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04057 Systems for waste treatment with heat recovery
18 functions appears to lead to complicated policy rules. In contrast to earlier efforts, the analysis considers an arbitrarily large number of non-identical price-taking firms in a joint market; a large variety of possible production functions, including varying levels of economies of scale and possibilities for input substitution; and elasticities of market demand which may vary from completely elastic to completely inelastic. Two second-best instruments are considered, namely output taxes and energy-efficiency standards, and are compared to the benchmark of first-best energy taxes. The underlying market factors determining the relative efficiency of these second-best instruments, when used optimally, are identified. 99104050
A second-best evaluation of eight policy
instruments to reduce carbon emissions
Parry, I. W. H. and Williams, III, R. C. Resource and Energy Economics, 1999, 21, (3/4), 347-373. A numerical general equilibrium model is used to compare the costs of alternative policies for reducing carbon emissions in a second-best setting with a distortionary tax on labour. A carbon tax, two energy taxes and both narrow-based and broad-based emissions permits and performance standards are placed under investigation. The presence of pre-existing tax distortions raises the costs of all these policies and can affect their relative cost rankings. In fact, the superiority of emissions taxes and emissions permits over other instruments can hinge on whether these policies generate revenues that are used to reduce other distortionary taxes.
99104051
Second-law analysis: approaches and implications
Rosen, M. A. Int. J. Energy Res., 1999, 23, (5), 415-429. A comparison is presented of the main approaches to second-law analysis (SLA) reported in the literature. Five SLAs are considered: exergy, negentropy and entropy analyses. physical-exergy, exergy-consumption, The application of the SLAs is exemplified. In addition, several significant implications of SLA are examined in the fields of environmental impact and economics. The presentation is expected to enhance understanding of SLA and improve its usefulness.
Supply- and demand-side effects of carbon tax in the Indonesian power sector: an integrated rerource planning analysis
99104052
Shrestha, R. M. and Marpaung, C. 0. P. Energy Policy, 1999,27, (4). 185194. The implications of carbon tax for power sector development, demand-side management programmes and environmental emissions, in the case of Indonesia from a long-term integrated resource planning perspective, are examined. Introduction of carbon tax is found to result in improvements of system load factor, system reliability and overall efficiency of thermal power generation, while the capacity utilization factor deteriorated. At low tax rates, CO* mitigation due to changes in electricity price is found to be higher than that due to technological substitution and fuel switching while the opposite was the case at medium and high tax rates. It is also found that tax revenue need not always increase with carbon tax.
What to expect from an international system of 99104053 tradable permits for carbon emissions
McKibbin, W. J. et al. Resource and Energy Economics, 1999, 21, (3/4), 319-346. multi-sector general equiliAn econometrically-estimated multi-region, brium model of the world economy is employed to examine the effects of using a system of internationally tradable emissions permits to control world carbon dioxide emissions. In particular, the focus rests on the effects of the system on flows of trade and international capital. The results show that international trade and capital flows significantly alter projections of the domestic effects of emissions mitigation policy, compared with analyses that ignore international capital flows and that under some systems of international permit trading, the United States is likely to become a significant permit seller, contrary to conventional wisdom.
Energy conversion and recycling
18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING 99104054 Production and engine test of methyl ester fuels from waste food oils Yoshimura, T. Pefrorech., 1998, 21, (lo), 967-972. (In Japanese) An experimental study has been carried out into the production of methyl ester fuels from waste food oils, in terms of properties of waste food oils, pre-treatment, esterification and post-treatment. In engine performance of a diesel engine, the methyl ester fuel is comparable to light fuel oil. though somewhat inferior exhaust behaviour is observed.
99104055 Recycling of power plant residues in mining Hasse, J. Restabfallbehandl., Deponietech., Entsorgung.sbergbau Alrlasrenprobl., Konferenzber. DepoTech Abfaliwirtschafistag., 4th, 1998, 22 I-227. (In German). Edited by Hengerer, D., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Power plant residues, such as fluidized-bed coal ash and ashes from dry flue gas desulfurization, can be used as a backfill and as a pumpable low-grade cement slurry for filling in chambers, providing beam support, etc., in coal mines. The ashes and other wastes are used as a substitute for previously used low-quality cement, in which the ashes are mixed into a pumpable water slurry.
99104056
The role of materials in maximizing the energy utilization from solid waste fuels. Recent developments in material optimization and process design
Mayrhuber, J. and Cerjak, H. Schr. Forschungszent. Juelich, Reihe EnergietechLEnergy Technol., 1998, 5, (2, Materials for Advanced Power Engineering 1998, Pt. 2), 741-750. For attainment of the 1997 Kyoto conference goals for greenhouse gas reduction, energy utilization from thermal waste treatment could be an important factor. High-temperature corrosion of heat exchanger currently can cause operating problems and lower efficiency of incineration plants compared to fossil power plants. Laboratory and field investigation during COST-programme and failure case analyses led to the formulation of a mechanistic model for the formation of the corrosive flue gas and the interaction between flue-gas, deposits and the metal surfaces. The relevant parameters of the flue gas are described and their effects are quantified using a model flue gas. A corrosion mechanism is deduced from the analysed samples. The possible improvements by different materials selection for evaporator and superheater tubes are described based on field tests and operators experience. The need and potential of further work are outlined.
Systems for waste treatment with heat recovery 99104057 Matsuda, S. Kagaku Kogaku, 1998, 62, (12), 734-737. (In Japanese) The energy value of waste materials, forms for efficient utilization of thermal energy and power generation from trash incineration are explored.
Treated oil shale as flocculant in regeneration of waste lubricating oils
99104056
Li, J. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,120,581 (Cl. ClOM175/00), 17 Apr 1996, Appl. 94,116,740, 11 Ott 1994, 7 pp. (In Chinese). The flocculant is prepared by treating Daxinganlin shale with 20% HCI and 1% HNOA (or HISO or HCI) for 8-12 h, then drying and grinding and sieving with 900 holes/cm’ screen. Waste lubricating oils are treated in a method comprising: (1) heating the waste oil to 80-90°C in reduced pressure evaporator to eliminate water, (2) heating to 120-150°C and adding the flocculant (at a 2-20 wt% treating level) to flocculate the waste oil, (3) subjecting the treated oil to settling for 8-24 h at 40-80°C and draining the precipitate and (4) filtering the decantate through a sawdust filter to obtain acceptable recycled lubricating oil. The invention can avoid secondary pollution by acid sludge and acid water.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 1999
423
A second-best evaluation of eight policy
instruments to reduce carbon emissions
Parry, I. W. H. and Williams, III, R. C. Resource and Energy Economics, 1999, 21, (3/4), 347-373. A numerical general equilibrium model is used to compare the costs of alternative policies for reducing carbon emissions in a second-best setting with a distortionary tax on labour. A carbon tax, two energy taxes and both narrow-based and broad-based emissions permits and performance standards are placed under investigation. The presence of pre-existing tax distortions raises the costs of all these policies and can affect their relative cost rankings. In fact, the superiority of emissions taxes and emissions permits over other instruments can hinge on whether these policies generate revenues that are used to reduce other distortionary taxes.
99104051
Second-law analysis: approaches and implications
Rosen, M. A. Int. J. Energy Res., 1999, 23, (5), 415-429. A comparison is presented of the main approaches to second-law analysis (SLA) reported in the literature. Five SLAs are considered: exergy, negentropy and entropy analyses. physical-exergy, exergy-consumption, The application of the SLAs is exemplified. In addition, several significant implications of SLA are examined in the fields of environmental impact and economics. The presentation is expected to enhance understanding of SLA and improve its usefulness.
Supply- and demand-side effects of carbon tax in the Indonesian power sector: an integrated rerource planning analysis
99104052
Shrestha, R. M. and Marpaung, C. 0. P. Energy Policy, 1999,27, (4). 185194. The implications of carbon tax for power sector development, demand-side management programmes and environmental emissions, in the case of Indonesia from a long-term integrated resource planning perspective, are examined. Introduction of carbon tax is found to result in improvements of system load factor, system reliability and overall efficiency of thermal power generation, while the capacity utilization factor deteriorated. At low tax rates, CO* mitigation due to changes in electricity price is found to be higher than that due to technological substitution and fuel switching while the opposite was the case at medium and high tax rates. It is also found that tax revenue need not always increase with carbon tax.
What to expect from an international system of 99104053 tradable permits for carbon emissions
McKibbin, W. J. et al. Resource and Energy Economics, 1999, 21, (3/4), 319-346. multi-sector general equiliAn econometrically-estimated multi-region, brium model of the world economy is employed to examine the effects of using a system of internationally tradable emissions permits to control world carbon dioxide emissions. In particular, the focus rests on the effects of the system on flows of trade and international capital. The results show that international trade and capital flows significantly alter projections of the domestic effects of emissions mitigation policy, compared with analyses that ignore international capital flows and that under some systems of international permit trading, the United States is likely to become a significant permit seller, contrary to conventional wisdom.
Energy conversion and recycling
18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING 99104054 Production and engine test of methyl ester fuels from waste food oils Yoshimura, T. Pefrorech., 1998, 21, (lo), 967-972. (In Japanese) An experimental study has been carried out into the production of methyl ester fuels from waste food oils, in terms of properties of waste food oils, pre-treatment, esterification and post-treatment. In engine performance of a diesel engine, the methyl ester fuel is comparable to light fuel oil. though somewhat inferior exhaust behaviour is observed.
99104055 Recycling of power plant residues in mining Hasse, J. Restabfallbehandl., Deponietech., Entsorgung.sbergbau Alrlasrenprobl., Konferenzber. DepoTech Abfaliwirtschafistag., 4th, 1998, 22 I-227. (In German). Edited by Hengerer, D., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Power plant residues, such as fluidized-bed coal ash and ashes from dry flue gas desulfurization, can be used as a backfill and as a pumpable low-grade cement slurry for filling in chambers, providing beam support, etc., in coal mines. The ashes and other wastes are used as a substitute for previously used low-quality cement, in which the ashes are mixed into a pumpable water slurry.
99104056
The role of materials in maximizing the energy utilization from solid waste fuels. Recent developments in material optimization and process design
Mayrhuber, J. and Cerjak, H. Schr. Forschungszent. Juelich, Reihe EnergietechLEnergy Technol., 1998, 5, (2, Materials for Advanced Power Engineering 1998, Pt. 2), 741-750. For attainment of the 1997 Kyoto conference goals for greenhouse gas reduction, energy utilization from thermal waste treatment could be an important factor. High-temperature corrosion of heat exchanger currently can cause operating problems and lower efficiency of incineration plants compared to fossil power plants. Laboratory and field investigation during COST-programme and failure case analyses led to the formulation of a mechanistic model for the formation of the corrosive flue gas and the interaction between flue-gas, deposits and the metal surfaces. The relevant parameters of the flue gas are described and their effects are quantified using a model flue gas. A corrosion mechanism is deduced from the analysed samples. The possible improvements by different materials selection for evaporator and superheater tubes are described based on field tests and operators experience. The need and potential of further work are outlined.
Systems for waste treatment with heat recovery 99104057 Matsuda, S. Kagaku Kogaku, 1998, 62, (12), 734-737. (In Japanese) The energy value of waste materials, forms for efficient utilization of thermal energy and power generation from trash incineration are explored.
Treated oil shale as flocculant in regeneration of waste lubricating oils
99104056
Li, J. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,120,581 (Cl. ClOM175/00), 17 Apr 1996, Appl. 94,116,740, 11 Ott 1994, 7 pp. (In Chinese). The flocculant is prepared by treating Daxinganlin shale with 20% HCI and 1% HNOA (or HISO or HCI) for 8-12 h, then drying and grinding and sieving with 900 holes/cm’ screen. Waste lubricating oils are treated in a method comprising: (1) heating the waste oil to 80-90°C in reduced pressure evaporator to eliminate water, (2) heating to 120-150°C and adding the flocculant (at a 2-20 wt% treating level) to flocculate the waste oil, (3) subjecting the treated oil to settling for 8-24 h at 40-80°C and draining the precipitate and (4) filtering the decantate through a sawdust filter to obtain acceptable recycled lubricating oil. The invention can avoid secondary pollution by acid sludge and acid water.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 1999
423