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A common aspect in plants and animals in defense: Recognition and oxidative burst
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Eighth JADCI abstracts
markers and is phagocytic. The donor of cytotoxic effecters may determine the killing response, which reveals an apparent allogeneic, inhibitory effect that may be partially mediated by a heat labile, humoral component and nonspecific inflammatory responses such as granuloma formation. One fundamental question answer concerning the biological significance of cytotoxicity, since it is widespread among several invertebrate phyla. It should be viewed as another manifestation of the ubiquitous, innate immune system. Although invertebrates lack immunoglobulins, they are endowed with spontaneous cytotoxicity that may be initiated by “pattern recognition receptors” to distinguish foreign molecules from self. These receptors are not clonally distributed nor involved in immune memory and some of them exist in the vertebrate innate immune system. SPECIAL
LECTURES
(SLl,
SL2)
THE RECOGNITION OF SLl. ENVIRONMENTAL RELEVANT FACTORS BY ANIMALS. Yoshiaki Obara. Laboratory of Ethology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agricultire and Technology, Tokyo 183, Japan. Animal
behavior, as one of the adaptive traits, functions in survival and reproduction. Behaviors will function only when animals beneficially the relevant recognize environmental factors, such as foods, enemies, mates, etc. Animals are additionally required, in some cases, to evaluate the quality of the resource, mate quality as an example, upon which they act, since it should affect their reproductive success. Animals recognize and evaluate resources on the basis of particular sensory cues, with others apparently ignored, by recruiting certain modes of sensory systems. The primary mechanism for operating these sensory systems is thus to extract the key sensory cues which represent the targets upon which animals act. The sensory and neural
mechanisms underlying the sensory extraction of key cues have been, in part, successfully revealed in certain behavioral systems including predation in toads. The developmental aspects of the sensory systems responsible for the recognition of environmental factors concern when and how these systems develop during the course of ontogeny. Ultimately, behavior via the nervous system can be co-linked to the immune system. SL2. A COMMON ASPECT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN DEFENSE: RECOGNITION AND OXIDATIVE BURST. Noriyuki Doke. Plant Pathology Laboratory School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 468, Japan. Bio-defense mechanisms
have been investigated in animals and plants. There are apparently little common aspects of defense between animals and plants to be discussed. The strategy for self-protection against attack by alien microorganisms, however, seems to be similar. Both have the potential to recognize them as unfavorable or non-self substances and to dynamically respond to reject them. The cells responsible for the initial recognition and defense in both animals and plants recognize surface components of microorganisms, immediately followed by the occurrence of an oxidative burst (OXB), which rapidly generates superoxide anion from plasma membranes which depends upon NADPH oxidation. The occurrence of OXE3 induces the respective systematic defense metabolisms. Deficiency of the OXB system or inhibition of its occurrence results in severe diseases in both hosts. Certain pathogenic microorganisms have also acquired a protective mechanism which inhibits the occurrence of the OXB in order to establish parasitism. Interestingly, dangerous superoxides, which have been the main target to be removed for life during evolution, may be employed as emergency or alarm signals for self defense in both animals and plants.
Eighth JADCI abstracts
markers and is phagocytic. The donor of cytotoxic effecters may determine the killing response, which reveals an apparent allogeneic, inhibitory effect that may be partially mediated by a heat labile, humoral component and nonspecific inflammatory responses such as granuloma formation. One fundamental question answer concerning the biological significance of cytotoxicity, since it is widespread among several invertebrate phyla. It should be viewed as another manifestation of the ubiquitous, innate immune system. Although invertebrates lack immunoglobulins, they are endowed with spontaneous cytotoxicity that may be initiated by “pattern recognition receptors” to distinguish foreign molecules from self. These receptors are not clonally distributed nor involved in immune memory and some of them exist in the vertebrate innate immune system. SPECIAL
LECTURES
(SLl,
SL2)
THE RECOGNITION OF SLl. ENVIRONMENTAL RELEVANT FACTORS BY ANIMALS. Yoshiaki Obara. Laboratory of Ethology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agricultire and Technology, Tokyo 183, Japan. Animal
behavior, as one of the adaptive traits, functions in survival and reproduction. Behaviors will function only when animals beneficially the relevant recognize environmental factors, such as foods, enemies, mates, etc. Animals are additionally required, in some cases, to evaluate the quality of the resource, mate quality as an example, upon which they act, since it should affect their reproductive success. Animals recognize and evaluate resources on the basis of particular sensory cues, with others apparently ignored, by recruiting certain modes of sensory systems. The primary mechanism for operating these sensory systems is thus to extract the key sensory cues which represent the targets upon which animals act. The sensory and neural
mechanisms underlying the sensory extraction of key cues have been, in part, successfully revealed in certain behavioral systems including predation in toads. The developmental aspects of the sensory systems responsible for the recognition of environmental factors concern when and how these systems develop during the course of ontogeny. Ultimately, behavior via the nervous system can be co-linked to the immune system. SL2. A COMMON ASPECT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN DEFENSE: RECOGNITION AND OXIDATIVE BURST. Noriyuki Doke. Plant Pathology Laboratory School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 468, Japan. Bio-defense mechanisms
have been investigated in animals and plants. There are apparently little common aspects of defense between animals and plants to be discussed. The strategy for self-protection against attack by alien microorganisms, however, seems to be similar. Both have the potential to recognize them as unfavorable or non-self substances and to dynamically respond to reject them. The cells responsible for the initial recognition and defense in both animals and plants recognize surface components of microorganisms, immediately followed by the occurrence of an oxidative burst (OXB), which rapidly generates superoxide anion from plasma membranes which depends upon NADPH oxidation. The occurrence of OXE3 induces the respective systematic defense metabolisms. Deficiency of the OXB system or inhibition of its occurrence results in severe diseases in both hosts. Certain pathogenic microorganisms have also acquired a protective mechanism which inhibits the occurrence of the OXB in order to establish parasitism. Interestingly, dangerous superoxides, which have been the main target to be removed for life during evolution, may be employed as emergency or alarm signals for self defense in both animals and plants.