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A case study of the anthropogenic impact on the catchment of Mogyoród-brook, Hungary
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 30 (2005) 588–597 www.elsevier.com/locate/pce
A case study of the anthropogenic impact on the catchment of Mogyoro´d-brook, Hungary Zs. Nagy *, A. Jung Department of Soil Science and Water Management, Corvinus University of Budapest, H-1118 Budapest, Villanyi u´t 29-43, Hungary Received 23 July 2004; received in revised form 15 April 2005 Available online 29 August 2005
Abstract The achievement of the good ecological status of surface waters has become obligatory due to the European Water Framework Directive in all European countries. In water management plans required by the directive, all human impacts on the aquatic environment shall be quantified and evaluated. For this purpose watershed related assessment methods are needed. The aim of the study is to present the watershed condition of Mogyoro´d-brook located in the North surrounding of Hungarian capital, through its ecological and chemical condition in the light of 60/2000/EC Directive. This paper presents more the methodological aspects of the work, which aim is to test regulations on River Basin Management Plan-creations on a smaller watershed area (on the watershed area of Mogyoro´d-brook), than punctual results. The field investigation and regulation reviews have already begun, but have not been finished yet (expected by 2005 summer). The used method is based on water sampling and Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory. Historical outlook was detected out by investigation of water engineering plans. The main goals of the paper are to present the question of implementation of the directive in meso-scale level and to search the possibility of adaptation of different methods for complex evaluation. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Implementation of the water framework directive; Ecological status; River basin management plan; Remote sensing; Hyperspectral image; Monitoring
1. Introduction There is an increasing requirement in Europe and worldwide to assess the quality of rivers, which are under conflicting pressures due to human demands for water and the needs of the freshwater biota (Boon and Howell, 1997). The principle of sustainability must become an obligatory component in water management by specifying and interrelating ecological, economic and social aspects, too (Schuller et al., 2000).
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +36 1 372 62 72; fax: +36 1 372 63 36. E-mail addresses: [email protected], zsuzsanna. [email protected] (Zs. Nagy). 1474-7065/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2005.07.012
In December, 2004 the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) was established with the following goals (WFD, 2000): • to achieve the objective of at least good water status till 2015 by defining and implementing the necessary measures within integrated programmes of measures, taking into account existing Community requirements, • and where the good water status already exists, it should be maintained. The central instrument of the WFD is the River Basin Management Plan. Although Management Plans are obligatory only for river basins, pressures and impacts
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as well as management options have to be investigated on a meso-scale level. Hungarian implementation of the WFD has being carried out, the Hungarian Water Act and Governmental Decree on River Basin Management Plan have already been amended, details on the WFD were transposed (Jekel, 2004). Nowadays, the question of collaboration in revitalisation of stream is becoming more and more evident. Not only engineers, but biologists, ecologists, landscape architects have to work together, summarize possibilities and develop the best solution to optimise the restoration plans by their best. There is a clear need to develop spatial standards and methods for landscape planning. For the revitalisation of brooks we need wide-scale information on area requirements for species, their dispersal potential across different landscapes and the role of movement corridors and barriers (Nagy, 2003). To define the aim status of each water body there is a need to know their actual states. For this aim, the study used the requirements of WFD and also an Italian assessment method. The first test of the Italian Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory (RCE) was carried out. Improving the morphological status of the rivers will be the key factor for a restoration of natural river ecosystem (Eisele et al., 2003). According to the first assessment result of RCE on the study area, it is clear, that in the urban area, where the brook morphology was heavily modified and was dramatic change in land use along the section, renaturalisation is requested in order to reach the minimum environmental objective. Knowledge about the natural relationships of plants allows interpretation of structure, development, and distribution of plant ‘‘communities’’ in the landscape and in the urban areas. Sustainable management of any ecosystem requires among other information a thorough understanding of vegetation species distribution and canopy parameters. Remote sensing is the major source of spatial information of the EarthÕs surface cover and constitution, and offers new opportunities in ecological studies enabling it to address problems at larger spatial scale than before. Vegetation mapping by remote sensing is of great importance for environmental assessment (Schmidt and Skidmore, 2003). Further research is needed, in which appropriate biophysical theory is developed and tested by relating remote sensed data to in situ measured data (Issue OMSz, 1998). A short overview on the possibilities of using hyperspectral remote sensing by some new methods as another tool for our complex investigation and assessment is also given. The trial of usage in this scale is the testing of different vegetation types, health condition on band 11, 16, etc., and also the comparison with the registered data from e.g. 2003 ME´TA database (Molna´r, 2004). The hyperspectral investigation is a planned activity for the future.
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This paper presents an overview on an ongoing study, which purpose is to test regulations on River Basin Management Plan on the watershed area of Mogyoro´d-brook. According to the requirements of the WFD in Annex VIII (WFD, 2000), the whole study will include the following objectives: • identification of the location and boundaries of water bodies; • identification of reference conditions for the surface water body types; • summary of significant pressure and impact of human activity on the status of surface water and groundwater; • establishment of objectives of monitoring network (location of monitoring points and monitoring methods); • description of results of surveillance monitoring on – surface water; – groundwater; – protected areas. The assessment contains also long-term change detection in natural conditions and land use. • classification of the ecological status of water bodies on the investigated area. In this paper the actual status of the whole research is presented.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Site description The study area is located in East-Europe, NorthernHungary (4735 0 –38 0 N, 3645 0 –58 0 E) in the watershed of the river Danube and geographically it belongs to the North-Region of Budapest with its Southern part and to Pest-county with its Northern part rest. The Mogyoro´d brook, which flows through four settlements (in order: Mogyoro´d, Fo´t, Dunakeszi and the capital, Budapest) has 36 km2 catchment area. The sources are in the village of Mogyoro´d, two of them are in the area of the Hungarian Formula-1 (Hungaroring), the main one is in 5-m deep valley in upper part of the village between agricultural field and the urbanised territory. The study area belongs to the medium dry–medium warm climatological district, the mean annual precipitation is about at 580–600 mm (Pe´cely, 1979). The area is determined by the terraces of the river Danube geologically, therefore the basic rock is calciferous quartz sand from the Danube riverbed, and soils are mainly alluvial and sandy. Groundwater is influenced dominantly by meteorological parameters and just only secondly by
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the water-levels of the river Danube (Marosi and Somogyi, 1990). 2.2. Water sampling and analyses The investigated area was divided into three subcatchments. Monitoring points by sub-catchments were established. The sub-division based on the morphological conditions. The brook depth and width variation, the structure and the substrate of the stream bed, and the structure of the riparian zone were considered. Homogeneous section was determined, if the parameters of morphological conditions were nearly equal. According to WFD, the surface water monitoring focuses on • measuring the volume and level or rate of flow to the extent relevant for ecological and chemical status and ecological potential, and • measuring and evaluation of the ecological and chemical status and ecological potential, and • location of human activity, which has effect on aquatic ecosystem. Water samples at each sampling site have been collected in 100 ml polyethylene bottles. The bottles were cleaned before sampling and were filled with demineralised water till the sampling time. Certainly before sampling the demineralised water was poured out, then PE-bottle was filled. Chemical analysis included the following parameters: thermal and oxygenation conditions, salinity, acidification status, nutrient conditions (WFD, 2000). The surveillance monitoring will be carried out for a period of one year for each monitoring site. 2.3. Engineering projects and land use change To be able to understand the change in land use there is a need for examining the former water engineering plans and comparing them with topographical maps. The main water management projects from National Water Document Archives, Budapest were tracked from the 19th century. The realised projects and the change in land use have modified the structure of the watershed. 2.4. Watershed habitat description The habitat description will be derived from the ME´TA (ME´TA is the Hungarian abbreviation of the Hungarian Habitat and Flora Database) and FLORADAT Databases (Molna´r et al., 2000; Molna´r, 2004). These two databases are the products of the Hungarian habitat and flora mapping programme (01.10.2002– 30.09.2005) under the leadership of Botanical Institute in Va´cra´to´t of Hungarian Academy of Science. This
database will contain the actual Hungarian habitats (ME´TA), the list of species protected and to be protected, the floristic map of Hungary (FLORADAT) and the database of specific pannonic species. 2.5. Riparian, channel and environmental inventory (RCE) For the investigation of the biological and hydromorphological elements (described in Annex V. of the WFD) the modified Swedish method, the Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory (RCE) was used. This is the first occasion for testing, and the attempt for evaluation of the environmental assessment of small running watercourse. The RCE is a rapid assessment method to determine the level of management, which is needed to achieve sustainable conditions due to the WFD requirements. The inventory can show the current environmental status of the stream and its riparian area. The RCE method can provide particular information on the ecosystem, considers the watercourse in its globality, and can describe the relationship with its surrounding environment. The following parameters are considered: (1) state of surrounding territory, (2) width of first and second riparian zone, (3) vegetation of first (and second) riparian zone, (4) integrity of riparian zone, (5) hydrological condition of brook bed, (6) brook stability, (7) brook erosion, (8) naturality of flooded bed-section, (9) brook bed, (10) meanders, pools, (11) bed vegetation, (12) macrobenthon-investigation, (13) detritus and (14) structure of trophic retain. Insisting on original survey with its complex parameter-use, it is expected from this method to give the best condition sections, which means the most natural ones, too. The application is on topographic map at scale 1:10 000. The samplings are to be carried out within the vegetation period, and one questionnaire is to be filled for each homogeneous section. The original Italian RCE-2 contains 14 questions (Siligardi and Maiolini, 1992). The possible scores to each question are 1, 5, 10, 15/20/25. Each question has four possible answers. The same method is to be used. The surveillance monitoring is to be carried out for a period of one year during the period specified in water management plans for each monitoring site. Samplings are to be carried out in vegetation period. RCE is to be determined at least three times a year, at least once per season. Results are to be evaluated and to be presented by sub-catchments. The result for each observed section comes from the ÔscoreÕ by adding scores for each question (altogether 14). The total score, added from each sampling will be divided by sampling occasion number, and will provide the SRCE quality parameter by subsections:
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S RCE ¼ ðS autumn þ S spring þ S summer Þ=sampling occasions; where : S autumn ¼ scoreðsÞ in autumn; S spring ¼ scoreðsÞ in spring;
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information will come from the database of ME´TA programme. 2.7. Hyperspectral investigation
S summer ¼ scoreðsÞ in summer: For each SRCE per sub-catchments a colour will be assigned as a quality indicator. Each sub-catchment quality remark will be mapped. The total score (SRCE) classifies the environmental quality (Table 1). Result of the Riparian, Channel Environmental Inventory will be compared to the Hungarian classification range, which origins from chemical water quality. 2.6. Mapping Military maps from the Austrian–Hungarian Monarchy were used for historical trace at different scales. The maps from the first and the second military mapping are at the scale 1:2880. Third military mapping was carried out in 1923 with the scale of 1:25 000 and contains well recognisable, delineable land cover borders. Therefore, punctual places and dimensions of human intervention can be recognised (Jo´o´ and Raum, 1992). The scale of the topographical map from 1951 is at 1:25 000 (Table 2). The up-to-date information has been put in topographic maps in scale 1:10 000 in EOTR (Uniform National Mapping System) tiling. There was a need to actualise the digital map from 1999. The CORINE land cover was tested to use, but regarding its scale of 1:100 000, it is not well utilizable at the investigated area. The vegetation mapping, called ME´TA programme bases on a 1:25 000 topographical map. It is under process by the leadership of Botanical Institute in Va´cra´to´t of Hungarian Academy of Science. The vegetation
Table 1 Classification (I–V) of environmental quality Class
Score
Quality
Colour
I II III IV V
251–300 201–250 101–200 51–100 14–50
Very good Good Fair Poor Bad
Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Recent advances in remote sensing have led the way for the development of hyperspectral sensors and the applications of the hyperspectral data. Hyperspectral remote sensing is a relatively new technology, which is currently being investigated by researchers and scientists with regard to the detection and identification of minerals, terrestrial vegetation and man-made materials. In our study the hyperspectral sensor DAIS 7915 (Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer, from DLR, German Aerospace Center, in the project of HYSENS 2002) was available for us that time only. There was not any other airborne hyperspectral imaging spectrometer in work in Hungary. For our purposes we did not have hyperspectral sensors from satellites, but we plan to provide satellite records in the future. The picture investigated by us was a one-time record. In our paper we would like to give an overview about some methods that might be useful for detecting of wetland in the WFD. The hyperspectral imaging sensor combines imaging and spectroscopy in a single system that often includes large data sets and requires new processing methods. Hyperspectral data sets are generally composed of about 100–200 or much more spectral bands with relatively narrow bandwidth (5–10 nm). Multispectral data sets are usually composed of about 5–10 relative wide bands (70–400 nm). With the high-spectral resolution, hyperspectral remote sensing has a great application potential for ecological analysis. The broader continuous spectrum increases the number of possibilities of determining characteristic spectral features for analysis, classification and monitoring of land cover types and processes (Goetz, 1995). Vegetation indices are based on the spectral response of vegetation that can change with the wavelength and are significantly different from other objects at the EarthÕs surface. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is surely the most widely examined and most applied vegetation index (Rouse et al., 1974). NDVI ¼ ðCHnIR CHred Þ=ðCHnIR þ CHred Þ
Table 2 The list of the used sections of the investigated maps Name of the map
First military mapping (1860)
Second military mapping (1916)
Third military mapping (1923)
Topographical map (1951)
Registration number of the used maps
XV/19, XV/20
XXXIII/49, XXXII/50
4962/4, 4962/2
L-34-15A, L-34-15B
Scale of first and second military mapping is 1:2880 and the third military map from 1951 has 1:25 000.
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with CHnIR, CHred are reflectances in the red and nearinfrared (nIR) bands. The NDVI values can be evaluated from hyperspectral images as well. A commonly applied hyperspectral dataset consist of more than 100 spectral bands. According to the hyperspectral environment, the NDVI had to be modified (Jung et al., 2003a). The aim of our interest was to find the appropriate combination of bands for vegetation studies. This investigation was carried out in Gyo¨ngyo¨s (North-Hungary), but it is adaptable and applicable for each catchment, too. We found that the bands 11 (675 nm) and 16 (762 nm) of the DAIS gave the best results for detecting vegetation. In according to the commonly used NDVI, our investigated areas were overvalued. A resampling process for the same dataset was carried out. From our hyperspectral dataset the appropriate bands used by the most multispectral application were selected to build a wide range for the rate near-infrared and red bands. After comparing the hyperspectral and the simulated resampled multispectral image with each other and with an aerial photo, it was determined that the hypNDVI (=(band16 band11)/(band16 + band11)) could serve a more precise value for status of vegetation compared to NDVI. The reflectance (690–720 nm) red-edge is a characteristic feature of the spectral response of vegetation. Since the red-edge itself is a fairly wide feature of approximately 30 nm, it is desirable to quantify it with a single value so that this plant-specific value can be compared with that of other plant species. For this purpose inflection point is used. For an accurate determination of the red-edge inflection point, a large number of spectral measurements in very narrow bands are required. For laboratory and field based studies, this is not a major obstacle. If we have a large number of very narrow bands so the derivative of them can give a fairly accurate position of the inflection point (Van der Meer and De Jong, 2001). The red-edge position can be used as an indicator of plant stress for detecting stress levels in forest trees. Water stress is one of the most common limitations of primary productivity. In our investigation the red-edge position was defined in our investigation by the second derivative of the reflectance spectrum in the region of the red-edge. High-order curve fitting methods can be employed to fit a continuous function to the derivative spectrum as well. A polynomial function may be fitted to the data (Van der Meer and De Jong, 2001). In our investigation we have chosen eight bands for calculating the second derivative and so the inflection point. The DAIS-sensor has eight bands in the range of 639– 762 nm. We could fit a polynomial curve with 5th order. This method gave a useful tool to define characteristic red-edge positions.
3. Results 3.1. Historical overview The analysis of the historical maps detection is nearly finished. Some first conclusion can be drawn for different areas. For instance, the Budapest–Dunakeszi section showed a loss of watercourse-length. The length of Mogyoro´d-brook decreased by 38% between 1860 and 1923 (Fig. 1). During the first investigated period, the 62.3% remained of the origin, in the next period the loss was 14% comparing the year 1951 and 1973. There exist six important realised water management plans, which were related to the study area (Table 3). The detection of every brook-section in the watershed showed, that there is no section, which is natural and has not been changed. The most effective change in environment could be observed in the 19th century (Table 4), its impact is still visible and can be examined, too. The results are summarized, and the main effects are shown. The scores on pollution type presented have expected values (Table 4). These come from the first field
Fig. 1. The length-loss on the area of North-Budapest and SouthDunakeszi. The length decreases in the period of 1860–1951 and 1971– 1988 were significant. First period can be explained with the canalisation, then the second with building operations.
Table 3 Main water engineer plans in watershed of Mogyoro´d-brook Title of main engineer plans in water management in sub-watershed of Mogyoro´d-brook
Date
Countersink of brook bed, creation of sough Irrigation, Fo´t. Ka´rolyi Sa´ndor Mud-drainage in Dunakeszi village Ordering Mogyoro´d-brook Input of Mogyoro´d-brook and irrigation of castle park in Fo´t M0 motorway, North-sector. Detailed plans and environmental effect investigation (by UNITEF)
1918–1972 1897–1943 1918–1921 1893–1971 1897 1994
The plans are made by the land ownerÕs actual engineer, expect from the plan of M0 motorway, which was made by UNITEF Ltd. Source: National Water Document Archives, Budapest.
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Table 4 Human influence on the catchment area of Mogyoro´d-brook, which was tracked from the different historical maps and plans (shown in Tables 2, 3) Type of ‘‘source’’
Time of appearance (century) 18th
Settlement Industrial and commercial area Weekend house area Waste deposits Agricultural field (arable land) Agricultural field (non-arable land) Filled mud with deposits Asphalt road Terrain road Vineyard Cemetery Park Mine Artificial pond in park Pond created by mining Castle and its equipments
19th
Pollution effect factor (for actual situation)
20th
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Location Budapest
2 0 1 3 1 0 1 3 2 0 3 1 3 2 1 3
x x
Dunakeszi
x
x x x
x x
x x x x
Fo´t
Mogyoro´d
x
x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
The scores on pollution type presented have expected values. These come from the first field trip-impression, but their punctual influences on water quality and watershed ecosystem are expected to be shown at the end of the whole study by 2005. 0—nothing, 1—low, 2—medium, 3—high.
trip-impression, but their punctual influences on water quality and watershed ecosystem are expected to be shown at the end of the whole study by 2005. Taking into consideration of the historical review, the correlation between modification effect and physical alteration (Table 5) was investigated. 3.2. Field investigation: water sampling and RCE The first results of the water sampling (Table 6) and the RCE (Table 7) at main points from 2004 autumn are presented. The nutrient loads are a reflection of the land use structure in the catchment. Assessment of
the water quality demonstrates, that in some places on the watershed the good ecological quality of the watershed is not achieved. The NO 2 concentration was below 0.1 mg/l at each sampling site, NO 3 values were highest at ‘‘B’’ and ‘‘E’’ points. The SO2 concentration is increasing: at 4 the last sampling point it is four times higher than at source. 3.3. Hungarian reference conditions and reference sites The AQEM (The Development and Testing of an Integrated Assessment System for the Ecological
Table 5 Summary of physical alteration on hydromorphology Specific use
Physical alteration
Impacts on hydromorphology
Urbanisation
Channel maintenance Straightening Canalisation Cutting of wetlands and reservoir Fixation of stream bed Bank reinforcement Infrastructure
Change of hydraulically Characteristics Reduced flow in river bed Change of storage capacity Disconnection with groundwater Change of sediment supply Increased sedimentation Uniform bank structure Change in stream profile Reduced diversity of bank structure
Agriculture
Straightening Land use change Dikes Land reclamation
Change in stream profile Lower groundwater butter capacity (due to drainage) Sediment transportation into stream Change of sediment pattern
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Table 6 Result of chemical analysis on the Mogyoro´d-brook
Table 7 Result of the Riparian channel and habitat survey on Mogyoro´d-brook Location of survey place A–E: means sampling point code
A, B: Source
C: Mogyoro´d-Fo´t border
D: Fo´t
E: Budapest, by urban area
F: Budapest, by motorway
G: Inflow to Szilas-stream
Class Quality
II Good
I Very good
III Fair
IV Poor
IV Poor
IV Poor
Quality of Streams and Rivers throughout Europe using Benthic Macroinvertebrates) criteria comprises a list of demands for possible reference sites which in sum can be regarded as orientation for the definition of reference conditions. These criteria consists for example • land use, where influence of urbanisation, land use and forest management should be as low as possible, • morphology and stream habitats, where floodplain at reference site covered with natural climax vegetation or extensive forests, no migration barriers, no removal of coarse woody debris, no bank and bed fixation, • hydrology and regulation, where no alteration of natural regime, no or only minor alteration of hydrology by dams, reservoirs, weirs, or sediment retaining structures, no water abstraction, etc., • water quality, where no point-source pollution, no point-source eutrophication, no acidification, no alteration of thermal regime, no salinisation, no toxic substances (Sommerha¨user, 2004). According to the field investigation, there was no section, which can be described as reference site. As a result
of influence of urbanisation, land use management, migration barrier, point and line pollution source, etc. Due to the fact, that these listed demands are usually not completely to be achieved in most European streams, several alternatives or completions are proposed to develop the reference conditions in accordance with the WFD. These possibilities are e.g. combination of Ôbest availableÕ-sites, historical data, and description of ‘‘potential natural habitat conditions’’. The question is regarding the historical background of the area, that if we can re-establish its former state, or not (REFCOND, 2002). The Hungarian reference sites are just identified, will be published in the country-report by March, 2005 (Szila´gyi et al., 2004). 3.4. Result of the hyperspectral investigations Areas investigated were covered by vegetation and by other natural non-vegetated surfaces. Two types of vegetation were relevant: vegetation with tree-stratum (for instance, trees, bushes), vegetation without tree-stratum (for instance, grass). It is shown that the differences between the two indecies were significant in the category of Ôvegetation without tree-stratumÕ (Table 8). After our
Zs. Nagy, A. Jung / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 30 (2005) 588–597 Table 8 Comparison of two methods for the same investigated areas
Vegetation without tree-stratum Vegetation with tree-stratum Other non-vegetated natural areas (soil, waterbody)
NDVI
hypNDVI
41.4% 7.4% 51.2
34.7% 7.7% 57.6
The table shows the results of two NDVI methods for three different categories in the field. In according to our field observation the hypNDV can give a better estimation for the vegetated areas without treestratum.
field observation was stated that for the investigated area, the hypNDVI gave a better estimation in according to grasses under wet conditions. We found that the red-edge values can help in dividing trees with different health status and with different water status but this method was not applied for our wetland area until now.
4. Discussion and conclusions Several environmental registrations and guidances were developed in the European Union. The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC Directive) plays role as the guideline for the water policy of all EU member states. Due to the WFD, such kind of works have begun all over Europe. The results hopefully will be an integrated databases on each catchment area. Examination of small water flows like brooks and streams have not been as under highlight as rivers in Hungary. Ecological investigations and evaluations in the country mainly focus on bigger rivers as for instance Duna, Tisza, Dra´va or lakes, like the lake Balaton. Most of the Hungarian small running watercourses are not included in the national water quality and quantity measurement network, occurring directly the lock of data on them. Brooks, streams are under assessment partly by some university research teams, but mainly investigated by NGOs or elementary or high-school groups. Detailed work on small Hungarian running watercourses focusing on the WFD requirements has not been carried out till today. The RCE implemented assessment method can be the bridge between the official and NGO-methods, because it is a rapid method and easy to use (not just only for scientists) and can provide scientifical value for the WFD water body database. The study considered the requirements of water framework directive for rivers for quality elements of classification of ecological and chemical status in order to be able to compare conditions to other surface running waters according to Annex V. As a first step, the objective was to make a surveillance monitoring according to 1.3.1 in Annex V of Water Framework Directive
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to get information for: (1) the assessment of long-term changes in natural conditions, and (2) the assessment of long-term changes resulting from widespread anthropogenic influence. The Italian version of Riparian, channel and environment inventory has been testing in the areas of sub-catchments, and the environmental quality (SRCE) by sections is expected to be presented by 2005 summer. Result of historical overview was carried out. The area mapping has being carried out by GIS. A short overview is also described in the paper about our aim to use hyperspectral remote sensing technique for the possibility of detecting ecological state of a small area like a brook. According to the field-survey and historical overview, the summary of physical alteration was created (Table 5). The channel gradient relates to the altitude range, which defines parameters such as substrate, valley shape, etc. This profile is illustrated with the dominant of substrate types (Fig. 3). The Mogyoro´d-brook substantially changed in character due to physical alteration by human activity. The physical alteration has caused hydromorphological change, too (CIS Working Group, 2003). Good example is shown from the area at the border of South-Dunakeszi and North-Budapest, where the wetland had modified. It was drainaged by dikes, and peat-mines were created, than its South rest was earthed (Fig. 2). It caused length decline of the brook (Fig. 1). The length-loss was not due to the different scales of the examined maps. The text of waterworks on the example area describes all the details around the decrease of the length of the brook. Of course the punctual value of length-loss can be declared if we use of the historical map and engineer plans with its texts together. Anyhow, these maps for tendency analysation are relevant. The first result of the RCE meets the result of the chemical samples. Better morphological condition and moderated land use have caused better environmental condition. The used methods (RCE, water samplings, historical investigation, etc.) can describe profoundly the actual ecological situation and can reflect on works to be done. The reference condition for the three sections must be identified. Due to the result of field-survey, the availability of the historical maps and water management plans, the reference conditions will be originated from these documents. In hyperspectral investigation on relevant area it was found that the practicability of hypNDVI is not very efficient when a wetland is covered in about 50% by non-vegetated area and in about 50% by vegetated area where the highly dominant part is vegetation without tree-stratum. Under status of vegetation we understand the spread of vegetated area that expresses its photosynthetic activity having very strong relation to the health of plants (Jung et al., 2003b).
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Fig. 2. Modification and physical alteration on the examined area (along South-Dunakeszi and Budapest section).
Fig. 3. Gradient alteration of Mogyoro´d-brook.
5. Outlook The further aim of the work is to provide the quality classification by sub-watershed, too. The final result of
the mapped classification is expected by 2005 summer– autumn. From the RCE method not just the actual state, but the structure of brook bed and environmental puffer capacity also can be described, which can provide and give information for further revitalisation action. The environmental objective is necessary to be identified, and as well as the monitoring and maintenance details: the identification of restoration measures necessary to achieve Good Ecological Status, and an assessment if the investigated section are able to reach Good Ecological Potential. HypNDVI can detect vegetation without treestratum but red-edge position values are more suited for investigating vegetation with tree-stratum. Our intent is to build up a wetland red-edge map in the future, which can be merged with wetland hypNDVI
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map and hereby to have a new approach that contains all advantages of both methods. In using remote sensing it is very relevant and useful to find new indices that can evaluate better the ecological state of a location. The growing dynamic of a settlement is a geographic phenomenon as well and in the same time shows the spreading direction of the settlement. To avoid degradation in ecological systems due to growing cities we need indices that can be used for making good decisions. Our method can be integrated to decision support system, hence can give new information and new knowledge about an area, but the dataset must be built up by an imaging spectrometer. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the GIS laboratory of the Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Science (RISSAC). We are grateful for providing soil data from RISSAC and to L. Pasztor for helping in digitalisation of the land use maps. The presented paper is parts of the doctoral thesis of the authors. The topic of implementation of WFD and ecological investigation of small running watercourses is the work of Zsuzsanna Nagy. Hyperspectral investigations were carried out by Andra´s Jung. References Boon, P.J., Howell, D.L. (Eds.), 1997. Freshwater Quality: Defining the Indefinable. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, p. 352. CIS Working Group. 2.2 on Heavily Modified Water Bodies. 2003. Toolbox on identification and designation of artificial and heavily modified water bodies. Final version. CIS Working Group 2.3, 2002. REFCOND. Guidance on establishing reference conditions and ecological status class boundaries for inland surface waters. Eisele, M., Steinbrich, A., Hildebrand, A., Leibundgut, Ch., 2003. The significance of hydrological criteria for the assessment of the ecological quality in river basins. Physics & Chemistry of the Earth. Parts A, B and C 28 (12–13), 529–536. Goetz, A.F.H., 1995. Imaging spectrometry for remote sensing: vision to reality in 15 years. The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) 2480, 2–13. Issue OMSz COST-STY-97-4018, 1998. The evaluation of evapotranspiration calculation technique based on remote sensing in agriculture. Hungarian Meteorological Service, Budapest. Jekel, H., 2004. Assistant in the legal implementation in ground and surface water monitoring. Twinning project, Activity No. 27/27. Final Report, 12th May, 2004. Available from:.
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Jo´o´, I., Raum, F., (Eds.), 1992. History of Hungarian Mapping (in Hungarian), Budapest. Jung, A., Kardeva´n, P., Ro´th, L., Tokei, L., 2003a. Using hyperspectral methods in differentiation of artificial and natural surfaces to urban climate applications. In: Proceeding of the 4th International Conference of PhD Students, Miskolc, pp. 79–84. Jung, A., Karveda´n, P., Tokei, L., Dunkel, Z., 2003b. Applying hyperspectral images to estimate micro scale environmentally impacts. In: Proceedings of ‘‘Lippay Ja´nos- Ormos Imre- Vas Ka´roly’’ Scientific Conference, Section of natural resources, Budapest, 583pp. Marosi, S., Somogyi, S., 1990. Cadastre of Hungarian microregions (in Hungarian). Hungarian Research Institute of Geographical Sciences, Budapest. ´ TA (manuscript, in Hungarian). Molna´r, Zs., et al., 2000. Report on ME Available from:. Molna´r, Zs., 2004. Detailed actual habitat map of Hungary and its potential use (in Hungarian). In: Proceeding of the 1st Hungarian Landscape Ecology Conference, Szira´k, 39pp. Nagy, Zs., 2003. EU demands on revitalisation of brooks. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of PhD-students, 2003, Miskolc, Hungary, pp. 335–339. Pe´cely, Gy., 1979. Climatology (in Hungarian). Educational Publisher, Budapest, pp. 282–284. Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., Deering, D.W., 1974. Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. In: Proceedings, Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium, Greenbelt: NASA SP-351, pp. 3010–3017. Schmidt, K.S., Skidmore, A.K., 2003. Spectral discrimination of vegetation types in a coastal wetland. Remote Sensing of Environment 5814, 1–17. Schuller, D. et al., 2000. Sustainable land use in an agriculturally misused landscape in northwest Germany through ecotechnical restoration by a ÔPatch-Network-ConceptÕ. Ecological Engineering 16 (1), 99–117. Siligardi, M., Maiolini, B., 1992. LÕinventario delle caratteristiche ambientali dei corsi dÕacqua alpini: guida allÕuso della scheda RCE-2. Biologia Ambientale, VII 30, 18–24. Sommerha¨user, M., 2004. Report of twinning project implementation of water framework directive in Hungary. In: Assistance in the Development of a Typology for Hungarian Surface Waters/Assistance in the Definition of Hungarian Reference Conditions and Reference Sites. Activity No. 05 and 06, pp. 1–8. Szila´gyi, F., Ambrus, A., Guti, G., Juha´sz, P., Kova´cs, T., Kova´cs, Cs., Padisa´k, J., 2004. Description of the Hungarian reference sites and its passports (in Hungarian). Report to the Ministry of Environment and Water Management, Manuscript. Van der Meer, F.D., De Jong, S.M. (Eds.), 2001. Imaging Spectrometry. Basic Principles and Prospective Application. Kluwer Academic Publisher, The Netherlands, pp. 144, 142. WFD, 2000. Council of the European Communities, 2000. Directive 200/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council f 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal of European Communities L327 43, pp. 1–72.
A case study of the anthropogenic impact on the catchment of Mogyoro´d-brook, Hungary Zs. Nagy *, A. Jung Department of Soil Science and Water Management, Corvinus University of Budapest, H-1118 Budapest, Villanyi u´t 29-43, Hungary Received 23 July 2004; received in revised form 15 April 2005 Available online 29 August 2005
Abstract The achievement of the good ecological status of surface waters has become obligatory due to the European Water Framework Directive in all European countries. In water management plans required by the directive, all human impacts on the aquatic environment shall be quantified and evaluated. For this purpose watershed related assessment methods are needed. The aim of the study is to present the watershed condition of Mogyoro´d-brook located in the North surrounding of Hungarian capital, through its ecological and chemical condition in the light of 60/2000/EC Directive. This paper presents more the methodological aspects of the work, which aim is to test regulations on River Basin Management Plan-creations on a smaller watershed area (on the watershed area of Mogyoro´d-brook), than punctual results. The field investigation and regulation reviews have already begun, but have not been finished yet (expected by 2005 summer). The used method is based on water sampling and Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory. Historical outlook was detected out by investigation of water engineering plans. The main goals of the paper are to present the question of implementation of the directive in meso-scale level and to search the possibility of adaptation of different methods for complex evaluation. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Implementation of the water framework directive; Ecological status; River basin management plan; Remote sensing; Hyperspectral image; Monitoring
1. Introduction There is an increasing requirement in Europe and worldwide to assess the quality of rivers, which are under conflicting pressures due to human demands for water and the needs of the freshwater biota (Boon and Howell, 1997). The principle of sustainability must become an obligatory component in water management by specifying and interrelating ecological, economic and social aspects, too (Schuller et al., 2000).
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +36 1 372 62 72; fax: +36 1 372 63 36. E-mail addresses: [email protected], zsuzsanna. [email protected] (Zs. Nagy). 1474-7065/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2005.07.012
In December, 2004 the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) was established with the following goals (WFD, 2000): • to achieve the objective of at least good water status till 2015 by defining and implementing the necessary measures within integrated programmes of measures, taking into account existing Community requirements, • and where the good water status already exists, it should be maintained. The central instrument of the WFD is the River Basin Management Plan. Although Management Plans are obligatory only for river basins, pressures and impacts
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as well as management options have to be investigated on a meso-scale level. Hungarian implementation of the WFD has being carried out, the Hungarian Water Act and Governmental Decree on River Basin Management Plan have already been amended, details on the WFD were transposed (Jekel, 2004). Nowadays, the question of collaboration in revitalisation of stream is becoming more and more evident. Not only engineers, but biologists, ecologists, landscape architects have to work together, summarize possibilities and develop the best solution to optimise the restoration plans by their best. There is a clear need to develop spatial standards and methods for landscape planning. For the revitalisation of brooks we need wide-scale information on area requirements for species, their dispersal potential across different landscapes and the role of movement corridors and barriers (Nagy, 2003). To define the aim status of each water body there is a need to know their actual states. For this aim, the study used the requirements of WFD and also an Italian assessment method. The first test of the Italian Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory (RCE) was carried out. Improving the morphological status of the rivers will be the key factor for a restoration of natural river ecosystem (Eisele et al., 2003). According to the first assessment result of RCE on the study area, it is clear, that in the urban area, where the brook morphology was heavily modified and was dramatic change in land use along the section, renaturalisation is requested in order to reach the minimum environmental objective. Knowledge about the natural relationships of plants allows interpretation of structure, development, and distribution of plant ‘‘communities’’ in the landscape and in the urban areas. Sustainable management of any ecosystem requires among other information a thorough understanding of vegetation species distribution and canopy parameters. Remote sensing is the major source of spatial information of the EarthÕs surface cover and constitution, and offers new opportunities in ecological studies enabling it to address problems at larger spatial scale than before. Vegetation mapping by remote sensing is of great importance for environmental assessment (Schmidt and Skidmore, 2003). Further research is needed, in which appropriate biophysical theory is developed and tested by relating remote sensed data to in situ measured data (Issue OMSz, 1998). A short overview on the possibilities of using hyperspectral remote sensing by some new methods as another tool for our complex investigation and assessment is also given. The trial of usage in this scale is the testing of different vegetation types, health condition on band 11, 16, etc., and also the comparison with the registered data from e.g. 2003 ME´TA database (Molna´r, 2004). The hyperspectral investigation is a planned activity for the future.
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This paper presents an overview on an ongoing study, which purpose is to test regulations on River Basin Management Plan on the watershed area of Mogyoro´d-brook. According to the requirements of the WFD in Annex VIII (WFD, 2000), the whole study will include the following objectives: • identification of the location and boundaries of water bodies; • identification of reference conditions for the surface water body types; • summary of significant pressure and impact of human activity on the status of surface water and groundwater; • establishment of objectives of monitoring network (location of monitoring points and monitoring methods); • description of results of surveillance monitoring on – surface water; – groundwater; – protected areas. The assessment contains also long-term change detection in natural conditions and land use. • classification of the ecological status of water bodies on the investigated area. In this paper the actual status of the whole research is presented.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Site description The study area is located in East-Europe, NorthernHungary (4735 0 –38 0 N, 3645 0 –58 0 E) in the watershed of the river Danube and geographically it belongs to the North-Region of Budapest with its Southern part and to Pest-county with its Northern part rest. The Mogyoro´d brook, which flows through four settlements (in order: Mogyoro´d, Fo´t, Dunakeszi and the capital, Budapest) has 36 km2 catchment area. The sources are in the village of Mogyoro´d, two of them are in the area of the Hungarian Formula-1 (Hungaroring), the main one is in 5-m deep valley in upper part of the village between agricultural field and the urbanised territory. The study area belongs to the medium dry–medium warm climatological district, the mean annual precipitation is about at 580–600 mm (Pe´cely, 1979). The area is determined by the terraces of the river Danube geologically, therefore the basic rock is calciferous quartz sand from the Danube riverbed, and soils are mainly alluvial and sandy. Groundwater is influenced dominantly by meteorological parameters and just only secondly by
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the water-levels of the river Danube (Marosi and Somogyi, 1990). 2.2. Water sampling and analyses The investigated area was divided into three subcatchments. Monitoring points by sub-catchments were established. The sub-division based on the morphological conditions. The brook depth and width variation, the structure and the substrate of the stream bed, and the structure of the riparian zone were considered. Homogeneous section was determined, if the parameters of morphological conditions were nearly equal. According to WFD, the surface water monitoring focuses on • measuring the volume and level or rate of flow to the extent relevant for ecological and chemical status and ecological potential, and • measuring and evaluation of the ecological and chemical status and ecological potential, and • location of human activity, which has effect on aquatic ecosystem. Water samples at each sampling site have been collected in 100 ml polyethylene bottles. The bottles were cleaned before sampling and were filled with demineralised water till the sampling time. Certainly before sampling the demineralised water was poured out, then PE-bottle was filled. Chemical analysis included the following parameters: thermal and oxygenation conditions, salinity, acidification status, nutrient conditions (WFD, 2000). The surveillance monitoring will be carried out for a period of one year for each monitoring site. 2.3. Engineering projects and land use change To be able to understand the change in land use there is a need for examining the former water engineering plans and comparing them with topographical maps. The main water management projects from National Water Document Archives, Budapest were tracked from the 19th century. The realised projects and the change in land use have modified the structure of the watershed. 2.4. Watershed habitat description The habitat description will be derived from the ME´TA (ME´TA is the Hungarian abbreviation of the Hungarian Habitat and Flora Database) and FLORADAT Databases (Molna´r et al., 2000; Molna´r, 2004). These two databases are the products of the Hungarian habitat and flora mapping programme (01.10.2002– 30.09.2005) under the leadership of Botanical Institute in Va´cra´to´t of Hungarian Academy of Science. This
database will contain the actual Hungarian habitats (ME´TA), the list of species protected and to be protected, the floristic map of Hungary (FLORADAT) and the database of specific pannonic species. 2.5. Riparian, channel and environmental inventory (RCE) For the investigation of the biological and hydromorphological elements (described in Annex V. of the WFD) the modified Swedish method, the Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory (RCE) was used. This is the first occasion for testing, and the attempt for evaluation of the environmental assessment of small running watercourse. The RCE is a rapid assessment method to determine the level of management, which is needed to achieve sustainable conditions due to the WFD requirements. The inventory can show the current environmental status of the stream and its riparian area. The RCE method can provide particular information on the ecosystem, considers the watercourse in its globality, and can describe the relationship with its surrounding environment. The following parameters are considered: (1) state of surrounding territory, (2) width of first and second riparian zone, (3) vegetation of first (and second) riparian zone, (4) integrity of riparian zone, (5) hydrological condition of brook bed, (6) brook stability, (7) brook erosion, (8) naturality of flooded bed-section, (9) brook bed, (10) meanders, pools, (11) bed vegetation, (12) macrobenthon-investigation, (13) detritus and (14) structure of trophic retain. Insisting on original survey with its complex parameter-use, it is expected from this method to give the best condition sections, which means the most natural ones, too. The application is on topographic map at scale 1:10 000. The samplings are to be carried out within the vegetation period, and one questionnaire is to be filled for each homogeneous section. The original Italian RCE-2 contains 14 questions (Siligardi and Maiolini, 1992). The possible scores to each question are 1, 5, 10, 15/20/25. Each question has four possible answers. The same method is to be used. The surveillance monitoring is to be carried out for a period of one year during the period specified in water management plans for each monitoring site. Samplings are to be carried out in vegetation period. RCE is to be determined at least three times a year, at least once per season. Results are to be evaluated and to be presented by sub-catchments. The result for each observed section comes from the ÔscoreÕ by adding scores for each question (altogether 14). The total score, added from each sampling will be divided by sampling occasion number, and will provide the SRCE quality parameter by subsections:
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S RCE ¼ ðS autumn þ S spring þ S summer Þ=sampling occasions; where : S autumn ¼ scoreðsÞ in autumn; S spring ¼ scoreðsÞ in spring;
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information will come from the database of ME´TA programme. 2.7. Hyperspectral investigation
S summer ¼ scoreðsÞ in summer: For each SRCE per sub-catchments a colour will be assigned as a quality indicator. Each sub-catchment quality remark will be mapped. The total score (SRCE) classifies the environmental quality (Table 1). Result of the Riparian, Channel Environmental Inventory will be compared to the Hungarian classification range, which origins from chemical water quality. 2.6. Mapping Military maps from the Austrian–Hungarian Monarchy were used for historical trace at different scales. The maps from the first and the second military mapping are at the scale 1:2880. Third military mapping was carried out in 1923 with the scale of 1:25 000 and contains well recognisable, delineable land cover borders. Therefore, punctual places and dimensions of human intervention can be recognised (Jo´o´ and Raum, 1992). The scale of the topographical map from 1951 is at 1:25 000 (Table 2). The up-to-date information has been put in topographic maps in scale 1:10 000 in EOTR (Uniform National Mapping System) tiling. There was a need to actualise the digital map from 1999. The CORINE land cover was tested to use, but regarding its scale of 1:100 000, it is not well utilizable at the investigated area. The vegetation mapping, called ME´TA programme bases on a 1:25 000 topographical map. It is under process by the leadership of Botanical Institute in Va´cra´to´t of Hungarian Academy of Science. The vegetation
Table 1 Classification (I–V) of environmental quality Class
Score
Quality
Colour
I II III IV V
251–300 201–250 101–200 51–100 14–50
Very good Good Fair Poor Bad
Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Recent advances in remote sensing have led the way for the development of hyperspectral sensors and the applications of the hyperspectral data. Hyperspectral remote sensing is a relatively new technology, which is currently being investigated by researchers and scientists with regard to the detection and identification of minerals, terrestrial vegetation and man-made materials. In our study the hyperspectral sensor DAIS 7915 (Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer, from DLR, German Aerospace Center, in the project of HYSENS 2002) was available for us that time only. There was not any other airborne hyperspectral imaging spectrometer in work in Hungary. For our purposes we did not have hyperspectral sensors from satellites, but we plan to provide satellite records in the future. The picture investigated by us was a one-time record. In our paper we would like to give an overview about some methods that might be useful for detecting of wetland in the WFD. The hyperspectral imaging sensor combines imaging and spectroscopy in a single system that often includes large data sets and requires new processing methods. Hyperspectral data sets are generally composed of about 100–200 or much more spectral bands with relatively narrow bandwidth (5–10 nm). Multispectral data sets are usually composed of about 5–10 relative wide bands (70–400 nm). With the high-spectral resolution, hyperspectral remote sensing has a great application potential for ecological analysis. The broader continuous spectrum increases the number of possibilities of determining characteristic spectral features for analysis, classification and monitoring of land cover types and processes (Goetz, 1995). Vegetation indices are based on the spectral response of vegetation that can change with the wavelength and are significantly different from other objects at the EarthÕs surface. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is surely the most widely examined and most applied vegetation index (Rouse et al., 1974). NDVI ¼ ðCHnIR CHred Þ=ðCHnIR þ CHred Þ
Table 2 The list of the used sections of the investigated maps Name of the map
First military mapping (1860)
Second military mapping (1916)
Third military mapping (1923)
Topographical map (1951)
Registration number of the used maps
XV/19, XV/20
XXXIII/49, XXXII/50
4962/4, 4962/2
L-34-15A, L-34-15B
Scale of first and second military mapping is 1:2880 and the third military map from 1951 has 1:25 000.
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with CHnIR, CHred are reflectances in the red and nearinfrared (nIR) bands. The NDVI values can be evaluated from hyperspectral images as well. A commonly applied hyperspectral dataset consist of more than 100 spectral bands. According to the hyperspectral environment, the NDVI had to be modified (Jung et al., 2003a). The aim of our interest was to find the appropriate combination of bands for vegetation studies. This investigation was carried out in Gyo¨ngyo¨s (North-Hungary), but it is adaptable and applicable for each catchment, too. We found that the bands 11 (675 nm) and 16 (762 nm) of the DAIS gave the best results for detecting vegetation. In according to the commonly used NDVI, our investigated areas were overvalued. A resampling process for the same dataset was carried out. From our hyperspectral dataset the appropriate bands used by the most multispectral application were selected to build a wide range for the rate near-infrared and red bands. After comparing the hyperspectral and the simulated resampled multispectral image with each other and with an aerial photo, it was determined that the hypNDVI (=(band16 band11)/(band16 + band11)) could serve a more precise value for status of vegetation compared to NDVI. The reflectance (690–720 nm) red-edge is a characteristic feature of the spectral response of vegetation. Since the red-edge itself is a fairly wide feature of approximately 30 nm, it is desirable to quantify it with a single value so that this plant-specific value can be compared with that of other plant species. For this purpose inflection point is used. For an accurate determination of the red-edge inflection point, a large number of spectral measurements in very narrow bands are required. For laboratory and field based studies, this is not a major obstacle. If we have a large number of very narrow bands so the derivative of them can give a fairly accurate position of the inflection point (Van der Meer and De Jong, 2001). The red-edge position can be used as an indicator of plant stress for detecting stress levels in forest trees. Water stress is one of the most common limitations of primary productivity. In our investigation the red-edge position was defined in our investigation by the second derivative of the reflectance spectrum in the region of the red-edge. High-order curve fitting methods can be employed to fit a continuous function to the derivative spectrum as well. A polynomial function may be fitted to the data (Van der Meer and De Jong, 2001). In our investigation we have chosen eight bands for calculating the second derivative and so the inflection point. The DAIS-sensor has eight bands in the range of 639– 762 nm. We could fit a polynomial curve with 5th order. This method gave a useful tool to define characteristic red-edge positions.
3. Results 3.1. Historical overview The analysis of the historical maps detection is nearly finished. Some first conclusion can be drawn for different areas. For instance, the Budapest–Dunakeszi section showed a loss of watercourse-length. The length of Mogyoro´d-brook decreased by 38% between 1860 and 1923 (Fig. 1). During the first investigated period, the 62.3% remained of the origin, in the next period the loss was 14% comparing the year 1951 and 1973. There exist six important realised water management plans, which were related to the study area (Table 3). The detection of every brook-section in the watershed showed, that there is no section, which is natural and has not been changed. The most effective change in environment could be observed in the 19th century (Table 4), its impact is still visible and can be examined, too. The results are summarized, and the main effects are shown. The scores on pollution type presented have expected values (Table 4). These come from the first field
Fig. 1. The length-loss on the area of North-Budapest and SouthDunakeszi. The length decreases in the period of 1860–1951 and 1971– 1988 were significant. First period can be explained with the canalisation, then the second with building operations.
Table 3 Main water engineer plans in watershed of Mogyoro´d-brook Title of main engineer plans in water management in sub-watershed of Mogyoro´d-brook
Date
Countersink of brook bed, creation of sough Irrigation, Fo´t. Ka´rolyi Sa´ndor Mud-drainage in Dunakeszi village Ordering Mogyoro´d-brook Input of Mogyoro´d-brook and irrigation of castle park in Fo´t M0 motorway, North-sector. Detailed plans and environmental effect investigation (by UNITEF)
1918–1972 1897–1943 1918–1921 1893–1971 1897 1994
The plans are made by the land ownerÕs actual engineer, expect from the plan of M0 motorway, which was made by UNITEF Ltd. Source: National Water Document Archives, Budapest.
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Table 4 Human influence on the catchment area of Mogyoro´d-brook, which was tracked from the different historical maps and plans (shown in Tables 2, 3) Type of ‘‘source’’
Time of appearance (century) 18th
Settlement Industrial and commercial area Weekend house area Waste deposits Agricultural field (arable land) Agricultural field (non-arable land) Filled mud with deposits Asphalt road Terrain road Vineyard Cemetery Park Mine Artificial pond in park Pond created by mining Castle and its equipments
19th
Pollution effect factor (for actual situation)
20th
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Location Budapest
2 0 1 3 1 0 1 3 2 0 3 1 3 2 1 3
x x
Dunakeszi
x
x x x
x x
x x x x
Fo´t
Mogyoro´d
x
x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
The scores on pollution type presented have expected values. These come from the first field trip-impression, but their punctual influences on water quality and watershed ecosystem are expected to be shown at the end of the whole study by 2005. 0—nothing, 1—low, 2—medium, 3—high.
trip-impression, but their punctual influences on water quality and watershed ecosystem are expected to be shown at the end of the whole study by 2005. Taking into consideration of the historical review, the correlation between modification effect and physical alteration (Table 5) was investigated. 3.2. Field investigation: water sampling and RCE The first results of the water sampling (Table 6) and the RCE (Table 7) at main points from 2004 autumn are presented. The nutrient loads are a reflection of the land use structure in the catchment. Assessment of
the water quality demonstrates, that in some places on the watershed the good ecological quality of the watershed is not achieved. The NO 2 concentration was below 0.1 mg/l at each sampling site, NO 3 values were highest at ‘‘B’’ and ‘‘E’’ points. The SO2 concentration is increasing: at 4 the last sampling point it is four times higher than at source. 3.3. Hungarian reference conditions and reference sites The AQEM (The Development and Testing of an Integrated Assessment System for the Ecological
Table 5 Summary of physical alteration on hydromorphology Specific use
Physical alteration
Impacts on hydromorphology
Urbanisation
Channel maintenance Straightening Canalisation Cutting of wetlands and reservoir Fixation of stream bed Bank reinforcement Infrastructure
Change of hydraulically Characteristics Reduced flow in river bed Change of storage capacity Disconnection with groundwater Change of sediment supply Increased sedimentation Uniform bank structure Change in stream profile Reduced diversity of bank structure
Agriculture
Straightening Land use change Dikes Land reclamation
Change in stream profile Lower groundwater butter capacity (due to drainage) Sediment transportation into stream Change of sediment pattern
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Table 6 Result of chemical analysis on the Mogyoro´d-brook
Table 7 Result of the Riparian channel and habitat survey on Mogyoro´d-brook Location of survey place A–E: means sampling point code
A, B: Source
C: Mogyoro´d-Fo´t border
D: Fo´t
E: Budapest, by urban area
F: Budapest, by motorway
G: Inflow to Szilas-stream
Class Quality
II Good
I Very good
III Fair
IV Poor
IV Poor
IV Poor
Quality of Streams and Rivers throughout Europe using Benthic Macroinvertebrates) criteria comprises a list of demands for possible reference sites which in sum can be regarded as orientation for the definition of reference conditions. These criteria consists for example • land use, where influence of urbanisation, land use and forest management should be as low as possible, • morphology and stream habitats, where floodplain at reference site covered with natural climax vegetation or extensive forests, no migration barriers, no removal of coarse woody debris, no bank and bed fixation, • hydrology and regulation, where no alteration of natural regime, no or only minor alteration of hydrology by dams, reservoirs, weirs, or sediment retaining structures, no water abstraction, etc., • water quality, where no point-source pollution, no point-source eutrophication, no acidification, no alteration of thermal regime, no salinisation, no toxic substances (Sommerha¨user, 2004). According to the field investigation, there was no section, which can be described as reference site. As a result
of influence of urbanisation, land use management, migration barrier, point and line pollution source, etc. Due to the fact, that these listed demands are usually not completely to be achieved in most European streams, several alternatives or completions are proposed to develop the reference conditions in accordance with the WFD. These possibilities are e.g. combination of Ôbest availableÕ-sites, historical data, and description of ‘‘potential natural habitat conditions’’. The question is regarding the historical background of the area, that if we can re-establish its former state, or not (REFCOND, 2002). The Hungarian reference sites are just identified, will be published in the country-report by March, 2005 (Szila´gyi et al., 2004). 3.4. Result of the hyperspectral investigations Areas investigated were covered by vegetation and by other natural non-vegetated surfaces. Two types of vegetation were relevant: vegetation with tree-stratum (for instance, trees, bushes), vegetation without tree-stratum (for instance, grass). It is shown that the differences between the two indecies were significant in the category of Ôvegetation without tree-stratumÕ (Table 8). After our
Zs. Nagy, A. Jung / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 30 (2005) 588–597 Table 8 Comparison of two methods for the same investigated areas
Vegetation without tree-stratum Vegetation with tree-stratum Other non-vegetated natural areas (soil, waterbody)
NDVI
hypNDVI
41.4% 7.4% 51.2
34.7% 7.7% 57.6
The table shows the results of two NDVI methods for three different categories in the field. In according to our field observation the hypNDV can give a better estimation for the vegetated areas without treestratum.
field observation was stated that for the investigated area, the hypNDVI gave a better estimation in according to grasses under wet conditions. We found that the red-edge values can help in dividing trees with different health status and with different water status but this method was not applied for our wetland area until now.
4. Discussion and conclusions Several environmental registrations and guidances were developed in the European Union. The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC Directive) plays role as the guideline for the water policy of all EU member states. Due to the WFD, such kind of works have begun all over Europe. The results hopefully will be an integrated databases on each catchment area. Examination of small water flows like brooks and streams have not been as under highlight as rivers in Hungary. Ecological investigations and evaluations in the country mainly focus on bigger rivers as for instance Duna, Tisza, Dra´va or lakes, like the lake Balaton. Most of the Hungarian small running watercourses are not included in the national water quality and quantity measurement network, occurring directly the lock of data on them. Brooks, streams are under assessment partly by some university research teams, but mainly investigated by NGOs or elementary or high-school groups. Detailed work on small Hungarian running watercourses focusing on the WFD requirements has not been carried out till today. The RCE implemented assessment method can be the bridge between the official and NGO-methods, because it is a rapid method and easy to use (not just only for scientists) and can provide scientifical value for the WFD water body database. The study considered the requirements of water framework directive for rivers for quality elements of classification of ecological and chemical status in order to be able to compare conditions to other surface running waters according to Annex V. As a first step, the objective was to make a surveillance monitoring according to 1.3.1 in Annex V of Water Framework Directive
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to get information for: (1) the assessment of long-term changes in natural conditions, and (2) the assessment of long-term changes resulting from widespread anthropogenic influence. The Italian version of Riparian, channel and environment inventory has been testing in the areas of sub-catchments, and the environmental quality (SRCE) by sections is expected to be presented by 2005 summer. Result of historical overview was carried out. The area mapping has being carried out by GIS. A short overview is also described in the paper about our aim to use hyperspectral remote sensing technique for the possibility of detecting ecological state of a small area like a brook. According to the field-survey and historical overview, the summary of physical alteration was created (Table 5). The channel gradient relates to the altitude range, which defines parameters such as substrate, valley shape, etc. This profile is illustrated with the dominant of substrate types (Fig. 3). The Mogyoro´d-brook substantially changed in character due to physical alteration by human activity. The physical alteration has caused hydromorphological change, too (CIS Working Group, 2003). Good example is shown from the area at the border of South-Dunakeszi and North-Budapest, where the wetland had modified. It was drainaged by dikes, and peat-mines were created, than its South rest was earthed (Fig. 2). It caused length decline of the brook (Fig. 1). The length-loss was not due to the different scales of the examined maps. The text of waterworks on the example area describes all the details around the decrease of the length of the brook. Of course the punctual value of length-loss can be declared if we use of the historical map and engineer plans with its texts together. Anyhow, these maps for tendency analysation are relevant. The first result of the RCE meets the result of the chemical samples. Better morphological condition and moderated land use have caused better environmental condition. The used methods (RCE, water samplings, historical investigation, etc.) can describe profoundly the actual ecological situation and can reflect on works to be done. The reference condition for the three sections must be identified. Due to the result of field-survey, the availability of the historical maps and water management plans, the reference conditions will be originated from these documents. In hyperspectral investigation on relevant area it was found that the practicability of hypNDVI is not very efficient when a wetland is covered in about 50% by non-vegetated area and in about 50% by vegetated area where the highly dominant part is vegetation without tree-stratum. Under status of vegetation we understand the spread of vegetated area that expresses its photosynthetic activity having very strong relation to the health of plants (Jung et al., 2003b).
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Fig. 2. Modification and physical alteration on the examined area (along South-Dunakeszi and Budapest section).
Fig. 3. Gradient alteration of Mogyoro´d-brook.
5. Outlook The further aim of the work is to provide the quality classification by sub-watershed, too. The final result of
the mapped classification is expected by 2005 summer– autumn. From the RCE method not just the actual state, but the structure of brook bed and environmental puffer capacity also can be described, which can provide and give information for further revitalisation action. The environmental objective is necessary to be identified, and as well as the monitoring and maintenance details: the identification of restoration measures necessary to achieve Good Ecological Status, and an assessment if the investigated section are able to reach Good Ecological Potential. HypNDVI can detect vegetation without treestratum but red-edge position values are more suited for investigating vegetation with tree-stratum. Our intent is to build up a wetland red-edge map in the future, which can be merged with wetland hypNDVI
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map and hereby to have a new approach that contains all advantages of both methods. In using remote sensing it is very relevant and useful to find new indices that can evaluate better the ecological state of a location. The growing dynamic of a settlement is a geographic phenomenon as well and in the same time shows the spreading direction of the settlement. To avoid degradation in ecological systems due to growing cities we need indices that can be used for making good decisions. Our method can be integrated to decision support system, hence can give new information and new knowledge about an area, but the dataset must be built up by an imaging spectrometer. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the GIS laboratory of the Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Science (RISSAC). We are grateful for providing soil data from RISSAC and to L. Pasztor for helping in digitalisation of the land use maps. The presented paper is parts of the doctoral thesis of the authors. The topic of implementation of WFD and ecological investigation of small running watercourses is the work of Zsuzsanna Nagy. Hyperspectral investigations were carried out by Andra´s Jung. References Boon, P.J., Howell, D.L. (Eds.), 1997. Freshwater Quality: Defining the Indefinable. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, p. 352. CIS Working Group. 2.2 on Heavily Modified Water Bodies. 2003. Toolbox on identification and designation of artificial and heavily modified water bodies. Final version. CIS Working Group 2.3, 2002. REFCOND. Guidance on establishing reference conditions and ecological status class boundaries for inland surface waters. Eisele, M., Steinbrich, A., Hildebrand, A., Leibundgut, Ch., 2003. The significance of hydrological criteria for the assessment of the ecological quality in river basins. Physics & Chemistry of the Earth. Parts A, B and C 28 (12–13), 529–536. Goetz, A.F.H., 1995. Imaging spectrometry for remote sensing: vision to reality in 15 years. The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) 2480, 2–13. Issue OMSz COST-STY-97-4018, 1998. The evaluation of evapotranspiration calculation technique based on remote sensing in agriculture. Hungarian Meteorological Service, Budapest. Jekel, H., 2004. Assistant in the legal implementation in ground and surface water monitoring. Twinning project, Activity No. 27/27. Final Report, 12th May, 2004. Available from:
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Jo´o´, I., Raum, F., (Eds.), 1992. History of Hungarian Mapping (in Hungarian), Budapest. Jung, A., Kardeva´n, P., Ro´th, L., Tokei, L., 2003a. Using hyperspectral methods in differentiation of artificial and natural surfaces to urban climate applications. In: Proceeding of the 4th International Conference of PhD Students, Miskolc, pp. 79–84. Jung, A., Karveda´n, P., Tokei, L., Dunkel, Z., 2003b. Applying hyperspectral images to estimate micro scale environmentally impacts. In: Proceedings of ‘‘Lippay Ja´nos- Ormos Imre- Vas Ka´roly’’ Scientific Conference, Section of natural resources, Budapest, 583pp. Marosi, S., Somogyi, S., 1990. Cadastre of Hungarian microregions (in Hungarian). Hungarian Research Institute of Geographical Sciences, Budapest. ´ TA (manuscript, in Hungarian). Molna´r, Zs., et al., 2000. Report on ME Available from: