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A case-control study of lung cancer in painters
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che "Marie Negri", 20157 Milan, Italy. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 39: 157-164, 1985. Cigarette consumption has increased steadily throughout this century in Italy. There were m a r k e d increases in three periods: in the 1920s, in the 1951s p o s s i b l y due to the spread of smoking among young men, and in the 1970s in part due to smoking among women. The average number of cigarettes per adult per day sold legally in 1980 was 6.9 but, taking smuggling into account, the actual average number of cigarettes smoked per day is likely to range between eight and nine. Data from a national sample-based survey c o n d u c t e d in 1980 showed that smoking p r e v a l e n c e in men was broadly similar within age groups, geographical area, education, and s o c i o e c o n o m i c groups. Smoking in women, on the other hand, was c o n c e n t r a t e d in y o u n g e r and more educated w o m e n living in larger towns and in richer areas of the country. This pattern is typical of a recent rapid spread of smoking among women. The average tar yield of Italian cigarettes in 1983-4 was about 17 mg. Tar yield was strongly and negatively correlated with price (r = 0.55). This a b n o r m a l i t y should be u r g e n t l y r e v e r s e d by g o v e r n m e n t intervention. No m a t e r i a l increase in lung cancer m o r t a l i t y in younq women was e v i d e n t up to the late 1970s. Lung cancer death rates in men c o r r e l a t e d closely with the o b s e r v e d changes, in cigarette consumption. The highest mortality rates (about 7, 20, and 50/100,000 respectively in the age groups 35-39, 4044, and 45-49) were reached by the generation born around 1927-30, and the rates have remained fairly c o n s t a n t around these m a x i m u m levels for those born up to 1940. As a consequence, Italian lung cancer death rates in m i d d l e - a g e d men (45 to 54) are currently the highest registered in developed countries, and large upward trends are currently detectable in older men.
Lung Carcinoma by l t i s t o l o g i c Type in Coal ~liners. Vallyathan, V., Green, F.H.Y., Rodman, N.F., et al. Pathology Section, National Institute of O c c u p a t i o n a l Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, U.S.A. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 109: 419-423, 1985. Histologic types of lung carcinoma were studied in 71 coal miners in the National Coal Workers' A u t o p s y Study. These miners had an average u n d e r g r o u n d mining tenure of 29 + or - 14 years and an average smoking h i s t o r y of 31 + or - 23 pack-years. The proportion of carcinomas by cell type were: squamous cell carcinoma, 30%; adenocarcinoma, 27%; small-cell u n d i f f e r e n t i a ted carcinoma, 26%; large-cell u n d i f f e r e n tiated carcinoma, 9%; and other carcinomas, 8%. More tumors were o b s e r v e d in the
right lung and in the upper lobes of both lungs, respectively. The m a j o r i t y of the tumors were centered on c a r t i l a g i n o u s airways (81%) as compared w i t h the p e r i p h e r a l regions of the lung (19%). Squamous cell carcinomas p r e d o m i n a t e d in the older miners and in larger airways. Adenocarcinomas were more common in the peripheral lung. No s i g n i f i c a n t interaction was demonstrated between cell type and years of u n d e r g r o u n d mining. The data indicate that lung carcinoma in coal miners differs little in its p a t h o l o g i c features from men in the general p o p u l a t i o n who smoke cigarettes. No effect of coal mine dust exposure on lung carcinoma histogenesis was demonstrated.
A Case-Control Study el" I,tmg Cancer in P a i n t e r s . Stockwell, H.G., Matanoski, G.M. D e p a r t m e n t of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins U n i v e r s i t y School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD, U . S . A . J . Occup. Med. 27: 125-126, 1985. A case-control study of lung ancer was conducted within a cohort of p a i n t e r s and allied tradesmen drawn from the New York State Membership of a large international union. Lung cancer cases w e r e identified through the New York State C a n c e r Registry. C o n t r o l s were randomly selected from the same union population. Data c o l l e c t e d by m a i l e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e included lifetime work history, work environment, and lifestyle factors. An almost threefold excess risk (odds ratio, 2.75) of lung cancer was associated w i t h a usual o c c u p a t i o n of painting. When a logistic regression model was used to adjust for o t h e r risk factors such as cigarette smoking, a fivefold excess lung cancer risk was o b s e r v e d among painters w h o never wore a mask or respirator; no excess risk was o b s e r v e d among painters who wore a mask or respirator.
3,
BASICBIOLOGY
Ixmg Tt~our Cell Lines Synthesizing Peptide lion.ones Established from TL~ours of Four tlis t o l o g i c a l Types: C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of the Cell Lines and Analysis of Their Peptide llm~one Production. Luster, W., Gropp, C., Kern, H.F., Havemann, K. Zentrum f0r Innere Medizin, Abt. H~matologie, Marburg, Germany. Br. J. Cancer 51: 865-875, 1985. Thirty p e r m a n e n t and more than 60 p r i m a r y tumour cell lines were e s t a b l i s h e d from pleural and p e r i c a r d i a l exudates or w e d g e biopsies from human bronchial carcinoma. The p e r m a n e n t cell lines have their origin in 6 small cell, 5 large cell, 9 squamous and 5 adeno carcinomas of the lung. Tumour cells were p u r i f i e d from non tumour cells by direct cloning in fluid cultures or by soft agar cloning. In v i t r o secretion of ACTH, bombesin, calcitonin, and n e u r o t e n s i n was d e m o n s t r a t e d for lung tumour cells belonging to the four major histological types. Cell suspensions of peptide hormone secreting perm a n e n t cell c'~Itur,,s were grown to solid tumours
che "Marie Negri", 20157 Milan, Italy. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 39: 157-164, 1985. Cigarette consumption has increased steadily throughout this century in Italy. There were m a r k e d increases in three periods: in the 1920s, in the 1951s p o s s i b l y due to the spread of smoking among young men, and in the 1970s in part due to smoking among women. The average number of cigarettes per adult per day sold legally in 1980 was 6.9 but, taking smuggling into account, the actual average number of cigarettes smoked per day is likely to range between eight and nine. Data from a national sample-based survey c o n d u c t e d in 1980 showed that smoking p r e v a l e n c e in men was broadly similar within age groups, geographical area, education, and s o c i o e c o n o m i c groups. Smoking in women, on the other hand, was c o n c e n t r a t e d in y o u n g e r and more educated w o m e n living in larger towns and in richer areas of the country. This pattern is typical of a recent rapid spread of smoking among women. The average tar yield of Italian cigarettes in 1983-4 was about 17 mg. Tar yield was strongly and negatively correlated with price (r = 0.55). This a b n o r m a l i t y should be u r g e n t l y r e v e r s e d by g o v e r n m e n t intervention. No m a t e r i a l increase in lung cancer m o r t a l i t y in younq women was e v i d e n t up to the late 1970s. Lung cancer death rates in men c o r r e l a t e d closely with the o b s e r v e d changes, in cigarette consumption. The highest mortality rates (about 7, 20, and 50/100,000 respectively in the age groups 35-39, 4044, and 45-49) were reached by the generation born around 1927-30, and the rates have remained fairly c o n s t a n t around these m a x i m u m levels for those born up to 1940. As a consequence, Italian lung cancer death rates in m i d d l e - a g e d men (45 to 54) are currently the highest registered in developed countries, and large upward trends are currently detectable in older men.
Lung Carcinoma by l t i s t o l o g i c Type in Coal ~liners. Vallyathan, V., Green, F.H.Y., Rodman, N.F., et al. Pathology Section, National Institute of O c c u p a t i o n a l Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, U.S.A. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 109: 419-423, 1985. Histologic types of lung carcinoma were studied in 71 coal miners in the National Coal Workers' A u t o p s y Study. These miners had an average u n d e r g r o u n d mining tenure of 29 + or - 14 years and an average smoking h i s t o r y of 31 + or - 23 pack-years. The proportion of carcinomas by cell type were: squamous cell carcinoma, 30%; adenocarcinoma, 27%; small-cell u n d i f f e r e n t i a ted carcinoma, 26%; large-cell u n d i f f e r e n tiated carcinoma, 9%; and other carcinomas, 8%. More tumors were o b s e r v e d in the
right lung and in the upper lobes of both lungs, respectively. The m a j o r i t y of the tumors were centered on c a r t i l a g i n o u s airways (81%) as compared w i t h the p e r i p h e r a l regions of the lung (19%). Squamous cell carcinomas p r e d o m i n a t e d in the older miners and in larger airways. Adenocarcinomas were more common in the peripheral lung. No s i g n i f i c a n t interaction was demonstrated between cell type and years of u n d e r g r o u n d mining. The data indicate that lung carcinoma in coal miners differs little in its p a t h o l o g i c features from men in the general p o p u l a t i o n who smoke cigarettes. No effect of coal mine dust exposure on lung carcinoma histogenesis was demonstrated.
A Case-Control Study el" I,tmg Cancer in P a i n t e r s . Stockwell, H.G., Matanoski, G.M. D e p a r t m e n t of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins U n i v e r s i t y School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD, U . S . A . J . Occup. Med. 27: 125-126, 1985. A case-control study of lung ancer was conducted within a cohort of p a i n t e r s and allied tradesmen drawn from the New York State Membership of a large international union. Lung cancer cases w e r e identified through the New York State C a n c e r Registry. C o n t r o l s were randomly selected from the same union population. Data c o l l e c t e d by m a i l e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e included lifetime work history, work environment, and lifestyle factors. An almost threefold excess risk (odds ratio, 2.75) of lung cancer was associated w i t h a usual o c c u p a t i o n of painting. When a logistic regression model was used to adjust for o t h e r risk factors such as cigarette smoking, a fivefold excess lung cancer risk was o b s e r v e d among painters w h o never wore a mask or respirator; no excess risk was o b s e r v e d among painters who wore a mask or respirator.
3,
BASICBIOLOGY
Ixmg Tt~our Cell Lines Synthesizing Peptide lion.ones Established from TL~ours of Four tlis t o l o g i c a l Types: C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of the Cell Lines and Analysis of Their Peptide llm~one Production. Luster, W., Gropp, C., Kern, H.F., Havemann, K. Zentrum f0r Innere Medizin, Abt. H~matologie, Marburg, Germany. Br. J. Cancer 51: 865-875, 1985. Thirty p e r m a n e n t and more than 60 p r i m a r y tumour cell lines were e s t a b l i s h e d from pleural and p e r i c a r d i a l exudates or w e d g e biopsies from human bronchial carcinoma. The p e r m a n e n t cell lines have their origin in 6 small cell, 5 large cell, 9 squamous and 5 adeno carcinomas of the lung. Tumour cells were p u r i f i e d from non tumour cells by direct cloning in fluid cultures or by soft agar cloning. In v i t r o secretion of ACTH, bombesin, calcitonin, and n e u r o t e n s i n was d e m o n s t r a t e d for lung tumour cells belonging to the four major histological types. Cell suspensions of peptide hormone secreting perm a n e n t cell c'~Itur,,s were grown to solid tumours