A collaboration-driven mode for improving sustainable cooperation in smart industrial parks

Resources, Conservation & Recycling 141 (2019) 273–283

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Resources, Conservation & Recycling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resconrec

A collaboration-driven mode for improving sustainable cooperation in smart industrial parks

T

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Pengcheng Xianga,b, , Ting Yuana,b a b

Faculty of Construction Management & Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China Construction Economics and Management Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045 PR China

A R T I C LE I N FO

A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Smart industrial parks Sustainable development Collaboration-driven mode Information sharing

With the rapid development of intelligent means, sustainable cooperation has become a major obstacle for smart industrial parks due to insufficient information sharing between stakeholders. Currently, despite progress in information sharing, not every stakeholder has enough knowledge or enthusiasm about information sharing. Therefore, a reasonable collaboration-driven mode focused on information sharing can support the sustainable development of smart industrial parks. Based on the results of the specific cooperation needs of Chinese smart industrial parks, which were studied by Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats analysis (SWOT), a collaboration-driven mode is proposed in this study. It consists of four parts, i.e., cooperation promoters, contents of information sharing, diffusing professional knowledge, and incentive strategies of information sharing, and is supported by two layers, i.e., decision layers and implementation layers. Promoters were determined by Social Network Analysis (SNA) and include park management committees, enterprises, research institutions, and local governments. Based on the SNA, contents of information sharing and diffusing professional knowledge paths have been designed. Incentive strategies of information sharing were explored by Rough Set. The collaborationdriven mode was verified using an empirical case-study, which showed that the collaboration-driven mode is feasible. These findings offer a good reference for the sustainable cooperation of Chinese smart industrial parks.

1. Introduction Many industrial parks have been built rapidly in China. At least 60 state-level industrial parks have been established in China, which account for a large proportion of the world’s industrial parks (Liu et al., 2016). These industrial parks facilitate efficient waste utilization, resource-sharing, and economic growth (Xu et al., 2017). Smart industrial parks provide intelligent means to support the management of industrial parks to mitigate environmental impacts and to reduce costs (Ahvenniemi et al., 2017). Complex environmental conditions and various stakeholders mean that smart industrial parks can be filled with cooperative barriers (Chen et al., 2014). Even though professional technical guidelines exist (Sun et al., 2017; Fraccascia and Yazan, 2018), smart industrial parks often suffer from poor performance due to inappropriate cooperation requirements and management means (Martin Gomez et al., 2018). The key to practical requirements and management means is sustainable cooperation among stakeholders. Inadequate or inappropriate cooperation needs and modes may reduce the cooperative motivation of stakeholders and lead to smart industrial parks being underdeveloped (Tan et al., 2016; Kalmykova et al., 2018).

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Therefore, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of how stakeholders cooperate with each other effectively. Information sharing among stakeholders has been identified as a key driver to realize sustainable cooperation (Jensen et al., 2011). Due to limited resources, complex production processes, dynamic environmental conditions, and various stakeholders in smart industrial parks, a cooperation mode does not always rely on technical strategies. Instead, it tends to recognize practical needs and to share various resources, experiences, and ideas to deal with serious emergencies (Yuan et al., 2010). The literature on information sharing has focused on the paths of material or energy flow or on infrastructure supports and intelligent equipment applications but has paid less attention to the ways of how stakeholders share information effectively (Zhu et al., 2015). Information sharing is associated with policies, organizational systems, benefit distributions, and intelligent technologies (Feng et al., 2018). Factors that may affect information sharing include practical requirements, stakeholders, contents of information sharing, professional knowledge, and incentive strategies (Chertow and Ehrenfeld, 2012; Jiao and Boons, 2017). Previous studies have explored various factors to improve information sharing, but have rarely offered a

Corresponding author at: Faculty of Construction Management & Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (P. Xiang), [email protected] (T. Yuan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.037 Received 29 March 2018; Received in revised form 26 October 2018; Accepted 27 October 2018 0921-3449/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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wide range of stakeholders who play critical roles in the sustainable development of smart industrial parks. The Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, industrial associations, and local governments have been identified as playing a critical role in building smart industrial parks, as top-down policy guidance greatly affects the sustainable development of smart industrial parks in China and provides critical resources, such as leasing the territory for the infrastructure (Hein et al., 2017). Meanwhile, financial institutions play an important role in financing the sustainable development of smart industrial parks (Wuebbeke and Heroth, 2014). The local population provides employment, and information on new projects (Hein et al., 2017). Management committees and the managers of enterprises in smart industrial parks play critical roles because they determine material and information flows and profit distributions. The mass media, information service companies, quality supervision departments, hydropower management departments, and waste recycling companies are powerful actors in enhancing the sustainable development of smart industrial parks (Zhu et al., 2015; Van Ewijk et al., 2018). Research institutions are also important in promoting collaborative cooperation, as they put successful research outcomes into practice (Behera et al., 2012). To summarize, a large amount of literature has recognized stakeholders and analyzed the roles of certain stakeholders in cooperation in smart industrial parks. However, some stakeholders may play an important role in sustainable development, but they are not the promoters of sustainable cooperation. Few attempts have been made to systematically identify promoters and promoted objects among stakeholders. Only by identifying the promoters of collaborative cooperation and continuously promoting the implementation of cooperation can the sustainability of collaborative networks in smart industrial parks be improved. Collaborative information sharing oriented around sustainability has been intensely discussed because information sharing is the key to improving cooperation among stakeholders and overcoming common challenges (Fan et al., 2017a,b,c,d,e). There are several types of sharing in industrial parks, including cooperative goals, product manufacturing processes, investment costs, risk sharing, profit sharing, knowledge sharing, and experience sharing (Herczeg et al., 2018). Informationsharing platforms play a critical role in resource sharing (Fraccascia and Yazan, 2018). Entire metabolic systems through the supply of materials are built to share information among enterprises, for example around water and wastewater recycling, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and the preplanning of smart industrial parks (Fan et al., 2017a,b,c,d,e; Hu et al., 2017; Tseng et al., 2018). Enterprises can decrease waste disposal costs and input purchase costs to enhance their sustainable efficiency via information-sharing platforms (Aid et al., 2017). Suggestions from the public play a critical role in launching sustainable information sharing for enterprises (Wang et al., 2012). However, it is generally accepted that public participation is conducive to realizing information-sharing goals, but local government, research institutions, and enterprises of smart industrial parks still play the main roles in decision making (Mol et al., 2011). The general public is only a passive recipient of information and the decision-making mainly relies on a few powerful actors rather than information exchange among individuals, groups, and institutions (He and Liu, 2013). Besides, because the public is not familiar with the environmental, economic, and social risks or the cost of production, it is difficult for them to exchange information regarding smart industrial parks (He et al., 2018a,b). To conclude, much attention is paid to resource sharing among enterprises. By contrast, there is a lack of studies on improving public participation in information sharing. Public attitudes and responses are critical for implementation of information sharing and decision making. This study argues that effective information sharing is a necessary means of sustainable cooperation. Overall, this study is interested in the following questions: What are the specific needs of sustainable cooperation in smart industrial parks? Who are the promoters and promoted objects in sustainable

comprehensive study of the practical needs for stakeholders to share information and how stakeholders share professional knowledge (Yuan et al., 2010). Thus, this study aims to build a collaboration-driven mode to encourage various stakeholders to share information effectively. To find out possible ways to improve sustainable cooperation based on information sharing, the research focused on three research questions: What are the practical requirements guiding sustainable cooperation for Chinese smart industrial parks? Who are the promoters of cooperation? What are the paths and incentive strategies of information sharing for stakeholders? Information sharing is introduced as a mediating role between practical needs and sustainable cooperation. This study links practical cooperation requirements, cooperation promoters, and information sharing methods in order to build a collaboration mode based on information sharing. The findings of this study will not only contribute to the information sharing and sustainable cooperation literature but will also provide guidance for managers of smart industrial parks. 2. Literature review With the development of smart industrial parks, corresponding studies have been carried out. It is widely accepted that cooperation in smart industrial parks has played a critical role in enhancing sustainable development (Velenturf and Jensen, 2016). Sustainable cooperation strategies should reconcile three aspects of sustainability: economic, environmental, and social sustainability (Fan et al., 2017a,b,c,d,e; Martin and Harris, 2018). Recently, various cooperation strategies have been presented. For example, recognizing roles of participants (Spekkink, 2015), policy support (Li et al., 2017), supporting infrastructure (Yuan et al., 2010), public participation (He et al., 2018a,b), and water recycling (Tiu and Cruz, 2017; Kim et al., 2018). However, these cooperation strategies have not paid attention to practically sustainable development pressures of smart industrial parks in China. It is difficult to mitigate infrastructure shortage, undeveloped industrial symbiosis networks, serious environmental pollution based on 63 annual evaluation reports of industrial parks issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China represented in Table 1 (Yu et al., 2015a,b). Therefore, it is necessary to determine the specific sustainable cooperation needs to guide sustainable cooperation among stakeholders. Specific cooperation needs are the basis of sustainable development. To improve cooperation among stakeholders, it is necessary to understand stakeholders and explore ways of cooperation. Organizational stakeholders in industrial parks are the subject of much current research. Actors who have an influence on the sustainable cooperation of smart industrial parks are called stakeholders. There is a Table 1 Sustainable development pressures faced by stakeholders in smart industrial parks. No.

Pressure

total

proportion(%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Unreasonable industrial structures Undeveloped industrial symbiosis networks Infrastructure shortage Serious environmental pollution Low economic benefits Unreasonable management mode Large amount of fresh water usage Land shortage Undeveloped public services such as education and medical care High energy consumption Insufficient policy support Defective overall planning Insufficient public participation Lack of talent Undeveloped data platforms

41 28 22 21 17 13 10 10 9

19.52% 13.33% 10.48% 10.00% 8.10% 6.19% 4.76% 4.76% 4.29%

9 9 7 6 4 4

4.29% 4.29% 3.33% 2.86% 1.90% 1.90%

10 11 12 13 14 15

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but qualitative research methods cannot simultaneously meet these goals. Social network analysis is a reliable tool with which to analyze the stakeholders (Scott and Carrington, 2011). Social network analysis works well in understanding and mapping network systems, which can identify the positions and stakes of the stakeholders (Doloi, 2012). Previous methods of analyzing stakeholders often ignore the importance of the stakeholders’ communication and SNA is used to overcome the issue (Almahmoud and Doloi, 2015). The degree of the centrality of an actor in the SNA method can represent the direct ties to the other actors. Strong ties to others in SNA indicate that the individual actor is more likely to influence the others and, thus, have critical roles among the stakeholders (Prell et al., 2009). In this study, actors with strong contacts to various others can be regarded as promoters that motivate sharing information in the network. Another advantage of SNA is that it helps to reconstruct the information-sharing paths according to the results of the network.

cooperation? How can the public participate in information sharing more efficiently? The remainder of the study is designed as follows. Section 3 and 4 describes the methods and data collection to explore specific targets of sustainable cooperation, to recognize promoters and promoted objects, and to find sustainable information-sharing methods. Section 5 presents the results about the sustainable cooperation mode. This research employs a case-study to verify the feasibility of the theoretical collaboration mode. 3. Research methods To determine the sustainable requirements guiding cooperation among stakeholders, 63 annual evaluation reports of industrial parks issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China were used to refine specific issues affecting the sustainable development of industrial parks. To recognize promoters and promoted objects in the process of cooperation, survey questionnaires were sent to a number of professionals in smart industrial parks. They were required to provide responses using a five-point scale. By social network analysis (SNA), the data were analyzed to determine the promoters and to establish a complex network of relationships among the stakeholders. Based on the network, an information-sharing mode was built and sent to a number of professionals in smart industrial parks. They were asked to provide comments on the mode. In addition, to spur enthusiasm for information sharing, another type of survey questionnaires was sent to a number of professionals in smart industrial parks. They were asked to provide information on a five-point scale. The data were analyzed to find out which strategies would have a significant impact on information sharing. Because of the widespread use of Rough Set (Hu et al., 2018), this was used in the study. These methods are briefly discussed below and a research framework is shown in Fig. 1.

3.3. Rough set Incentive strategies are key to further promoting sustainable cooperation between stakeholders in smart industrial parks because not all participants are willing to share information with each other. The rough set method was employed to recognize reasonable strategies. Rough set theory is regarded as a tool to overcome imprecision, uncertainty, and vagueness of data (Pawlak, 1982). Rough set theory can explore data dependencies and reduce common items contained in a dataset by purely mathematical methods (Chen et al., 2011). In this study, incentive strategies about information sharing have complex relationships and the rough set can eliminate some strategies associated with dispensable attributes without affecting the overall effect (Liou, 2011). A rough set can find key elements with a small sample size (Li et al., 2016). Therefore, it is reasonable to make use of it in this study.

3.1. Strengths weaknesses opportunities threats analysis (SWOT) 4. Data collection and analysis

This study employs the SWOT method to explore the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to smart industrial parks. The SWOT approach originates from business research and has been applied in other fields (Borgatti et al., 2009). A SWOT analysis refers to internal and external assessments. Strengths and weaknesses belong to internal assessments (Lienert et al., 2013). In this study, strengths represent resources that improve the efficiency of smart industrial parks while weaknesses represent conditions that impair competitiveness. Opportunities are chances to promote sustainable development and threats are the problems they face. Opportunities and threats are parts of an external assessment (Valente et al., 2015). Previous methods have only focused on a single aspect of improving the sustainable development of smart industrial parks. According to the requirements of industrial symbiosis, the cooperation of stakeholders in smart industrial parks has two components. The first is the spontaneous development affected by internal strengths and weaknesses (Chertow, 2007) and the second refers to exogenous promoters, such as opportunities and threats presented by government agencies and associations (Behera et al., 2012). Therefore, a SWOT framework that contains internal and outside assessments is considered in this study and we analyzed 63 annual evaluation reports of industrial parks issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China and designed four combination strategies via a SWOT analysis to recognize the specific requirements for cooperation in smart industrial parks. The findings related to specific cooperation needs guided the building of a collaboration mode.

4.1. Data collection In the process of identifying specific cooperation needs, the study collected multiple data by document analysis. In the study, direct observation was adopted because there have been 63 annual reports evaluating industrial parks issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China. First, based on the issues in each report, this study refined the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each report. Second, we incorporated items that are consistent in each report and removed irrelevant items to form a list of items. In the process of recognizing cooperation promoters and designing information-sharing paths, semi-structured face-to-face interviews and a questionnaire survey were used to collect data. Each interview lasted for more than one hour and each interviewee was asked to briefly introduce their smart industrial park. Then, questions were asked, which were divided into two parts. The first part involved questions about cooperation promoters while the second part was about incentive strategies for information sharing. Subsequently, based on the results of the semi-structured interviews and the relevant literature (Mol et al., 2011; He and Liu, 2013; He et al., 2018a,b), a preliminary questionnaire was formatted and distributed to 15 employees in smart industrial parks and 20 postgraduate students majoring in industrial symbiosis. According to their feedback and responses, we improved the questionnaires and the modified questionnaires were distributed to 20 managers of smart industrial parks. These managers each have more than 5 years’ management experience. In the questionnaires, each item adopts a five-point scale in which 1 represents strong agreement and 5 represents strong disagreement.

3.2. Social network analysis (SNA) Social network analysis has been used to recognize promoters in sustainable cooperation in smart industrial parks. Researchers must systematically consider economic, social, and environmental objectives 275

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Fig. 1. The general framework of this research.

5.1.1. Results of SWOT analysis According to the 63 Annual Reports evaluating industrial parks issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, there were three strengths, eleven weaknesses, five opportunities, and five threats. This study found that industrial parks have typical construction characteristics, which refer to multiple stakeholders, unreasonable responsibility, lack of talent, irrational access and exit mechanisms, lower efficiency of public participation, different structures of information data, and lower information sharing (Dubey et al., 2016; Gómez et al., 2017). The detailed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are represented in Fig. 2.

4.2. Data analysis tools The data analysis is divided into three stages. First, based on the list of items related to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of smart industrial parks, we counted the number of occurrences of each item. According to SWOT theory, this study identified the top-ranked items as specific requirements for sustainable cooperation in smart industrial parks. Second, according to social network analysis theory, data of cooperation promoters were transformed into an adjacency matrix. UCINet software was employed to recognize cooperation promoters and to build an information-sharing network. Third, data about incentive strategies of information sharing were analyzed using a rough set.

5.1.2. Four combinations of SWOT analysis strategies SO combination strategies. These are pioneering strategies. They emphasize collaborative cooperation among stakeholders, cooperation between enterprises and research institutes, use of advanced technologies and information technologies, and improving public participation efficiency (Côté and Liu, 2016; He et al., 2018a,b). WO combination strategies. These are aggressive strategies. First, it is best to cooperate with each other when responsibilities and rights have been clarified especially for local government and managers of smart industrial parks (Fan et al., 2017a,b,c,d,e). Second, information islands have made it difficult for stakeholders to cooperate with each other effectively (Gómez et al., 2017). Third, with the enhancement of consciousness about overall planning among managers and introducing innovative talents, the efficiency of land use and industrial structures of a circular economy in smart industrial parks will be gradually improved (Fan et al., 2017a,b,c,d,e). Finally, it is necessary to enhance professional knowledge about smart industrial parks for the public (Mol et al.,

5. Research findings 5.1. Results of sustainable cooperation needs In the study, the sustainable cooperation mode contains three parts. In part one, the study explored specific cooperation needs by strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats recorded in 63 annual reports (Fig. 2). Part two involves performing standardized betweenness centrality to recognize cooperation promoters (Table 2 and Fig. 3). The network about the stakeholders is presented in Fig. 4. The collaborative cooperation mode based on information sharing is represented in Fig. 5. Part three presents the results of incentive strategies of information sharing (Tables 3 and 4).

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Fig. 2. Results of SWOT analysis about industrial parks.

participation. According to the SWOT analysis, the collaboration mode emphasizes three aspects. First, it is important to find promoters in cooperation processes (Chen et al., 2014). Second, it is necessary to design the information-sharing paths to improve the efficiency of information sharing, especially for the public. Third, incentive strategies of information sharing should be designed to increase the willingness of stakeholders to share information. Many studies show that information sharing lacks corresponding incentive strategies, especially for introducing talent, land use, simple administrative procedures, and understanding responsibilities between local government and managers of smart industrial parks (Guo et al., 2016). Therefore, the collaboration mode contains the three items discussed above.

Table 2 Results of social network analysis about collaboration stakeholders. No.

stakeholders

Betweenness

nBetweenness

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Park management committees Enterprises Government Research institutions Public Information service company Supervision department Hydro-power management department Financial institutions Waste recycling company

28.917 9.667 3.583 2.083 0.833 0.667 0.250 0.000 0.000 0.000

40.162 13.426 4.977 2.894 1.157 0.926 0.347 0.000 0.000 0.000

2011). WT combination strategies. These are conservative development strategies. First, the local government and enterprises should strengthen information exchange by defining clear responsibilities and rights. Meanwhile, local government should simplify administrative procedures (Sa de Abreu and Ceglia, 2018). Second, to meet the needs of smart industrial parks, local governments should design targeted incentive policies to encourage information sharing, attract talent, save energy, reduce emissions, and protect the environment (Yao and Zhang, 2018). ST combination strategies. The growth of international cooperation trends requires simple relative procedures and reasonable distribution of responsibilities and rights among participants (Fan et al., 2017a,b,c,d,e). Besides, it is necessary to develop relative strategies for local governments to reasonably supply land and promote public

5.2. Results of the theoretical mode of sustainable cooperation 5.2.1. Collaborative promoters As shown in Table 2, according to the social network analysis, the key collaborative promoters in smart industrial parks are park management committees, enterprises, local government, and research institutions and the promoted objects are the public, information service companies, and supervision departments (Hein et al., 2017; Hao et al., 2017). Detailed information on the promoters and promoted objects in smart industrial parks can be found in Fig. 3. 5.2.2. The collaboration-driven mode based on information sharing The information sharing of stakeholders in smart industrial parks has various paths based on the stakeholders’ network, as indicated in Fig. 4. Meanwhile, different stakeholders have different information277

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Fig. 3. Promoters in the collaboration-driven mode.

Fig. 4. Detailed information sharing paths among stakeholders. 278

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Fig. 5. Collaboration-driven mode based on information sharing.

to encourage information sharing. A sustainable cooperation center built by promoters plays a major role in diffusing professional knowledge. First, research institutions bring innovative ideas. Then, enterprises offer practical experience and park management committees introduce management experience to revise the original innovative ideas. Third, local government offers comments based on the direction of sustainable development. When they all reach a preliminary consensus on this issue, they will introduce fundamental materials to promoted objects to diffuse professional knowledge and to re-educate the public. Subsequently, promoters and promoted objects participate in open discussion to reach a consensus on the issue and form formal reports. In the implementation layers, all of the functional departments should cooperate with each other to offer advice on issues during the decision process to support information sharing. It is significant to diffuse professional knowledge and to change the mode of public participation. Detailed information can be found in Fig. 5.

Table 3 Results of rough set about incentive strategies. No.

Rough set calculation results

Results

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Pos{A-A1}(B3)={a, b, f, g, h}=Pos{B}(B3) Pos{A-A2}(B3)={i}≠Pos{B}(B3) Pos(B3)={a, b, f, g, h} Pos{B-B1}(B3)={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3) Pos{B-B2}(B3)={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3) Pos{B-B4}(B3)={a, b, f, g, h}=Pos{B}(B3) Pos{B-B5}(B3)={a, b, f, g, h}=Pos{B}(B3) Pos{B-B6}(B3)={a, b, f, g, h}=Pos{B}(B3) Pos{C-C1}(B3)={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3) Pos{C-C2}(B3)={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3) Pos{C-C3}(B3)={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3) Pos{C-C4}(B3)={a, b, c, d, f, g, i, j}≠Pos{B}(B3)

Reduce Reserve Reserve Reserve Reserve Reduce Reduce Reduce Reserve Reserve Reserve Reserve

sharing paths, and the information shared by various stakeholders is different (Chen et al., 2014). In particular, there are re-education paths for the public to enrich professional knowledge. As indicated in Fig. 5, using decision layers, a decision process about issues has been designed

5.2.3. Incentive strategies of information sharing The results of the rough set are represented in Table 3. According to the suggestions of the smart industrial park managers, compensating for

Table 4 Coordinated strategies of information sharing. No.

Category

Incentive strategies

1

Distribution strategies (A1)

2

Compensation strategies (B1)

3 4

Compensation strategies (B2) Compensation strategies (B3)

5

Guiding strategies (C1)

6

Guiding strategies (C2)

7 8

Guiding strategies (C3) Guiding strategies (C4)

Evaluate cooperation risks of stakeholders respectively and design benefits distribution strategies according to the principle of consistent risk and benefits. If the investment of enterprises about technological transformation is above the baseline, the annual tax payment of the enterprise can be reduced. For public re-education, local governments shall compensate smart industrial parks that excel in public participation. Smart industrial parks can cooperate with research institutes to apply for smart pilot programs. When the government approves, they will obtain special construction funds. The government and the park management committee should formulate appropriate land policies and preferential tax policies to attract outstanding enterprises. The government should advocate energy-saving products, guide the development direction of the market, and create environmental protection special funds to stimulate enterprises to improve their production structure spontaneously. The government should improve the intellectual property protection system. The local government should simplify administrative procedures to improve the efficiency based on the trend of international cooperation.

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6.2.2. Energy-saving and eco-environment pressures Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park produces huge amounts of pollutants, such as NOX and dust, and consumes a large amount of electricity in the processing of aluminum products. According to the statistics of the aluminum enterprises in the park, the annual output of aluminum waste exceeded 800,000 tons in 2014. With the gradual expansion of the project size, pressures on energy-saving and emissions have been increasing.

advanced smart industrial parks is necessary (Yu et al., 2015a,b). Therefore, it becomes the basis of our calculation. As shown in Table 4, incentive policies of information sharing in smart industrial parks should contain distribution strategies, compensation strategies, and guiding strategies (Zhao et al., 2018). The compensation strategies account for 3/8 of strategies and guiding strategies account for 4/8 of strategies. These results confirm the important role of driving sustainable cooperation among stakeholders. That is, it is important to improve the talent, land supply, and overall planning and to understand the responsibilities between the local government and managers in smart industrial parks. In particular, simple administrative procedures and diffusing professional knowledge are critical to encouraging information sharing. Detailed information on the cooperation incentive strategies is presented in Table 4.

6.2.3. Weak technical innovation The innovative ability of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park is weak. Currently, the park embraces intensive industries related to labor and resources. Overall, research and development expenditure has only accounted for 0.2% of the regional GDP, which is far below the 1.45% of the whole city. The number of patented inventions is relatively low. Investments in industrial research and technological innovation urgently need to be improved.

6. Case-study 6.1. Background to Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park

6.2.4. Insufficient usage of information system Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park has built a class B electronic information system, but the frequency of usage of these information systems is low. At present, manual data collection and telephone reporting are still the main management modes, resulting in low work efficiency. Data are not accurate and the functions of the information system need to be improved because many stakeholders do not share information effectively. In addition to the leading enterprises, the majority of information technologies of other enterprises need to be strengthened.

6.1.1. Basic information Chongqing Qijiang Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park is located in the Qijiang District of Chongqing, China, and embraces smart characteristics. It was selected as a case-study with which to test the theoretical collaboration mode. It is a real cooperative project of research and production. It has also been recognized as a pilot park for the circular economy. The core industries of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park are aluminum and copper processing. The park mainly relies on the electrolytic aluminum project and focuses on the development of automotive aluminum, industrial aluminum, and other new material industries. The goal of the park is to build an advanced copper and aluminum processing base.

6.3. Implementation of the collaboration mode 6.3.1. Stakeholders in Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park This study found that the problems of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park have the same characteristics as those identified in the SWOT analysis of various industrial parks in China. Therefore, the collaboration mode can be applied to this real case. According to the social network analysis, the promoters in Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park should include park management committees, enterprises, the government of Qijiang District, and Chongqing University. Promoted objects should include the public, information service companies, and supervision departments. They all collaborate with each other, which has improved the industrial cooperative network and overall competitiveness of the park. Detailed information is represented in Fig. 7.

6.1.2. Organizational systems Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park is led by the Qijiang Industrial Park Administrative Committee. In particular, the director of the park management committee is from the Qijiang local government, which facilitates resource coordination and the implementation of policy. The deputy director is responsible for the arrangement and implementation of the specific affairs of the park, such as infrastructure construction and investments. Some enterprises have established collaborative chains around the leading industry. In addition, stakeholders, such as information service companies, the public, and financial institutions, all play different roles in the development of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park. Detailed information is provided in Fig. 6.

6.3.2. The information-sharing platform According to the previous cooperation platform of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park and the information-sharing paths of the collaboration mode, the park management committee, Chongqing University, and the information service companies collaborate with each other to design and improve the information-sharing platform. Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park has built a sustainable center that is composed of promoters in cooperation. There are several tasks for promoters. First, they organize stakeholders to share various information based on the stakeholders’ network. Second, they will select issues and prepare materials to diffuse professional knowledge among the promoted objects. Third, promoters will organize the promoted objects to join open discussions to make decisions about issues. Finally, the formal report will be presented. Meanwhile, strategies of information sharing have been designed based on Table 4.

6.2. Problems of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park This study explored the difficulties of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park in the process of cooperation. Managers have argued that typical problems of this park include flawed planning, energy-saving and emission reduction pressures, weak technical innovation, insufficient usage of information systems, and uncoordinated incentive strategies of information sharing among stakeholders. These problems are similar to those identified by the SWOT analysis of other industrial parks in China. 6.2.1. Flawed planning The area of industrial construction in Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park only accounts for 59% of the planned area and the rate of effective land usage is small. This is not conducive to the formation of a sustainable industry chain. Besides, the investment planning is not targeted and 14 of the enterprises in the industrial chain have not developed a deep cooperation network. Meanwhile, managers of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park have a strong sense of transformation, but their planning programs lack practicality.

6.4. Effects of applying the collaboration mode In Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park, the collaboration mode effectively improved the information sharing and sustainable cooperation of stakeholders. As Table 5 shows, the efficiency of the park has been improved significantly. We interviewed managers of Beidu Aluminum 280

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Fig. 6. The organizational system of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park.

improving sustainable cooperation between stakeholders in smart industrial parks has been developed and tested, illustrating how cooperation promoters, paths, and incentive strategies of information sharing are interrelated to enhance the performance of smart industrial parks from a systematic perspective. Improving information sharing can not only advance cooperation for promoters (Fraccascia and Yazan, 2018) but also help understand the process of diffusing professional knowledge to the public (Chen et al., 2014). Fig. 5 illustrates an overview of the results as discussed below. This study shows that promoters, especially local governments, enterprises, research institutions, and park management committees, are critical. This confirms that effective external driving forces are the key to the smart industrial park’s success (Hein et al., 2017). In contrast to previous studies, this study indicates that the research institution is a

Industrial Park regarding indicators that are difficult to quantify (Table 5). These indicators are divided into three levels. Level 1 represents low efficiency, level 2 is medium efficiency, and level 3 represents high efficiency. Overall, the circular economy, ability to innovate, and the economic and social efficiency of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park have been improved significantly. 7. Discussion Sustainable cooperation strategies in smart industrial parks stress cooperative relationships with stakeholders, enhancement of information-sharing capabilities, and appropriate incentive strategies of information sharing (Sa de Abreu and Ceglia, 2018). On the basis of this and practical cooperation requirements, a theoretical mode for

Fig. 7. Promoters and promoted objects in BD Park. 281

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and guiding strategies (Jiao and Boons, 2017). They stress the necessity for an adequate supply of professional knowledge for the public. In this study, the collaboration-driven mode has designed paths of diffusing professional knowledge, but public perception and attitude towards smart industrial parks cannot be changed in a short time. The key barriers to managing professional knowledge involve both time and participation of the public, which indicates that there is a need to design corresponding strategies to make professional knowledge popular (Jiao and Boons, 2017). It is imperative to simplify administrative procedures so that stakeholders can save time and avoid ambiguous responsibility and rights between government and managers in smart industrial parks (He et al., 2018a,b). It is also considered a sound basis for the collaboration-driven mode.

Table 5 Improved efficiency of Beidu Aluminum Industrial Park. No.

Item

The first year

The second year

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Infrastructures Information system construction Information system utilization Land utilization Number of enterprises Employed population Benefits distribution of enterprises Industry-research cooperation R&D expenditure / sales revenue Added patent Government policy Capital supply Growth rate of industrial output Growth rate of tax revenue Growth rate of main business Growth rate of sales Ratio of energy reduction Ratio of waste utilization

1 0.6 55% 59% 14 0.91 million 1 1 0.11% – 1 1 – – – – – –

3 0.9 80% 70% 20 1.3 million 3 2 0.19% 29 3 3 15.91% 21.93% 16.14% 15.35% 10% 75%

8. Conclusions This study contributes to the understanding of the sustainability of cooperation from a perspective of information sharing. In this research, a collaboration mode was constructed and applied to the case of a real industrial park for validation. The findings show that park management committees, enterprises, research institutions, and local governments are promoters of sustainable cooperation. It is necessary for information sharing to combine decision layers with implementation layers to diffuse professional knowledge, re-educate promoted promoters, and to design incentive strategies of information sharing related to public participation, introducing innovative talent, land resources, and simplifying administrative procedures. The main implications of the study lie in exploring the driving force of cooperation and uncovering the essence of information-sharing paths and finding that the general public is not just a passive recipient of information and the decision-making should not rely on a few powerful actors rather than information exchange among individuals, groups, and institutions. By using this framework, stakeholders can make effective plans to manage smart industrial parks and develop a more realistic way of understanding smart industrial parks for the public. However, there are also several limitations to the collaboration mode. First, with the development of society, more and more stakeholders will join information sharing. The information-sharing paths considered in this study were static. When a new stakeholder joins in, the original information-sharing rules will be disrupted. Therefore, a dynamic information-sharing mode should be further discussed. Second, it was found that the distribution strategies were not perfect. Because different managers have different attitudes to risk, which are difficult to measure, the collaboration mode considers inputs, contributions, and risks, but not the risk attitudes of stakeholders. The distribution strategies need to be further improved in the future.

promoter rather than a promoted object. The criticality of the research institution can be explained from a competition management perspective. With the loss of competition of traditional factors relating to work, land, and capital, sustainable production has played a critical role in replacing them (Sa de Abreu and Ceglia, 2018). Identifying market potential and the utilization of innovative ideas depends on knowledge (Chen et al., 2013). Research institutions, as non-profit centers, play a promoting role in enhancing entrepreneurial skills by education, training, promotion of entrepreneurial attitudes, absorbing knowledge, and putting it into practice (Behera et al., 2012). Because of the variety of tasks undertaken, research institutions are a major promoter of sustainable cooperation. The local government is an important collaborative driver that can affect the usage of land and energy, attract investment, provide financial support, and affect the prices of materials in smart industrial parks (Hein et al., 2017). The local government can provide long-term policy benefits to smart industrial parks, such as attracting more business investment to expand the park (Jiao and Boons, 2017). The third type of collaborative drivers in smart industrial parks includes management committees and enterprises. They are dominant players in park construction, which can be attributed to the park management committees and enterprises significantly affecting the smart industrial park profits. They are responsible for ensuring the design, execution, and completion of the works in the park and so they are usually important drivers of cooperation processes. As illustrated in Fig. 5, the findings of the study highlight the idea of diffusing professional knowledge to promoted objects, especially to the public. Although previous studies have focused on the critical role of public participation (Schiller et al., 2014), no attempt has been made to design specific ways to enrich the professional knowledge of the public and to encourage the public to join in the decision-making processes in smart industrial parks. Public opinion plays a key role in integrating social, economic, and ecological feelings into existing practices of smart industrial parks (He et al., 2018a,b). This study has offered paths to diffuse knowledge of innovative ideas, practical experience, management experience, and direction of development to promoted objects, especially the public. We argue against the idea that the general public is only a passive recipient of information and that decision-making mainly relies on a few powerful actors rather than information exchange among individuals, groups, and institutions. The mode has combined decision layers with implementation layers to encourage promoted objects to share information. It is conducive to the operability of formal reports made by promoters and promoted objects. It is important to promote enthusiasm of stakeholders by corresponding incentive strategies of information sharing. Incentive strategies of information sharing mainly emphasize compensation strategies

Acknowledgments The work described in this paper was fully supported by a joint grant from Project No. 2017CDJSK03XK19 of the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities, and Project No. 2015DFG62270 of the Ministry of Science and Technology, China. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the authors. References Almahmoud, E., Doloi, H.K., 2015. Assessment of social sustainability in construction projects using social network analysis. Facilities 33 (3), 152–176. Ahvenniemi, H., Huovila, A., Pinto-Seppä, I., Airaksinen, M., 2017. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities. Cities 60, 234–245. Aid, G., Eklund, M., Anderberg, S., Baas, L., 2017. Expanding roles for the Swedish waste management sector in inter organizational resource management. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 124, 85–97. Borgatti, S.P., Mehra, A., Brass, D.J., Labianca, G., 2009. Network analysis in the social sciences. Science 323 (5916), 892–895. Behera, S.K., Kim, J.H., Lee, S.Y., Suh, S., Park, H.S., 2012. Evolution of ‘designed’

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