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A cat model for testing auditory cortex prosthesis
Abstracts results suggested that bilateral PMv is involved in compensation of dexterous hand movements after M1 lesion in a time-dependent manner. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.962
P2-k08 Improving human hand motor skill by pre-movement brief sensory manipulation Eiichi Naito 1,2 , Shintaro Uehara 3 1
NICT, Kyoto; 2 ATR-CNS, Kyoto, Japan; 3 Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Transcutaneous electrical nerve (muscle) stimulation has been used to remodel human sensory-motor organization, with beneficial effects on voluntary limb movement. For this purpose, sufficiently longer period of TENS (15–30 minutes) has been conventionally used. Here, prompted by our neuroimaging evidence that even less than one minute of sub-threshold sensory stimulation to a relaxed hand muscle modulates the neuronal activity of the human sensory-motor system, we examined whether sub-threshold brief TENS to a hand muscle can improve the performance of dexterous manipulation of objects through improved motor control. The TENS for as little as one minute facilitated the post-stimulation cortico-spinal excitability of the stationary thumb muscle, and generated fast-acting effects that improve the upcoming performance by reducing kinematic amplitude and temporal variance of finger movements. This study demonstrated the striking benefits of passive and brief manipulation of pre-movement sensory inflow on the remodeling of active and complex motor control processes. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.963
P2-k09 Supervised Error Feedback Learning and Unsupervised Exemplar Learning of a Temporal Judgment Task Differentially Activate Cerebellum and Parietal Cortex Daniel Callan 1 , Nicolas Schweighofer 2 , Masaaki Sato 1 , Mitsuo Kawato 1 1
ATR;
2
USC Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy
Various types of learning are conjectured to be instantiated in different brain regions. Supervised learning in which error feedback is given is hypothesized to be in the cerebellum. Unsupervised exemplar based learning is hypothesized to be in the cortex. These hypotheses were investigated by determining differential performance related activity involved with learning in a supervised or unsupervised manner for a temporal judgment task. The task involved pressing a button as close to 800 ms as possible after a visual cue was presented. After each trial either error-feedback of the response time was given (supervised condition) or an example of the spacing of 800 ms (flashing box) was given (unsupervised condition). Differential performance related fMRI activity was greater in the cerebellum during supervised training and greater in the parietal cortex during unsupervised training. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.964
P2-k10 Irregular Bursting Assemblies Emerge in a Striatal Network Model Adam Ponzi, Jeff Wickens Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), Japan The striatum is composed of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) interacting through sparse weak and asymmetric inhibitory collaterals which receive excitatory inputs from the cerebral cortex. MSNs exhibit distinctive irregular burst firing patterns with long periods of quiescence in vivo. Although MSNs do not show precise spiking synchronization, cells do show strongly positively correlated firing rate fluctuations on timescales of several hundred milliseconds and form coherent bursting assemblies. We show how such characteristic firing patterns naturally emerge in numerical simulations of deterministically interacting spiking MSNs if the network respects the detailed striatal structure and cortical excitation is appropriate. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.965
P2-k11 Information about movement time and direction influences motor cortical visual and movement evoked potentials Bjoerg E. Kilavik 1 , Adrian Ponce-Alvarez 2 , Joachim Confais 2 , Sonja Gruen 1 , Markus Diesmann 1,3 , Alexa Riehle 1,2 1
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-Shi, Japan; 2 INCM, CNRS Univ AixMarseille2, Marseille, France; 3 RIKEN Computational Science Research Program, Wako-Shi, Japan
S181
The local field potential (LFP), reflecting mainly synaptic activity, is obtained by low-pass filtering the extracellularly recorded signal. We recorded LFPs from motor cortex of two macaque monkeys during a pre-cued arm reaching task in 6 directions, and observed two types of evoked potentials occurring successively in the trial. A visual evoked potential (VEP) in response to the visual spatial cue was followed by the movement evoked potential around movement onset (MEP). The amplitudes of VEPs and MEPs are (1) tuned for movement direction, (2) modulated by the pre-cued delay duration between the spatial cue and the GO signal; VEPs being larger on short and MEPs larger on long delay trials, and (3) correlated trial-by-trial to behavioral reaction times (RT) (positive for MEP and negative for VEP).Their inverse relationship to delay duration and RT might indicate a complementarity of motor cortical VEPs and MEPs. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.966
P2-k12 Multi-channel recording of the electrocorticogram in anesthetized rats with parylene electrode arrays Hidenori Watanabe 1 , Tomoya Sakatani 1 , Morio Togawa 1 , Masatoshi Yoshida 1,2 , Tadashi Isa 1,2,3 , Isao Hasegawa 4 , Takafumi Suzuki 5 1
Dept Devel. Physiol., NIPS, Okazaki, Japan; 2 Grad. University Advanced Studies, Hayama, Japan; 3 CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan; 4 Dept Physiol., Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; 5 Grad. Sch. of Infor. Sci. Tech., University Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
We developed multi-channel electrode arrays with parylene and characterized its performance for electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings from urethaneanaesthetized rats. Parylene-gold-parylene sandwich structure achieved the flexibility of electrode array. Platinum-black coating to each electrode yielded low electronic impedances (1 to 10 k at 1 kHz). The 32-channel electrode arrays were arranged in regular grids (50 m × 50 m in size with 1 mm inter-electrode distance). We removed the dura and implanted the electrode arrays on the surface of sensory cortices including the somatosensory area. The electrode arrays were evaluated for air-puff-related cortical potentials in the ECoG by a multi-channel recording system. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.967
P2-k13 A cat model for testing auditory cortex prosthesis Yu Sato, Xinan Zhang, JingYu Wang, Ling Qin University of Yamanashi, Japan Directly stimulating the auditory cortex is a potential method of the auditory rehabilitation. For developing auditory cortex prostheses, a valid animal model is required to examine the efficiency and safety. Here, we report a cat model suitable for this purpose. Firstly, cats were trained to detect natural tones using Go/No-Go procedure. Then, we penetrated recording electrodes (tungsten, 2–5 M) into cat auditory cortex. The spikes and local field potentials in response to tone stimuli were collected in 0.3 mm step. After the auditory response measurement, we replaced the recording electrode by a stimulus electrode (tungsten, 2–20 k). We found that micro-stimulation of the cortex area with obvious auditory responses could immediately evoke the cat Go behaviors mimicking sound detected response, and the amplitude and duration thresholds of electrical pulses correlated with the auditory responsiveness of stimulated sites. Our results confirmed the efficacy of microstimulation and make it possible to further test how to transmit auditory signals through electrodes. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.968
P2-k14 Rhythmic pattern generator for the olfactory center model of land slug using pulse-type hardware chaotic neuron models Hirokazu Hatano 1 , Ken Saito 2 , Minoru Saito 1 , Yoshifumi Sekine 3 1
Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, Japan; Department of Physics, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Japan; 3 Department of Electronics and Science, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Japan 2
Rhythmic patterns of electrical activity are a ubiquitous feature of nervous systems. The modulation of oscillatory activity plays an essential role in the processing of sensory information pattern recognition. The oscillatory activity in the olfactory center (procerebrum; PC) of the land slug Limax is changed by the odor stimuli to the tentacles. Previously, we examined the odor responses of the local field potential (LFP) in the PC by extracellular recording and showed that the reconstructed attractors were different between the LFP oscillations before and after the odor stimulus. In the present study, we construct the rhythmic pattern generator for the
P2-k08 Improving human hand motor skill by pre-movement brief sensory manipulation Eiichi Naito 1,2 , Shintaro Uehara 3 1
NICT, Kyoto; 2 ATR-CNS, Kyoto, Japan; 3 Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Transcutaneous electrical nerve (muscle) stimulation has been used to remodel human sensory-motor organization, with beneficial effects on voluntary limb movement. For this purpose, sufficiently longer period of TENS (15–30 minutes) has been conventionally used. Here, prompted by our neuroimaging evidence that even less than one minute of sub-threshold sensory stimulation to a relaxed hand muscle modulates the neuronal activity of the human sensory-motor system, we examined whether sub-threshold brief TENS to a hand muscle can improve the performance of dexterous manipulation of objects through improved motor control. The TENS for as little as one minute facilitated the post-stimulation cortico-spinal excitability of the stationary thumb muscle, and generated fast-acting effects that improve the upcoming performance by reducing kinematic amplitude and temporal variance of finger movements. This study demonstrated the striking benefits of passive and brief manipulation of pre-movement sensory inflow on the remodeling of active and complex motor control processes. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.963
P2-k09 Supervised Error Feedback Learning and Unsupervised Exemplar Learning of a Temporal Judgment Task Differentially Activate Cerebellum and Parietal Cortex Daniel Callan 1 , Nicolas Schweighofer 2 , Masaaki Sato 1 , Mitsuo Kawato 1 1
ATR;
2
USC Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy
Various types of learning are conjectured to be instantiated in different brain regions. Supervised learning in which error feedback is given is hypothesized to be in the cerebellum. Unsupervised exemplar based learning is hypothesized to be in the cortex. These hypotheses were investigated by determining differential performance related activity involved with learning in a supervised or unsupervised manner for a temporal judgment task. The task involved pressing a button as close to 800 ms as possible after a visual cue was presented. After each trial either error-feedback of the response time was given (supervised condition) or an example of the spacing of 800 ms (flashing box) was given (unsupervised condition). Differential performance related fMRI activity was greater in the cerebellum during supervised training and greater in the parietal cortex during unsupervised training. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.964
P2-k10 Irregular Bursting Assemblies Emerge in a Striatal Network Model Adam Ponzi, Jeff Wickens Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), Japan The striatum is composed of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) interacting through sparse weak and asymmetric inhibitory collaterals which receive excitatory inputs from the cerebral cortex. MSNs exhibit distinctive irregular burst firing patterns with long periods of quiescence in vivo. Although MSNs do not show precise spiking synchronization, cells do show strongly positively correlated firing rate fluctuations on timescales of several hundred milliseconds and form coherent bursting assemblies. We show how such characteristic firing patterns naturally emerge in numerical simulations of deterministically interacting spiking MSNs if the network respects the detailed striatal structure and cortical excitation is appropriate. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.965
P2-k11 Information about movement time and direction influences motor cortical visual and movement evoked potentials Bjoerg E. Kilavik 1 , Adrian Ponce-Alvarez 2 , Joachim Confais 2 , Sonja Gruen 1 , Markus Diesmann 1,3 , Alexa Riehle 1,2 1
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-Shi, Japan; 2 INCM, CNRS Univ AixMarseille2, Marseille, France; 3 RIKEN Computational Science Research Program, Wako-Shi, Japan
S181
The local field potential (LFP), reflecting mainly synaptic activity, is obtained by low-pass filtering the extracellularly recorded signal. We recorded LFPs from motor cortex of two macaque monkeys during a pre-cued arm reaching task in 6 directions, and observed two types of evoked potentials occurring successively in the trial. A visual evoked potential (VEP) in response to the visual spatial cue was followed by the movement evoked potential around movement onset (MEP). The amplitudes of VEPs and MEPs are (1) tuned for movement direction, (2) modulated by the pre-cued delay duration between the spatial cue and the GO signal; VEPs being larger on short and MEPs larger on long delay trials, and (3) correlated trial-by-trial to behavioral reaction times (RT) (positive for MEP and negative for VEP).Their inverse relationship to delay duration and RT might indicate a complementarity of motor cortical VEPs and MEPs. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.966
P2-k12 Multi-channel recording of the electrocorticogram in anesthetized rats with parylene electrode arrays Hidenori Watanabe 1 , Tomoya Sakatani 1 , Morio Togawa 1 , Masatoshi Yoshida 1,2 , Tadashi Isa 1,2,3 , Isao Hasegawa 4 , Takafumi Suzuki 5 1
Dept Devel. Physiol., NIPS, Okazaki, Japan; 2 Grad. University Advanced Studies, Hayama, Japan; 3 CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan; 4 Dept Physiol., Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; 5 Grad. Sch. of Infor. Sci. Tech., University Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
We developed multi-channel electrode arrays with parylene and characterized its performance for electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings from urethaneanaesthetized rats. Parylene-gold-parylene sandwich structure achieved the flexibility of electrode array. Platinum-black coating to each electrode yielded low electronic impedances (1 to 10 k at 1 kHz). The 32-channel electrode arrays were arranged in regular grids (50 m × 50 m in size with 1 mm inter-electrode distance). We removed the dura and implanted the electrode arrays on the surface of sensory cortices including the somatosensory area. The electrode arrays were evaluated for air-puff-related cortical potentials in the ECoG by a multi-channel recording system. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.967
P2-k13 A cat model for testing auditory cortex prosthesis Yu Sato, Xinan Zhang, JingYu Wang, Ling Qin University of Yamanashi, Japan Directly stimulating the auditory cortex is a potential method of the auditory rehabilitation. For developing auditory cortex prostheses, a valid animal model is required to examine the efficiency and safety. Here, we report a cat model suitable for this purpose. Firstly, cats were trained to detect natural tones using Go/No-Go procedure. Then, we penetrated recording electrodes (tungsten, 2–5 M) into cat auditory cortex. The spikes and local field potentials in response to tone stimuli were collected in 0.3 mm step. After the auditory response measurement, we replaced the recording electrode by a stimulus electrode (tungsten, 2–20 k). We found that micro-stimulation of the cortex area with obvious auditory responses could immediately evoke the cat Go behaviors mimicking sound detected response, and the amplitude and duration thresholds of electrical pulses correlated with the auditory responsiveness of stimulated sites. Our results confirmed the efficacy of microstimulation and make it possible to further test how to transmit auditory signals through electrodes. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.968
P2-k14 Rhythmic pattern generator for the olfactory center model of land slug using pulse-type hardware chaotic neuron models Hirokazu Hatano 1 , Ken Saito 2 , Minoru Saito 1 , Yoshifumi Sekine 3 1
Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, Japan; Department of Physics, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Japan; 3 Department of Electronics and Science, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Japan 2
Rhythmic patterns of electrical activity are a ubiquitous feature of nervous systems. The modulation of oscillatory activity plays an essential role in the processing of sensory information pattern recognition. The oscillatory activity in the olfactory center (procerebrum; PC) of the land slug Limax is changed by the odor stimuli to the tentacles. Previously, we examined the odor responses of the local field potential (LFP) in the PC by extracellular recording and showed that the reconstructed attractors were different between the LFP oscillations before and after the odor stimulus. In the present study, we construct the rhythmic pattern generator for the