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A biomechanical scissors
debugging task increased up to a speed of about 60 CPS with no further advantage gained at higher speeds (up to 240 CPS). 7.3.21 (69198)
Siegel, A.I., Lambert, J.V., and Burkett, J.R. Techniques for making written materials more readable/comprehensible.
Lowry Air Base, CO: Technical Training Division, 1974, 24 pp; abstr in Psychological Abstracts. Outlines methods for applying psycholinguistic and intellective concepts to enhance the readability and comprehensibility of written materials. Guidelines for making the reader's task easier are provided, and readability measurement procedures are discussed.
Auditory displays 7.3.22 (69204)
Trucks, L.B,, and Adams, S.K. Predicting the effectiveness of auditory warning signals in industrial environments. In: Human Factors in
Our Expanding Technology, Proceedings o f the Human Factors Society Nineteenth Annual Meeting, Dallas, Texas, USA, 14- 16 Oct 1975, pp 368 - 374. A method is presented whereby the effectiveness of auditory warning devices in a given acoustical background can be predetermined and the most effective signal selected. In developing the methods, eight complex, variable pitch acoustically engineered horn-type signals were used. Four spectrally representative industrial noise backgrounds plus white noise were used to provide test environments. A predictive model involving octaveband analysis, signal-noise ratios and reaction time was developed.
Workplace layout and equipment design 7.3.23 (69222)
Parkinson, J.S. Studies of h u m a n factors in building
involved in building design and physical occupancy. An interdisciplinary approach looks at the need for windows, the optimum level of illumination, individual's reactions to noise levels and human behaviour during fires. They are also trying to find out how much can be learned from the occupants of the housing built under Operation Breakthrough by conducting interviews with the tenants. interrogating visitors, studying work orders, and asking for comments from those moving out of the developments.
7.3.26 (69236) 7.3.24 (69229)
Stewart, C. Bus modification to improve safety, comfort, and human reliability. In: Benefits for Mankind, Proceedings
of the Human Factors Society Eighteenth Annual Meeting, Huntsville. USA, 15- 17 Oct 1974, pp 13-17. The MITRE Corporation has made a preliminary analysis of the needs of bus patrons, with emphasis on the needs of the disabled. This analysis. based on observations and consultation with specialists, was used to derive human performance requirements for average, aged and disabled patrons. and for the driver. The bus modification kits described are intended to increase human reliability and safety. To accomplish this the kits should improve: Information on the identification of buses, routes, and destinations; access, equilibrium. and egress for the disabled, with a minimum of assistance; recognition and use of emergency exits; night-time visual access for drivers and patrons; familiarity with vehicle accessories; and safety under mobile or emergency conditions. Modification kits are evaluated on the basis of effectiveness, and costs of research development, production, and installation. Since it may be impractical to install all kits immediately, they are recommended for implementation on the basis of effect on utility of transportation for the aged and disabled. The following kits meet this criterion; Public Address, Route Identification. Handrails, Stanchions, Raised Seat. and Extended Step, 7.3.25 (69234)
design. Final Report. Nov 1974, 3 pp; abstr in Government Reports Announcements (Report No PB-246
Hoag, L.L., and Van Dyke, R.H.
605/OGA).
in Our Expanding Technology, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Nineteenth A nnual Meeting, Dallas, Texas, USA, 14-16 Oct 1975,
The ergonomics which affect design are not always k n o w n or understood. The Centre for Building Technology of the National Bureau of Standards has mobilized a number of experts to study the ergonomics
168
counter height as the criteria. A smwey of apartment kitchens showed that designers generally follow the guidelines for total counter space but the allocation of counter space to the different work centres make the designs inadequate. An experimental study shows that the standard 36 in (915 ram) high counter surface is not at the correct height for many kitchen tasks and a simple economical design Ior adjustable cabinets is presented.
A Human Factors evaluation of the American kitchen. In: Human Factors
pp 120- 124. Kitchen design is evaluated using counter space, counter location and
AppliedErgonomics September 1976
Greenberg, L.. and Chaffin, D.B. Workers and their tools: a guide to the ergonomic design of hand tools and small presses. University of Michigan Monograph, July 1975. 193 pp. The guide is divided into three major sections. Section One deals with the philosophy of how and why ergonomics and safety considerations are necessary for improved system design. Section Two presents various relationships between a particular product design feature (physical property) and the potential effects on the human user. Section III discusses how organizational factors also must be considered in the development of better tools and machines for the human user. 7.3.27 (69237)
Kao, H.S.R. Human factors design of writing instruments for children: the effects of pen size variations. In: Benefits
]'or Mankind. Proceedings o f the Human Factors Society Eighteenth Annual Meeting, Huntsville. USA, 15-17 Oct 1974. pp 310-311. Ergonomics research in handwriting and pen design has received attention only recently. This paper reports a study on the effects of pen size variations on the writing performance of boys and girls at age ten. Three pen sizes with shank diameters of ¼, and ½ i n ( 6. 10 and 12 ram) were compared. Results indicate a performance superiority of boys over girls using these pens. The thick pen was found to be most effective for the boys in the study. No difference was found between the three pens for girls. The need for ergonomics research in writing instrument design for school are children of both sexes and other population groups is discussed. 7.3.28 (69240)
Brunkow, G.. and Konz, S. A biomechanical scissors. In: Human
Factors in Our Expanding Technology, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Nineteenth Annual Meeting,
Siegel, A.I., Lambert, J.V., and Burkett, J.R. Techniques for making written materials more readable/comprehensible.
Lowry Air Base, CO: Technical Training Division, 1974, 24 pp; abstr in Psychological Abstracts. Outlines methods for applying psycholinguistic and intellective concepts to enhance the readability and comprehensibility of written materials. Guidelines for making the reader's task easier are provided, and readability measurement procedures are discussed.
Auditory displays 7.3.22 (69204)
Trucks, L.B,, and Adams, S.K. Predicting the effectiveness of auditory warning signals in industrial environments. In: Human Factors in
Our Expanding Technology, Proceedings o f the Human Factors Society Nineteenth Annual Meeting, Dallas, Texas, USA, 14- 16 Oct 1975, pp 368 - 374. A method is presented whereby the effectiveness of auditory warning devices in a given acoustical background can be predetermined and the most effective signal selected. In developing the methods, eight complex, variable pitch acoustically engineered horn-type signals were used. Four spectrally representative industrial noise backgrounds plus white noise were used to provide test environments. A predictive model involving octaveband analysis, signal-noise ratios and reaction time was developed.
Workplace layout and equipment design 7.3.23 (69222)
Parkinson, J.S. Studies of h u m a n factors in building
involved in building design and physical occupancy. An interdisciplinary approach looks at the need for windows, the optimum level of illumination, individual's reactions to noise levels and human behaviour during fires. They are also trying to find out how much can be learned from the occupants of the housing built under Operation Breakthrough by conducting interviews with the tenants. interrogating visitors, studying work orders, and asking for comments from those moving out of the developments.
7.3.26 (69236) 7.3.24 (69229)
Stewart, C. Bus modification to improve safety, comfort, and human reliability. In: Benefits for Mankind, Proceedings
of the Human Factors Society Eighteenth Annual Meeting, Huntsville. USA, 15- 17 Oct 1974, pp 13-17. The MITRE Corporation has made a preliminary analysis of the needs of bus patrons, with emphasis on the needs of the disabled. This analysis. based on observations and consultation with specialists, was used to derive human performance requirements for average, aged and disabled patrons. and for the driver. The bus modification kits described are intended to increase human reliability and safety. To accomplish this the kits should improve: Information on the identification of buses, routes, and destinations; access, equilibrium. and egress for the disabled, with a minimum of assistance; recognition and use of emergency exits; night-time visual access for drivers and patrons; familiarity with vehicle accessories; and safety under mobile or emergency conditions. Modification kits are evaluated on the basis of effectiveness, and costs of research development, production, and installation. Since it may be impractical to install all kits immediately, they are recommended for implementation on the basis of effect on utility of transportation for the aged and disabled. The following kits meet this criterion; Public Address, Route Identification. Handrails, Stanchions, Raised Seat. and Extended Step, 7.3.25 (69234)
design. Final Report. Nov 1974, 3 pp; abstr in Government Reports Announcements (Report No PB-246
Hoag, L.L., and Van Dyke, R.H.
605/OGA).
in Our Expanding Technology, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Nineteenth A nnual Meeting, Dallas, Texas, USA, 14-16 Oct 1975,
The ergonomics which affect design are not always k n o w n or understood. The Centre for Building Technology of the National Bureau of Standards has mobilized a number of experts to study the ergonomics
168
counter height as the criteria. A smwey of apartment kitchens showed that designers generally follow the guidelines for total counter space but the allocation of counter space to the different work centres make the designs inadequate. An experimental study shows that the standard 36 in (915 ram) high counter surface is not at the correct height for many kitchen tasks and a simple economical design Ior adjustable cabinets is presented.
A Human Factors evaluation of the American kitchen. In: Human Factors
pp 120- 124. Kitchen design is evaluated using counter space, counter location and
AppliedErgonomics September 1976
Greenberg, L.. and Chaffin, D.B. Workers and their tools: a guide to the ergonomic design of hand tools and small presses. University of Michigan Monograph, July 1975. 193 pp. The guide is divided into three major sections. Section One deals with the philosophy of how and why ergonomics and safety considerations are necessary for improved system design. Section Two presents various relationships between a particular product design feature (physical property) and the potential effects on the human user. Section III discusses how organizational factors also must be considered in the development of better tools and machines for the human user. 7.3.27 (69237)
Kao, H.S.R. Human factors design of writing instruments for children: the effects of pen size variations. In: Benefits
]'or Mankind. Proceedings o f the Human Factors Society Eighteenth Annual Meeting, Huntsville. USA, 15-17 Oct 1974. pp 310-311. Ergonomics research in handwriting and pen design has received attention only recently. This paper reports a study on the effects of pen size variations on the writing performance of boys and girls at age ten. Three pen sizes with shank diameters of ¼, and ½ i n ( 6. 10 and 12 ram) were compared. Results indicate a performance superiority of boys over girls using these pens. The thick pen was found to be most effective for the boys in the study. No difference was found between the three pens for girls. The need for ergonomics research in writing instrument design for school are children of both sexes and other population groups is discussed. 7.3.28 (69240)
Brunkow, G.. and Konz, S. A biomechanical scissors. In: Human
Factors in Our Expanding Technology, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Nineteenth Annual Meeting,