOa (O-15 wt%), ultrafine additives (3-20 wt%), coal pitch (O-25 wt%), coal tar (O-10 wt%) and resin (O-15 wt%), the refractory linings are described. The components are mixed and kneaded at llO-165°C and subsequently moulded in a precision finishing mould under high-pressure and high-frequency vibration. The ultrafine additives are silicon, B& and BN with <0.074 mm particle size.
13
SPACE HEATING COOLING
AND
Application of combined heat-and-power and absorption cooling in a supermarket
99103933
Maidment, G. G. et al. Applied Energy, 1999, 63, (3), 169-190. In recent years, it has become standard practice to consider Combined Heat-and-Power (CHP) systems for commercial buildings. CHP schemes are used because they are an efficient means of power generation. Unlike conventional power stations, they produce electricity locally and thus minimize the distribution losses, however, they also utilize the waste heat from the generation process. In applications where there is a combined heating and electricity requirement, a very efficient means of energy production is achieved compared to the conventional methods of providing heating and electricity. With new initiatives from the UK government on reduced energy-use, energy-efficient systems such as CHP have been considered for new applications. This paper summarizes the results of an investigation into the viability of CHP systems in supermarkets. The viability of conventional CHP has been theoretically investigated using a mathematical model of a typical supermarket. This has demonstrated that a
Space heating and cooling
Processes for the injection of pulverized coal into 99103923 the blast furnace Letzel, D. et al. Stahl Eisen, 1998, 118, (12) 91-99. (In German) Five pulverized coal of different grain size were investigated to study their combustion behaviour. Grain size had no effect on the degree of burn of soft brown coal grades, whereas the burn-off of hard coal grades showed a strong dependence on it. The levels of volatile components and the carbon/ oxygen ratio of the coal grades have emerged as characteristic parameters. A combustion model was used to calculate the further combustion process of the char left over from the injected media in the raceway. If the hot blast temperature was increased, a stronger effect was achieved than enriching the blast with oxygen. Also determined was the effect of the Fe0 content on the ability to obtain a complete gasification of the pulverized coal.
Propagation of the internal pressure as swelling 99163924 pressure on the walls of coke ovens Arendt, P. et al. Glueckauf-Forschungsh., 1999, 60, (l), 19-23. (In German) Operated by DMT, the two semi-industrial coking ovens were used to investigate two different methods for the transfer of the internal gas pressure, which arises in the plastic zone, as swelling pressure acting on the oven chamber walls. High internal gas pressures of several hundred millibar are transmitted to the chamber wall almost on a 1:1 basis. As the chamber width increases there is a reduction in both the internal gas pressure and in the wall pressure, presumably as a result of the larger absolute shrinkage factor. At low internal gas pressure values, such as are produced by lower coking temperatures, only part of the pressure is transferred to the chamber wall as swelling pressure. In this case the relationships are more complex, with the result that without individual testing no generally applicable quantitative data is available on the relationship which exists between the internal gas pressure and the wall pressure as a function of temperature conditions, chamber width and the bulk density and type of the coal charge. However, since the application of low to medium swelling pressures are particularly relevant for industrial purposes, it is precisely this pressure range which is in need of a more detailed investigation.
99163925
Recent activities In research of ironmaklng
Itaya, H. Kawasaki Seilefsu Giho, 1999, 31, (1), l-7. (In Japanese) A brief overview is provided regarding recent ironmaking technologies in Japan. In addition, ironmaking R & D activities over the past decade are presented. Cost reduction and stable operation has been achieved in all areas of coke making, sintering, blast furnace and new smelting. In coke making, the contributions to the use of a large amount of low-cost semi-soft coal and the decrease in the trouble of hard push were brought about through coal blending technologies. In the field of sintering, fundamental studies on sinter reaction based on new experimental methods such as Xray CT and also a newly developed charging apparatus of raw material contributed to cost reduction. Furthermore, a new charging system of the furnace top, burden distribution control technology and computer simulation system for blast furnace operation have been developed for blast furnace technologies. These developments have realized a stable operation and also the large amount use of low cost burden and fuel. In the area of smelting reduction, a commercial plant of STAR process for stainless steel dust recycling has commenced operation and the application of this process to electric arc furnace dust recycling is under development.
Use of an oxygen-gas burner In a cupola for 99163926 processing of foundry dust and for replaclng energy Neumann, F. et al. Slevarenstvi, 1998, 46, (7/8), 253-258. (In Czech) Air Products, in co-operation with the firm Buderus Guss, has developed the process described here, of which the most important part is the oxygen burner. On the basis of a burner combusting coal dust developed in the 1980s this burner was developed for the present use. The present generation of burners represents considerable improvement. Besides residual matter such as cupola dust, industrial refuse, dust from a fettling shop and dust from the moulding equipment charged into the cupola by the burner, alloying agents such as ferrosilicon and ferromanganese and blown coal can be added so that the chemical composition of the melt is suitably controlled.
Uslng of coal fines in gasification-smeltlng unit in 99103927 manufacture of molten pig Iron or steel foreproduct Schrey, G. and Zahedi, P. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 01,583 (Cl. C2lBl3/00), 14 Jan 1999, AT Appl. 9,7/1,157, 4 Jul 1997, 20 pp. (In German) During the production of molten pig iron or steel foreproduct from, especially, partly reduced iron sponge, a carbonaceous material consisting at least partly of coal fines and dust is supplied to a bed of the carbonaceous material to melt down the partly reduced iron sponge with simultaneous formation of a reduction gas. The used coal fines and coal dust are dried and mixed in the warm state with bitumen and then briquetted in the cold state. The produced briquettes are introduced to the gasification-smelting unit in the cold state and subjected to shock heating.
412
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 1999
12 REFRACTORIES/ CERAMICS Properties,
Production,
Applications
Causes of fracture of refractory lining in the upper zone of coking chambers
99103926
Krivoshein, V. T. Koks Khim., 1998, (lo), 19-21. (In Russian) The design of the coking furnaces influences the destruction of the Dinas refractory linings at the upper zone coking chambers. Principally, it is the height of the coking furnaces, as well as the mechanical effects of the thermal compression. Several recommendations are given to prevent the early failure of the refractory linings of coking furnaces. 99103929
Dynamically compacted all-ceramic lithium-ion
batteries
Jak, M. J. G. et al. J. Power Sources, 1999, 80, (112). 83-89. A cell design and a unique manufacturing process for all solid-state lithiumion batteries are reported. Detailed analyses of the manufacturing of the components for such a battery and the compaction of the green battery are presented. The electrodes were made of coatings of LiMnZ.04 on metal foils. The electrolyte was a free-standing foil of the ceramtc electrolyte lithium-doped BP04 in a polymer matrix. The different layers were wound and compacted by using magnetic pulse compaction. Several characteristics of the compacted batteries are presented.
Effect of the TiOn-fraction on the glass-ceramic crystallization In the system CaO-A1203-Si02
99103930
He, L. P. et al. Interceram., 1998, 47, (6), 387-389. The effect of the addition of the nucleating agent Ti02 on the crystallization of a glass-ceramic in the system CaO-AlzOs-Si02 was investigated by Xray diffraction, DTA and SEM. A suitable addition (fraction) of TiOz promoted the crystallization by the formation of an intermediate crystal phase which provided more favourable conditions for crystallization. Inadequate addition of TiOz limited the crystallization on the surface of the glass-ceramics, while a too large amount led to the formation of microcracks. The optimum fraction of TiOz was 10 mass%.
Results of use of the first large-unit coke oven batteries made of refractory concretes
99103931
Kombarov, A. P. et al. Koks Khim., 1998, (ll-12), 13-17. (In Russian) Details from the development and functional characteristics of refractory concrete linings in coke ovens in Russia are reported.
Self-firing carbon-based refractory linings with low porosity for blast furnace and reduced electric furnace
99103932
Hao, Y. et al. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,114,297 (Cl. C04B35/66), 3 Jan 1996, Appl. 94,106,611, 30 Jun 1994, 5 pp. (In Chinese) Composed of fired anthracite (preferably 35-60 wt%), Sic (IO-25 wt%), SiOa (O-15 wt%), ultrafine additives (3-20 wt%), coal pitch (O-25 wt%), coal tar (O-10 wt%) and resin (O-15 wt%), the refractory linings are described. The components are mixed and kneaded at llO-165°C and subsequently moulded in a precision finishing mould under high-pressure and high-frequency vibration. The ultrafine additives are silicon, B& and BN with <0.074 mm particle size.
13
SPACE HEATING COOLING
AND
Application of combined heat-and-power and absorption cooling in a supermarket
99103933
Maidment, G. G. et al. Applied Energy, 1999, 63, (3), 169-190. In recent years, it has become standard practice to consider Combined Heat-and-Power (CHP) systems for commercial buildings. CHP schemes are used because they are an efficient means of power generation. Unlike conventional power stations, they produce electricity locally and thus minimize the distribution losses, however, they also utilize the waste heat from the generation process. In applications where there is a combined heating and electricity requirement, a very efficient means of energy production is achieved compared to the conventional methods of providing heating and electricity. With new initiatives from the UK government on reduced energy-use, energy-efficient systems such as CHP have been considered for new applications. This paper summarizes the results of an investigation into the viability of CHP systems in supermarkets. The viability of conventional CHP has been theoretically investigated using a mathematical model of a typical supermarket. This has demonstrated that a