- Email: [email protected]
A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Science & Sports (2019) xxx, xxx.e1—xxx.e7
Disponible en ligne sur
ScienceDirect www.sciencedirect.com
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists Une comparaison des performances d’équilibre statique et dynamique chez les lutteurs et les judokas masculins O.A. Gencay a,∗, S. Gencay a, E. Gencay b a
Department of Physical Education and Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 46050 Kahramanmaras, Turkey b Department of Sports Management, School of Physical Education and Sports, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey Received 1st January 2018; accepted 17 July 2019
KEYWORDS Wrestling; Lower extremity; Martial arts; Postural balance; Movement
∗
Summary Objectives. — The purpose of this study was to compare the dominant and non-dominant legs in respect of dynamic and static balance and to examine the effect of sport type, sportive experience and BMI on the static and dynamic balance of adolescent male judoists and wrestlers. The results of the study could be beneficial for the prevention of injury to the athletes and could be applied to training management. Methods. — The study included 54 healthy, male, adolescent wrestlers and judoists (mean age: 15.81 ± 0.87 years; height: 165.01 ± 8.73 cm; weight: 62.01 ± 11.94 kg). Static and dynamic balance were assessed using the flamingo balance test (FBT) and the star excursion balance test (SEBT) in an institution-based sports sciences department. Results. — No statistically significant differences were determined between the dominant and non-dominant leg in the normalized SEBT reach distances (P > 0.05). The static balance performance scores were compared between the groups and the judoists were found to have higher static balance performance than the wrestlers (P < 0.05). Conclusion. — Both adolescent judoists and wrestlers were found to have higher static and dynamic balance scores compared to other sports branches, and the judoists were determined to have better static and dynamic balance performances than the wrestlers. © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (O.A. Gencay).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004 0765-1597/© 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
xxx.e2
MOTS CLÉS Lutte ; Membre inférieur ; Arts martiaux ; Équilibre postural ; Mouvement
O.A. Gencay et al. Résumé Objectifs. — Le but de cette étude était d’examiner l’équilibre statique et dynamique des judoistes et lutteurs masculins adolescents et de comparer les jambes dominantes et non dominantes en ce qui concerne le test de balance d’excursion en étoile normalisé (SEBT). Les résultats de l’étude pourraient être bénéfiques pour la prévention des blessures chez les athlètes et pourraient être appliqués à la gestion de l’entraînement. Méthodes. — L’étude a porté sur 54 lutteurs et judoistes adolescents, hommes et femmes, en bonne santé (âge moyen : 15,81 ± 0,87 ans; taille : 165,01 ± 8,73 cm ; poids : 62,01 ± 11,94 kg). L’équilibre statique et dynamique a été évalué à l’aide du test d’équilibre flamingo (FBT) et du test d’équilibre en étoile (SEBT) dans un département de sciences du sport institutionnelles. Résultats. — Aucune différence statistiquement significative n’a été déterminée entre la jambe dominante et la jambe non dominante dans les distances d’extension SEBT normalisées (p > 0,05). Les scores de performance de l’équilibre statique ont été comparés entre les groupes et les judoistes ont montré des performances d’équilibre statique plus élevées que les lutteurs (p < 0,05). Conclusion. — Les juges adolescents et les lutteurs se sont révélés avoir des scores d’équilibre statique et dynamique plus élevés par rapport aux autres branches sportives, et les judoistes ont été jugés avoir de meilleures performances d’équilibre statique et dynamique que les lutteurs. © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits r´ eserv´ es.
1. Introduction Balance is an important performance factor in the successful implementation of sportive movements and in the prevention of sports injuries [1]. Static postural control or balance is defined as the ability to maintain a base of support with minimal movement and dynamic postural control as the ability to maintain the body’s centre of gravity within the limits of stability as determined by the base of support [2,3]. Providing both static and dynamic balance requires the integration of sensory information from the visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems. [4]. The central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for regulating the automatic or voluntary adjustment of the motor output by continuously monitoring the inputs from the sensory systems [2]. The CNS coordinates the incoming information from the sensory receptors to determine the position of the body in space by proprioception [5]. Proprioception consists of three essential components: the sense of joint position (static awareness of joint position in space), kinaesthesia (awareness of joint relocation and acceleration) and efferent closed-loop reflex (regulation of muscle response) [6]. The proprioceptive mechanism is the basis of the proper functioning of the joint in sportive activities in the same way as for daily living activities [7]. Muscle activation produces forces that act to correct imbalance. This action can be monitored by recording forces exerted by the body (using a forceplate, for example), calculating the joint moments (through inverse dynamics), and by recording the movement kinematics [3]. Maintaining balance depends on adequate muscle strength and nerve function, which are capable of being developed. [2]. Previous sports injuries, and factors that contribute to the movement, such as the demands of specific sports, can lead to the development of muscle strength imbalances in athletes [8]. Plisky et al. [9] reported that greater difference in anterior right/left reach distance on the SEBT was related to lower extremity injury. Postural balance changes depending on the sporting activity [7,10]. It has been reported that the repetition of specific movements in a particular stance, such as surfing,
leads to specific balance adaptations [11] and judo is another example of a sport that influences postural regulation [12]. Judo is a combat sport in which the athletes are constantly pulling and pushing each other while performing throws, chokes, and arm bar activities on the mat.[13,14]. Wrestling includes various abilities such as muscle strength, flexibility, neuromuscular co-ordination and static and dynamic balance [15]. Wrestlers have a high proportion of knee injuries [16]. During a match, the wrestler will perform many muscle and joint movements to resist or overcome the opponent, and the body will change position to implement certain skills [13]. In combat and martial sports such as judo, wrestling and tae-kwondo, the balance can be affected by the use of the lower extremities associated with the type of sport [17,18]. Evaluation of postural control is an important measure for injury prevention and rehabilitation purposes in pediatric, geriatric and athletic populations in determining balance and neuromuscular coordination levels [19]. Thus, it is imperative to test balance to detect these features of how athletes from different sports perform in balance test [20]. The aim of the present study was to compare the dominant and non-dominant legs in respect of dynamic and static balance and to examine the effect of sport type, sportive experience and BMI on the static and dynamic balance of adolescent male judoists and wrestlers. Based on the literature, it was hypothesized that sportive experience would affect dynamic balance while the sport type and sportive experience together would affect the static balance of the athletes. It was also hypothesized that judoists would show better static balance performance than wrestlers.
2. Methods 2.1. Participants The study included 54 healthy, male, adolescent judoists (n = 27) and freestyle wrestlers (n = 27) (mean age: 15.81 ± 0.87 years; mean height: 165.01± 8.73 cm; mean weight: 62.01 ± 11.94 kg; mean body mass index (BMI):
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Comparison of static and dynamic balance performance 22.51 ± 3.06 kg/m2 ). The participants selected from the local athlete population had similar physical features, sportive performance levels, and training experience. The mean training experience of the athletes was 4.33 ± 93 years (range, 3—6 years), with training sessions of 2 hours 5 days per week. All had experience of participation in a nationallevel tournament. The tests were performed in the gymnasium during competition preparation in March 2016. Participants were excluded from the SEBT and FBT balance tests (described below) if they had been previously diagnosed with a lower extremity injury or self-reported health problems. A warm-up was applied, including stretching exercises for 10 minutes. After the familiarization period, the participants randomly performed ‘‘FBT’’ or ‘‘SEBT’’ test protocols. Approval for the study was granted by the Ethics Committee of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University (approval number 2016/05-73) in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration as revised in 2013.
2.2. Protocol Dynamic balance was measured with the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). The current gold standard for measuring dynamic balance requires expensive testing, but the SEBT is an inexpensive, easy method of measuring balance, with good reliability previously reported [21,22]. In this test, a star pattern is marked on the floor in eight directions, 45◦ apart from each other. The participants stand on one leg in the centre of the star and stretch in each direction with the other leg, and the reaching distance is recorded. The participants are given 180 seconds before the application and 120 seconds between each stretch to become familiar with the test. Measurements were taken with a cloth tape of the limb length bilaterally from the anterior superior iliac spine to the inferior border of the lateral malleolus, with the athlete in a relaxed supine position [23,24]. The normalized reaching distance point is calculated with the formula: distance/leg length × 100 [9,25]. The composite reach distance score was calculated using the three directions of anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral [9,26,27]. Poor performance on the SEBT has been associated with a greater risk of lower extremity injury in athletes [28]. Static Balance was measured with the Flamingo Balance Test (FBT). In this test, the subject stands on the dominant leg for 1 minute on a 3 cm wide and 5 cm high bar with the free leg flexed at the knee joint and the ankle joint close to the buttocks (The dominant leg was defined as the leg used to kick a ball) [29,30], and hands on the iliac crests, standing like a flamingo. It was attempted for the position to be held for 1 minute and the number of falls was counted and used as a measure of postural balance. The stopwatch was paused each time the athlete’s foot or hands were removed from the body [19,31—33]. In the FBT, low values (≥1) indicate a better balance score [34].
2.3. Statistical analyses Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0 software (IBM Corpn, Armonk, NY, USA). Data were stated as mean ± standard deviation (SD). In the assessment of the conformity of the data to normal distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that all data met the normality test assumption. Confidence intervals (CI)
xxx.e3 Table 1 Physical properties of adolescent judoists and wrestlers. Variables
Age (years) Height (cm) Weight (kg) Body mass index (kg/m2 )
Wrestlers
Judoists
M
SD
M
SD
15.96 164.66 61.88 22.54
.8 8.91 14.8 3.33
15.66 165.37 62.14 22.48
.92 8.7 13.32 2.82
of 95% and Cohen’s d were calculated. The Independent Samples t test was used to compare the two groups, and the paired t test was applied in the comparisons of the dominant and non-dominant leg normalized SEBT reach distances (dependent variable). For each type of assessment, multiple regression analyses (enter method) were used to assess the potential relationships with dynamic and static balance to evaluate which properties (i.e., sport type, sportive experiences, and BMI) best characterized balance performance. The level of statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.
3. Results The physical characteristics (age, height, weight and BMI) of the two groups are shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference between the dominant and non-dominant leg in the normalized SEBT reach distances (P > 0.05). The mean and standard deviation values and, independent t test comparison results are displayed in Table 2. Statistically significant differences were determined in the static balance performance scores of the groups, with the judoists having higher static balance performance (t(52) = 5.47; 95% CI: 4.62 to 5.51; Cohen’s d = 0.72; P < 0.05). In the SEBT performance values, there were statistically significant differences between the SEBT lateral (t(52) = −2.23; 95% CI: 79.21 to 87.75; Cohen’s d = 0.6; P < 0.05), and anterolateral normalized reaching distances (t(52) = −2.29; 95% CI: 77.59 to 83.36; Cohen’s d = 0.62; P < 0.05) with the judoists reaching further distances than the wrestlers (see Table 2). In the other 6 directions, no significant difference was determined in the scores (P > 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that sportive experience (P < 0.05), was the best predictor of SEBT composite reach distance performance in athletes. Sport type and sportive experience best characterized the FBT performance in these athletes (see Table 3; P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that all the variables related with SEBT composite reach distance performance, (sport type, sportive experiences, and BMI) explained 45% of the variance (Fig. 1). All the variables related with FBT performance, (sport type, sportive experiences, and BMI) explained 47% of the variance (Fig. 2, Table 2).
4. Discussion In the current study, an examination was made of the static and dynamic postural balance of adolescent judoists and wrestlers. Sportive experience was determined to be the best predictor of dynamic balance, while sport type and sportive experience were significant predictors of static balance. The sport type, sportive experience and BMI explained 47% of the variance of static balance performance and 45% variance of dynamic balance performance.
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model
ARTICLE IN PRESS
SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
xxx.e4 Table 2
O.A. Gencay et al. Static and dynamic balance comparisons.
Dominant limb
Judoists M
SD
95% CI
M
SD
95% CI
Cohen’s d
Flamingo Composite Anterior Anteromedial Medial Posteromedial Posterior Posterolateral Lateral Anterolateral
2.96 92.99 97.45 104.17 102.8 110.01 111.16 103.05 94.13 90.55
1.65 8.85 6.04 7.02 8.37 8.35 9.06 9.12 9.22 8.08
2.3—3.61 89.48—96.49 90.15—94.29 96.11—101.07 94.43—100.08 100.98—107.31 102.02—108.35 93.96—101.22 85.41—92.95 83.04—88.21
5.07 90.54 95.24 102.3 100.93 106.78 109.61 101.72 88.26 85.32
1.13 9.03 5.39 9.21 8.07 8.64 8.82 9.25 10.02 8.65
4.62—5.51 86.96—94.11 87.96—91.88 93.22—99.96 92.31—98.28 97.5—104.19 100.27—106.7 92.36—99.85 79.21—87.75 77.59—83.36
0.72 0.27 0.38 0.22 0.22 0.38 0.17 0.14 0.6 0.62
*
Mean difference
Wrestlers
−2.1* 2.45 2.2 1.86 1.87 3.22 1.55 1.32 5.86* 5.22*
P < 0.05.
Table 3 Multivariate regression analyses to evaluate which group parameters (i.e., sport type, sportive experience, BMI) best characterize SEBT composite reach distances and, FBT. Variables
Sport type Sportive experiences BMI
SEBT-Comp
Flamingo
B
SE
CI
B
SE
CI
2.92 6.44 −.117
1.86 1.14a .35
−.083—6.67 4.15—8.74 −.82—.58
2.07 .47 .1
.35a .21b .06
−2.77—1.36 .36—.89 −.03—.23
R2 = 0.45 for SEBT-Comp, F(3, 50) = 13.4; P = 0.001. R2 = 0.5 for Flamingo; F(3, 50) = 16.6; P = 0.001. a P < 0.05. b P < 0.01.
Figure 1 Correlation between SEBT composite reach distance and predictor variables.
The results of the current study showed that the adolescent judoists had better static balance performance than the adolescent wrestlers. The normalized SEBT reach distances of the adolescent judoists were also higher in two directions than those of the wrestlers. No differences were
Figure 2
Correlation between FBT and predictor variables.
determined between the dominant and non-dominant legs normalized SEBT reach distances of both groups. These results showed that sportive experience was the best predictor of both dynamic and static balance
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Comparison of static and dynamic balance performance performances. The sport type alone was seen to be a predictor of static balance performance. Static balance is very important in combat sports, in which the athlete remains in a stable position creating a resistant force against the opponent’s disruptive movements. In contrast, in sports requiring body action, such as snowboarding, canoeing, motorcycling, or gymnastics, dynamic balance plays an essential role in these sporting activities [18]. In judo, protecting the static balance is a good tactic to avoid the attack of the opponent. In wrestling, the participants can hold on to the lower or upper extremities, but Greco-Roman wrestlers cannot hold on to the lower extremities [16,35,36]. Research has also shown that sumo wrestlers have a higher ability to maintain static balance compared with other sportsmen and non-training individuals [37]. However, sports involve different equilibrium movements that may not be explained only by static balance [28,34]. The differences in reach distance scores obtained can be explained with several reasons. For example, judoists have to effectively control their dynamic positions because these martial arts are based on continuous displacements to distort the opponent’s balance so that they can be attacked [13,38]. As in other sports, quick, explosive movements in all directions are of key importance, together with the maintenance of balance, speed and accuracy of motion [39,40]. It has been reported in literature that adolescent wrestlers and judoists have a further reach than sedentary individuals, volleyball, soccer, hockey, golf and basketball players in the anterior, anteromedial and posteromedial directions and in the composite score [19,25,41]. Judoists must also effectively control their competitive position, because this martial arts technique is based on continuous displacements aimed at distorting the balance in order to defeat opponents [13]. Judoists have been reported to have high stability against abrupt disruptive movements [42], and better static balance than non-athletes [43]. The results of the present study showed that there were significant differences between judoists and wrestlers in respect of anterolateral and lateral reaching distance. In judo, competitors have to efficiently control their dynamic stance, because the techniques of this martial art are mainly based on constant displacements aiming to disrupt the opponent’s balance in order to make him fall [13]. Paillard et al. [44] suggested that the anteroposterior balance rather than the lateral balance plays an important role in the performance of judoists for backward movement and backward falls in competition performance. In the light of these results, the differences in the reach of the two groups of athletes can be considered to be due to the fact that these sports consist of different techniques and rules. Both adolescent judoists and wrestlers had better static and dynamic balance scores compared with other sports. Furthermore, the judoists had better static and dynamic balance performances than the wrestlers. Thus it can be said that judo training provides a significant advantage in the ability to control body movements [45]. In order to achieve dynamic balance, which is important in many functional tasks, the appropriate proprioception level, the movement range and integration of the force are required [46]. Studies have shown that balance training has resulted in an improvement in proprioception [20,47]. It is very important to provide postural control during motor tasks, to maintain body balance and to understand the capacity of the person to apply these motor activities [48,49]. The environmental demands and skill requirement in different sports most likely presents different challenges to the sensory-motor systems that cumulatively might influence the balance ability in trained athletes. If an athlete
xxx.e5 with no history of injury has weak balance, appropriate preventive measures may be taken to prevent injury [34,50]. The limitations of this study were primarily the limited number of subjects. Therefore, it would be appropriate to support the research results with further studies of larger samples. Secondly, the study was conducted only on male subjects, so the results cannot be generalized for females.
5. Conclusion This study examined the static and dynamic balance of adolescent male judoists and wrestlers. The results of the study showed that, although important in both sports, dynamic and static balance was superior in the judoists. It can be suggested that coaches prioritise the development of sportspecific static and dynamic balance in training plans. The information provided by this study will make a significant contribution to the protection of athletes from injury. In addition, this study may be useful to sports physiotherapists and athletic trainers who can use these tests on athletes in different sports to help in the accurate prescription of balance exercises.
Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
References [1] Sabin MJ, Ebersole KT, Martindale AR, Price JW, Broglio SP. Balance performance in male and female collegiate basketball athletes: influence of testing surface. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:2073—8, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1519/JSC.0b013e3181ddae13. [2] Yim-Chiplis PK, Talbot LA. Defining and measuring balance in adults. Biol Res Nurs 2000;1:321—31, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/109980040000100408. [3] Winter DA, Patla AE, Frank JS. Assessment of balance control in humans. Med Prog Technol 1990;16:31—51, http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ptc.42.2.089. [4] Davlin CD. Dynamic balance in high level athletes. Percept Mot Skills 2004;98:1171—6, http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/ PMS.98.4.1171-1176. [5] Seyed HH, Norasteh AA. The role of leg and trunk muscles proprioception on static and dynamic postural control. J Phys Educ Sport 2010;26:83—7. [6] Al-Dadah O, Shepstone L, Donell ST. Proprioception following partial meniscectomy in stable knees. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc 2011;19:207—13, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1007/s00167-010-1237-7. [7] Siu Ming Fong S, Wai Nam Tsang W, Yin Fat Ng G. Lower limb joint sense, muscle strength and postural stability in adolescent Taekwondo practitioners. Int Sport J 2013;14:44—52. [8] Sadi A, Villareal ES De, Arazi H. The effects of plyometric type neuromuscular training on postural control performance of male team basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 2015;29:1870—5. [9] Plisky PJ, Rauh MJ, Kaminski TW, Underwood FB. Star excursion balance test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther 2006;36:911—9, http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.2244. [10] Brito J, Fontes I, Ribeiro F, Raposo A, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Postural stability decreases in elite young soccer players after a competitive soccer match. Phys Ther Sport 2012;13:175—9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.07.004.
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
xxx.e6 [11] Anthony CC, Brown LE, Coburn JW, Galpin AJ, Tran TT. Stance affects balance in surfers. Int J Sports Sci Coach 2016;11:446—50, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1747954116645208. [12] Paillard T, Montoya R, Dupui P. Postural adaptations specific to preferred throwing techniques practiced by competitionlevel judoists. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2007;17:241—4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.01.006. [13] Perrin P, Deviterne D, Hugel F, Perrot C. Judo, better than dance, develops sensorimotor adaptabilities involved in balance control. Gait Posture 2002;15:187—94, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00149-7. [14] Barbado D, Lopez-Valenciano A, Juan-Recio C, MonteroCarretero C, Van Dieën JH, Vera-Garcia FJ. Trunk stability, trunk strength and sport performance level in judo. PLoS One 2016;11:1—12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0156267. [15] López-Gullón JM, Muriel X, Torres-Bonete MD, Izquierdo M, García-Pallarés J. Physical fitness differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman elite wrestlers. Arch Budo 2011;7:217—25, http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0052. [16] Yard EE, Comstock RD. A comparison of pediatric freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling injuries sustained during a 2006 US national tournament. Scand J Med Sci Sport 2008;18:491—7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00716.x. [17] Fong SSM, Ng GYF. Does Taekwondo training improve physical fitness? Phys Ther Sport 2011;12:100—6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.07.001. [18] Zemková E. Sport-specific balance. Sport Med 2014;44:579—90, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0130-1. [19] Khuman Pr, Kamlesh T, Surbala L. Comparison of static and dynamic balance among collegiate cricket, soccer and volleyball male players. Int J Heal Allied Sci 2014;3:9, http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-344X.130599. [20] Bressel E, Yonker JC, Kras J, Heath EM. Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, and gymnastics athletes. J Athl Train 2007;42:42—6. [21] Gribble PA, Kelly SE, Refshauge KM, Hiller CE. Interrater reliability of the Star Excursion Balance Test. J Athl Train 2013;48:621—6, http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/ 1062-6050-48.3.03. [22] Hyong IH, Kim JH. Test of intrarater and interrater reliability for the Star Excursion Balance Test. J Phys Ther Sci 2014;26:1139—41, http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.1139. [23] Ness BM, Taylor AL, Haberl MD, Reuteman PF, Borgert AJ. Clinical observation and analysis of movement quality during performance on the star excursion balance test. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2015;10:168—77. [24] Ness BM, Comstock BA, Schweinle WE. Changes in Dynamic Balance and Hip Strength After an Eight-Week Conditioning Program in Ncaa Division I Female Soccer (Football) Athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2016;11:1054—64. [25] Stiffler MR, Sanfilippo JL, Brooks MA, Heiderscheit BC. Star Excursion Balance Test Performance varies by sport in healthy Division I Collegiate Athletes. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther 2015;45:772—80, http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2015.5777. [26] Plisky PJ, Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Kiesel KB, Underwood FB, Elkins B. The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. North Am J Sport Phys Ther 2009;4:92. [27] Coughlan GF, Delahunt E, O’Sullivan E, Fullam K, Green BS, Caulfield BM. Star excursion balance test performance and application in elite junior rugby union players. Phys Ther Sport 2014;15:249—53, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ptsp.2013.11.005. [28] Brumitt J, Engilis A, Isaak D, Briggs A, Mattocks A. Preseason jump and hop measures in male collegiate basketball
O.A. Gencay et al.
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
players: an epidemiologic report. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2016;11:954—61. Cowley HR, Ford KR, Myer GD, Kernozek TW, Hewett TE. Differences in neuromuscular strategies between landing and cutting tasks in female basketball and soccer athletes. J Athl Train 2006;41:67—73. Wassinger CA, McKinney H, Roane S, Davenport MJ, Owens B, Breese U, et al. The influence of upper body fatigue on dynamic standing balance. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2014;9: 40—6. Negahban H, Aryan N, Mazaheri M, Asghar A, Ali M. Gait & Posture Effect of expertise in shooting and Taekwondo on bipedal and unipedal postural control isolated or concurrent with a reaction-time task. Gait Posture 2013;38:226—30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.11.016. Council of Europe. Testing physical fitness EUROFIT experimental battery: provisional handbook. Strasbourg: The Council; 1983. Bakhtiari RA, Branch T. Evaluation of static and dynamic balance and knee proprioception in young professional soccer players. Ann Biol Res 2012;3:2867—73. Panjan A, Sarabon N. Review of methods for the evaluation of human body balance. Sport Sci Rev 2010;19:131—63, http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0036-5. Tropin YM. Comparative Analysis of Technical and Tactical Preparedness Greco-Roman Style Wrestler At the Olympic Games-2008 and the Olympic Games-2012. Phys Educ Students 2013;04:92—6, http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.663629. Gierczuk D. Level of selected indicators of coordination motor abilities (Cma) in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers aged 13—14. Polish J Sport Tour 2008;15:192—5. Morán-Navarro R, Valverde-Conesa A, López-Gullón JM, De la Cruz-Sánchez E, Pallarés JG. Can Balance Skills Predict Olympic Wrestling Performance?/¿Pueden Los Parámetros Estabilométricos Predecir El Rendimiento En Lucha Olímpica? J Sport Heal Res 2015;7:19—30. Paillard T, Montoya R, Dupui P. Influence of postural regulation in male judokas’ direction of falls. Percept Mot Skills 2005;101:885—90, http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/ PMS.101.7.885-890. Iadreev V, Cherkashin I, Vujkov S, Drid P. Differences in anthropometric, motoric and cognitive abilities between athletically trained and untrained girls. Biomed Hum Kinet 2015;7:73—7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2015-0012. Shigaki L, Da Silva RA, Heleno LR, Alves Araújo CG, Frisseli A, Macedo CSG. Dominant and non-dominant lower limb functional performance in soccer players. Sci Sports 2017;32:381—3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2017. 07.007. De La Motte S, Arnold BL, Ross SE. Trunk-rotation differences at maximal reach of the Star Excursion Balance Test in participants with chronic ankle instability. J Athl Train 2015;50:358—65, http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-605049.3.74. Barbado D, Barbado LC, Elvira JLL, van Dieën JH, VeraGarcia FJ. Sports-related testing protocols are required to reveal trunk stability adaptations in high-level athletes. Gait Posture 2016;49:90—6, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.06.027. Chiang C-C, Chiang J-Y, Shiang T-Y. The comparison of balance ability between judo players and non-athletes. In: Hong Y, David P, Johns RS, editors. 18 Int. Symp. Biomech. Sport. Hong Kong, China; 2000, https://ojs.ub.unikonstanz.de/cpa/issue/view/ISBS2000. Paillard T, Costes-Salon C, Lafont C, Dupui P. Are there differences in postural regulation according to the level of
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Comparison of static and dynamic balance performance competition in judoists? Br J Sports Med 2002;36:304—5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.4.304. [45] Witkowski K, Ma´sli´ nski J, Remiarz A. Static and dynamic balance in 14—15 year old boys training judo and in their nonActive peers. Arch Budo 2014;10:323—31. [46] Ganesh GS, Chhabra D, Mrityunjay K. Efficacy of the star excursion balance test in detecting reach deficits in subjects with chronic low back pain. Physiother Res Int 2015;20:9—15, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pri.1589. [47] Ashton-Miller JA, Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Fry-welch D. Can proprioception really be improved by exercises? Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc 2001;9:128—36, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001670100208.
xxx.e7 [48] Soares AV. A contribuic ¸ão visual para o controle postural. Rev Neurociencias 2010;18:370—9. [49] Ihalainen S, Mononen K, Linnamo V, Kuitunen S. Which technical factors explain competition performance in air rifle shooting? Int J Sports Sci Coach http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117707481 2017;0, [174795411770748]. [50] Alentorn-Geli E, Myer GD, Silvers HJ, Samitier G, Romero D, Lázaro-Haro C, et al. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 1: Mechanisms of injury and underlying risk factors. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc 2009;17:705—29, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00167-009-0813-1.
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Science & Sports (2019) xxx, xxx.e1—xxx.e7
Disponible en ligne sur
ScienceDirect www.sciencedirect.com
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists Une comparaison des performances d’équilibre statique et dynamique chez les lutteurs et les judokas masculins O.A. Gencay a,∗, S. Gencay a, E. Gencay b a
Department of Physical Education and Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 46050 Kahramanmaras, Turkey b Department of Sports Management, School of Physical Education and Sports, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey Received 1st January 2018; accepted 17 July 2019
KEYWORDS Wrestling; Lower extremity; Martial arts; Postural balance; Movement
∗
Summary Objectives. — The purpose of this study was to compare the dominant and non-dominant legs in respect of dynamic and static balance and to examine the effect of sport type, sportive experience and BMI on the static and dynamic balance of adolescent male judoists and wrestlers. The results of the study could be beneficial for the prevention of injury to the athletes and could be applied to training management. Methods. — The study included 54 healthy, male, adolescent wrestlers and judoists (mean age: 15.81 ± 0.87 years; height: 165.01 ± 8.73 cm; weight: 62.01 ± 11.94 kg). Static and dynamic balance were assessed using the flamingo balance test (FBT) and the star excursion balance test (SEBT) in an institution-based sports sciences department. Results. — No statistically significant differences were determined between the dominant and non-dominant leg in the normalized SEBT reach distances (P > 0.05). The static balance performance scores were compared between the groups and the judoists were found to have higher static balance performance than the wrestlers (P < 0.05). Conclusion. — Both adolescent judoists and wrestlers were found to have higher static and dynamic balance scores compared to other sports branches, and the judoists were determined to have better static and dynamic balance performances than the wrestlers. © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (O.A. Gencay).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004 0765-1597/© 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
xxx.e2
MOTS CLÉS Lutte ; Membre inférieur ; Arts martiaux ; Équilibre postural ; Mouvement
O.A. Gencay et al. Résumé Objectifs. — Le but de cette étude était d’examiner l’équilibre statique et dynamique des judoistes et lutteurs masculins adolescents et de comparer les jambes dominantes et non dominantes en ce qui concerne le test de balance d’excursion en étoile normalisé (SEBT). Les résultats de l’étude pourraient être bénéfiques pour la prévention des blessures chez les athlètes et pourraient être appliqués à la gestion de l’entraînement. Méthodes. — L’étude a porté sur 54 lutteurs et judoistes adolescents, hommes et femmes, en bonne santé (âge moyen : 15,81 ± 0,87 ans; taille : 165,01 ± 8,73 cm ; poids : 62,01 ± 11,94 kg). L’équilibre statique et dynamique a été évalué à l’aide du test d’équilibre flamingo (FBT) et du test d’équilibre en étoile (SEBT) dans un département de sciences du sport institutionnelles. Résultats. — Aucune différence statistiquement significative n’a été déterminée entre la jambe dominante et la jambe non dominante dans les distances d’extension SEBT normalisées (p > 0,05). Les scores de performance de l’équilibre statique ont été comparés entre les groupes et les judoistes ont montré des performances d’équilibre statique plus élevées que les lutteurs (p < 0,05). Conclusion. — Les juges adolescents et les lutteurs se sont révélés avoir des scores d’équilibre statique et dynamique plus élevés par rapport aux autres branches sportives, et les judoistes ont été jugés avoir de meilleures performances d’équilibre statique et dynamique que les lutteurs. © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits r´ eserv´ es.
1. Introduction Balance is an important performance factor in the successful implementation of sportive movements and in the prevention of sports injuries [1]. Static postural control or balance is defined as the ability to maintain a base of support with minimal movement and dynamic postural control as the ability to maintain the body’s centre of gravity within the limits of stability as determined by the base of support [2,3]. Providing both static and dynamic balance requires the integration of sensory information from the visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems. [4]. The central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for regulating the automatic or voluntary adjustment of the motor output by continuously monitoring the inputs from the sensory systems [2]. The CNS coordinates the incoming information from the sensory receptors to determine the position of the body in space by proprioception [5]. Proprioception consists of three essential components: the sense of joint position (static awareness of joint position in space), kinaesthesia (awareness of joint relocation and acceleration) and efferent closed-loop reflex (regulation of muscle response) [6]. The proprioceptive mechanism is the basis of the proper functioning of the joint in sportive activities in the same way as for daily living activities [7]. Muscle activation produces forces that act to correct imbalance. This action can be monitored by recording forces exerted by the body (using a forceplate, for example), calculating the joint moments (through inverse dynamics), and by recording the movement kinematics [3]. Maintaining balance depends on adequate muscle strength and nerve function, which are capable of being developed. [2]. Previous sports injuries, and factors that contribute to the movement, such as the demands of specific sports, can lead to the development of muscle strength imbalances in athletes [8]. Plisky et al. [9] reported that greater difference in anterior right/left reach distance on the SEBT was related to lower extremity injury. Postural balance changes depending on the sporting activity [7,10]. It has been reported that the repetition of specific movements in a particular stance, such as surfing,
leads to specific balance adaptations [11] and judo is another example of a sport that influences postural regulation [12]. Judo is a combat sport in which the athletes are constantly pulling and pushing each other while performing throws, chokes, and arm bar activities on the mat.[13,14]. Wrestling includes various abilities such as muscle strength, flexibility, neuromuscular co-ordination and static and dynamic balance [15]. Wrestlers have a high proportion of knee injuries [16]. During a match, the wrestler will perform many muscle and joint movements to resist or overcome the opponent, and the body will change position to implement certain skills [13]. In combat and martial sports such as judo, wrestling and tae-kwondo, the balance can be affected by the use of the lower extremities associated with the type of sport [17,18]. Evaluation of postural control is an important measure for injury prevention and rehabilitation purposes in pediatric, geriatric and athletic populations in determining balance and neuromuscular coordination levels [19]. Thus, it is imperative to test balance to detect these features of how athletes from different sports perform in balance test [20]. The aim of the present study was to compare the dominant and non-dominant legs in respect of dynamic and static balance and to examine the effect of sport type, sportive experience and BMI on the static and dynamic balance of adolescent male judoists and wrestlers. Based on the literature, it was hypothesized that sportive experience would affect dynamic balance while the sport type and sportive experience together would affect the static balance of the athletes. It was also hypothesized that judoists would show better static balance performance than wrestlers.
2. Methods 2.1. Participants The study included 54 healthy, male, adolescent judoists (n = 27) and freestyle wrestlers (n = 27) (mean age: 15.81 ± 0.87 years; mean height: 165.01± 8.73 cm; mean weight: 62.01 ± 11.94 kg; mean body mass index (BMI):
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Comparison of static and dynamic balance performance 22.51 ± 3.06 kg/m2 ). The participants selected from the local athlete population had similar physical features, sportive performance levels, and training experience. The mean training experience of the athletes was 4.33 ± 93 years (range, 3—6 years), with training sessions of 2 hours 5 days per week. All had experience of participation in a nationallevel tournament. The tests were performed in the gymnasium during competition preparation in March 2016. Participants were excluded from the SEBT and FBT balance tests (described below) if they had been previously diagnosed with a lower extremity injury or self-reported health problems. A warm-up was applied, including stretching exercises for 10 minutes. After the familiarization period, the participants randomly performed ‘‘FBT’’ or ‘‘SEBT’’ test protocols. Approval for the study was granted by the Ethics Committee of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University (approval number 2016/05-73) in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration as revised in 2013.
2.2. Protocol Dynamic balance was measured with the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). The current gold standard for measuring dynamic balance requires expensive testing, but the SEBT is an inexpensive, easy method of measuring balance, with good reliability previously reported [21,22]. In this test, a star pattern is marked on the floor in eight directions, 45◦ apart from each other. The participants stand on one leg in the centre of the star and stretch in each direction with the other leg, and the reaching distance is recorded. The participants are given 180 seconds before the application and 120 seconds between each stretch to become familiar with the test. Measurements were taken with a cloth tape of the limb length bilaterally from the anterior superior iliac spine to the inferior border of the lateral malleolus, with the athlete in a relaxed supine position [23,24]. The normalized reaching distance point is calculated with the formula: distance/leg length × 100 [9,25]. The composite reach distance score was calculated using the three directions of anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral [9,26,27]. Poor performance on the SEBT has been associated with a greater risk of lower extremity injury in athletes [28]. Static Balance was measured with the Flamingo Balance Test (FBT). In this test, the subject stands on the dominant leg for 1 minute on a 3 cm wide and 5 cm high bar with the free leg flexed at the knee joint and the ankle joint close to the buttocks (The dominant leg was defined as the leg used to kick a ball) [29,30], and hands on the iliac crests, standing like a flamingo. It was attempted for the position to be held for 1 minute and the number of falls was counted and used as a measure of postural balance. The stopwatch was paused each time the athlete’s foot or hands were removed from the body [19,31—33]. In the FBT, low values (≥1) indicate a better balance score [34].
2.3. Statistical analyses Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0 software (IBM Corpn, Armonk, NY, USA). Data were stated as mean ± standard deviation (SD). In the assessment of the conformity of the data to normal distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that all data met the normality test assumption. Confidence intervals (CI)
xxx.e3 Table 1 Physical properties of adolescent judoists and wrestlers. Variables
Age (years) Height (cm) Weight (kg) Body mass index (kg/m2 )
Wrestlers
Judoists
M
SD
M
SD
15.96 164.66 61.88 22.54
.8 8.91 14.8 3.33
15.66 165.37 62.14 22.48
.92 8.7 13.32 2.82
of 95% and Cohen’s d were calculated. The Independent Samples t test was used to compare the two groups, and the paired t test was applied in the comparisons of the dominant and non-dominant leg normalized SEBT reach distances (dependent variable). For each type of assessment, multiple regression analyses (enter method) were used to assess the potential relationships with dynamic and static balance to evaluate which properties (i.e., sport type, sportive experiences, and BMI) best characterized balance performance. The level of statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.
3. Results The physical characteristics (age, height, weight and BMI) of the two groups are shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference between the dominant and non-dominant leg in the normalized SEBT reach distances (P > 0.05). The mean and standard deviation values and, independent t test comparison results are displayed in Table 2. Statistically significant differences were determined in the static balance performance scores of the groups, with the judoists having higher static balance performance (t(52) = 5.47; 95% CI: 4.62 to 5.51; Cohen’s d = 0.72; P < 0.05). In the SEBT performance values, there were statistically significant differences between the SEBT lateral (t(52) = −2.23; 95% CI: 79.21 to 87.75; Cohen’s d = 0.6; P < 0.05), and anterolateral normalized reaching distances (t(52) = −2.29; 95% CI: 77.59 to 83.36; Cohen’s d = 0.62; P < 0.05) with the judoists reaching further distances than the wrestlers (see Table 2). In the other 6 directions, no significant difference was determined in the scores (P > 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that sportive experience (P < 0.05), was the best predictor of SEBT composite reach distance performance in athletes. Sport type and sportive experience best characterized the FBT performance in these athletes (see Table 3; P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that all the variables related with SEBT composite reach distance performance, (sport type, sportive experiences, and BMI) explained 45% of the variance (Fig. 1). All the variables related with FBT performance, (sport type, sportive experiences, and BMI) explained 47% of the variance (Fig. 2, Table 2).
4. Discussion In the current study, an examination was made of the static and dynamic postural balance of adolescent judoists and wrestlers. Sportive experience was determined to be the best predictor of dynamic balance, while sport type and sportive experience were significant predictors of static balance. The sport type, sportive experience and BMI explained 47% of the variance of static balance performance and 45% variance of dynamic balance performance.
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model
ARTICLE IN PRESS
SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
xxx.e4 Table 2
O.A. Gencay et al. Static and dynamic balance comparisons.
Dominant limb
Judoists M
SD
95% CI
M
SD
95% CI
Cohen’s d
Flamingo Composite Anterior Anteromedial Medial Posteromedial Posterior Posterolateral Lateral Anterolateral
2.96 92.99 97.45 104.17 102.8 110.01 111.16 103.05 94.13 90.55
1.65 8.85 6.04 7.02 8.37 8.35 9.06 9.12 9.22 8.08
2.3—3.61 89.48—96.49 90.15—94.29 96.11—101.07 94.43—100.08 100.98—107.31 102.02—108.35 93.96—101.22 85.41—92.95 83.04—88.21
5.07 90.54 95.24 102.3 100.93 106.78 109.61 101.72 88.26 85.32
1.13 9.03 5.39 9.21 8.07 8.64 8.82 9.25 10.02 8.65
4.62—5.51 86.96—94.11 87.96—91.88 93.22—99.96 92.31—98.28 97.5—104.19 100.27—106.7 92.36—99.85 79.21—87.75 77.59—83.36
0.72 0.27 0.38 0.22 0.22 0.38 0.17 0.14 0.6 0.62
*
Mean difference
Wrestlers
−2.1* 2.45 2.2 1.86 1.87 3.22 1.55 1.32 5.86* 5.22*
P < 0.05.
Table 3 Multivariate regression analyses to evaluate which group parameters (i.e., sport type, sportive experience, BMI) best characterize SEBT composite reach distances and, FBT. Variables
Sport type Sportive experiences BMI
SEBT-Comp
Flamingo
B
SE
CI
B
SE
CI
2.92 6.44 −.117
1.86 1.14a .35
−.083—6.67 4.15—8.74 −.82—.58
2.07 .47 .1
.35a .21b .06
−2.77—1.36 .36—.89 −.03—.23
R2 = 0.45 for SEBT-Comp, F(3, 50) = 13.4; P = 0.001. R2 = 0.5 for Flamingo; F(3, 50) = 16.6; P = 0.001. a P < 0.05. b P < 0.01.
Figure 1 Correlation between SEBT composite reach distance and predictor variables.
The results of the current study showed that the adolescent judoists had better static balance performance than the adolescent wrestlers. The normalized SEBT reach distances of the adolescent judoists were also higher in two directions than those of the wrestlers. No differences were
Figure 2
Correlation between FBT and predictor variables.
determined between the dominant and non-dominant legs normalized SEBT reach distances of both groups. These results showed that sportive experience was the best predictor of both dynamic and static balance
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Comparison of static and dynamic balance performance performances. The sport type alone was seen to be a predictor of static balance performance. Static balance is very important in combat sports, in which the athlete remains in a stable position creating a resistant force against the opponent’s disruptive movements. In contrast, in sports requiring body action, such as snowboarding, canoeing, motorcycling, or gymnastics, dynamic balance plays an essential role in these sporting activities [18]. In judo, protecting the static balance is a good tactic to avoid the attack of the opponent. In wrestling, the participants can hold on to the lower or upper extremities, but Greco-Roman wrestlers cannot hold on to the lower extremities [16,35,36]. Research has also shown that sumo wrestlers have a higher ability to maintain static balance compared with other sportsmen and non-training individuals [37]. However, sports involve different equilibrium movements that may not be explained only by static balance [28,34]. The differences in reach distance scores obtained can be explained with several reasons. For example, judoists have to effectively control their dynamic positions because these martial arts are based on continuous displacements to distort the opponent’s balance so that they can be attacked [13,38]. As in other sports, quick, explosive movements in all directions are of key importance, together with the maintenance of balance, speed and accuracy of motion [39,40]. It has been reported in literature that adolescent wrestlers and judoists have a further reach than sedentary individuals, volleyball, soccer, hockey, golf and basketball players in the anterior, anteromedial and posteromedial directions and in the composite score [19,25,41]. Judoists must also effectively control their competitive position, because this martial arts technique is based on continuous displacements aimed at distorting the balance in order to defeat opponents [13]. Judoists have been reported to have high stability against abrupt disruptive movements [42], and better static balance than non-athletes [43]. The results of the present study showed that there were significant differences between judoists and wrestlers in respect of anterolateral and lateral reaching distance. In judo, competitors have to efficiently control their dynamic stance, because the techniques of this martial art are mainly based on constant displacements aiming to disrupt the opponent’s balance in order to make him fall [13]. Paillard et al. [44] suggested that the anteroposterior balance rather than the lateral balance plays an important role in the performance of judoists for backward movement and backward falls in competition performance. In the light of these results, the differences in the reach of the two groups of athletes can be considered to be due to the fact that these sports consist of different techniques and rules. Both adolescent judoists and wrestlers had better static and dynamic balance scores compared with other sports. Furthermore, the judoists had better static and dynamic balance performances than the wrestlers. Thus it can be said that judo training provides a significant advantage in the ability to control body movements [45]. In order to achieve dynamic balance, which is important in many functional tasks, the appropriate proprioception level, the movement range and integration of the force are required [46]. Studies have shown that balance training has resulted in an improvement in proprioception [20,47]. It is very important to provide postural control during motor tasks, to maintain body balance and to understand the capacity of the person to apply these motor activities [48,49]. The environmental demands and skill requirement in different sports most likely presents different challenges to the sensory-motor systems that cumulatively might influence the balance ability in trained athletes. If an athlete
xxx.e5 with no history of injury has weak balance, appropriate preventive measures may be taken to prevent injury [34,50]. The limitations of this study were primarily the limited number of subjects. Therefore, it would be appropriate to support the research results with further studies of larger samples. Secondly, the study was conducted only on male subjects, so the results cannot be generalized for females.
5. Conclusion This study examined the static and dynamic balance of adolescent male judoists and wrestlers. The results of the study showed that, although important in both sports, dynamic and static balance was superior in the judoists. It can be suggested that coaches prioritise the development of sportspecific static and dynamic balance in training plans. The information provided by this study will make a significant contribution to the protection of athletes from injury. In addition, this study may be useful to sports physiotherapists and athletic trainers who can use these tests on athletes in different sports to help in the accurate prescription of balance exercises.
Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
References [1] Sabin MJ, Ebersole KT, Martindale AR, Price JW, Broglio SP. Balance performance in male and female collegiate basketball athletes: influence of testing surface. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:2073—8, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1519/JSC.0b013e3181ddae13. [2] Yim-Chiplis PK, Talbot LA. Defining and measuring balance in adults. Biol Res Nurs 2000;1:321—31, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/109980040000100408. [3] Winter DA, Patla AE, Frank JS. Assessment of balance control in humans. Med Prog Technol 1990;16:31—51, http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ptc.42.2.089. [4] Davlin CD. Dynamic balance in high level athletes. Percept Mot Skills 2004;98:1171—6, http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/ PMS.98.4.1171-1176. [5] Seyed HH, Norasteh AA. The role of leg and trunk muscles proprioception on static and dynamic postural control. J Phys Educ Sport 2010;26:83—7. [6] Al-Dadah O, Shepstone L, Donell ST. Proprioception following partial meniscectomy in stable knees. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc 2011;19:207—13, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1007/s00167-010-1237-7. [7] Siu Ming Fong S, Wai Nam Tsang W, Yin Fat Ng G. Lower limb joint sense, muscle strength and postural stability in adolescent Taekwondo practitioners. Int Sport J 2013;14:44—52. [8] Sadi A, Villareal ES De, Arazi H. The effects of plyometric type neuromuscular training on postural control performance of male team basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 2015;29:1870—5. [9] Plisky PJ, Rauh MJ, Kaminski TW, Underwood FB. Star excursion balance test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther 2006;36:911—9, http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.2244. [10] Brito J, Fontes I, Ribeiro F, Raposo A, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Postural stability decreases in elite young soccer players after a competitive soccer match. Phys Ther Sport 2012;13:175—9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.07.004.
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
xxx.e6 [11] Anthony CC, Brown LE, Coburn JW, Galpin AJ, Tran TT. Stance affects balance in surfers. Int J Sports Sci Coach 2016;11:446—50, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1747954116645208. [12] Paillard T, Montoya R, Dupui P. Postural adaptations specific to preferred throwing techniques practiced by competitionlevel judoists. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2007;17:241—4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.01.006. [13] Perrin P, Deviterne D, Hugel F, Perrot C. Judo, better than dance, develops sensorimotor adaptabilities involved in balance control. Gait Posture 2002;15:187—94, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00149-7. [14] Barbado D, Lopez-Valenciano A, Juan-Recio C, MonteroCarretero C, Van Dieën JH, Vera-Garcia FJ. Trunk stability, trunk strength and sport performance level in judo. PLoS One 2016;11:1—12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0156267. [15] López-Gullón JM, Muriel X, Torres-Bonete MD, Izquierdo M, García-Pallarés J. Physical fitness differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman elite wrestlers. Arch Budo 2011;7:217—25, http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0052. [16] Yard EE, Comstock RD. A comparison of pediatric freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling injuries sustained during a 2006 US national tournament. Scand J Med Sci Sport 2008;18:491—7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00716.x. [17] Fong SSM, Ng GYF. Does Taekwondo training improve physical fitness? Phys Ther Sport 2011;12:100—6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.07.001. [18] Zemková E. Sport-specific balance. Sport Med 2014;44:579—90, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0130-1. [19] Khuman Pr, Kamlesh T, Surbala L. Comparison of static and dynamic balance among collegiate cricket, soccer and volleyball male players. Int J Heal Allied Sci 2014;3:9, http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-344X.130599. [20] Bressel E, Yonker JC, Kras J, Heath EM. Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, and gymnastics athletes. J Athl Train 2007;42:42—6. [21] Gribble PA, Kelly SE, Refshauge KM, Hiller CE. Interrater reliability of the Star Excursion Balance Test. J Athl Train 2013;48:621—6, http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/ 1062-6050-48.3.03. [22] Hyong IH, Kim JH. Test of intrarater and interrater reliability for the Star Excursion Balance Test. J Phys Ther Sci 2014;26:1139—41, http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.1139. [23] Ness BM, Taylor AL, Haberl MD, Reuteman PF, Borgert AJ. Clinical observation and analysis of movement quality during performance on the star excursion balance test. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2015;10:168—77. [24] Ness BM, Comstock BA, Schweinle WE. Changes in Dynamic Balance and Hip Strength After an Eight-Week Conditioning Program in Ncaa Division I Female Soccer (Football) Athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2016;11:1054—64. [25] Stiffler MR, Sanfilippo JL, Brooks MA, Heiderscheit BC. Star Excursion Balance Test Performance varies by sport in healthy Division I Collegiate Athletes. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther 2015;45:772—80, http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2015.5777. [26] Plisky PJ, Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Kiesel KB, Underwood FB, Elkins B. The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. North Am J Sport Phys Ther 2009;4:92. [27] Coughlan GF, Delahunt E, O’Sullivan E, Fullam K, Green BS, Caulfield BM. Star excursion balance test performance and application in elite junior rugby union players. Phys Ther Sport 2014;15:249—53, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ptsp.2013.11.005. [28] Brumitt J, Engilis A, Isaak D, Briggs A, Mattocks A. Preseason jump and hop measures in male collegiate basketball
O.A. Gencay et al.
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
players: an epidemiologic report. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2016;11:954—61. Cowley HR, Ford KR, Myer GD, Kernozek TW, Hewett TE. Differences in neuromuscular strategies between landing and cutting tasks in female basketball and soccer athletes. J Athl Train 2006;41:67—73. Wassinger CA, McKinney H, Roane S, Davenport MJ, Owens B, Breese U, et al. The influence of upper body fatigue on dynamic standing balance. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2014;9: 40—6. Negahban H, Aryan N, Mazaheri M, Asghar A, Ali M. Gait & Posture Effect of expertise in shooting and Taekwondo on bipedal and unipedal postural control isolated or concurrent with a reaction-time task. Gait Posture 2013;38:226—30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.11.016. Council of Europe. Testing physical fitness EUROFIT experimental battery: provisional handbook. Strasbourg: The Council; 1983. Bakhtiari RA, Branch T. Evaluation of static and dynamic balance and knee proprioception in young professional soccer players. Ann Biol Res 2012;3:2867—73. Panjan A, Sarabon N. Review of methods for the evaluation of human body balance. Sport Sci Rev 2010;19:131—63, http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0036-5. Tropin YM. Comparative Analysis of Technical and Tactical Preparedness Greco-Roman Style Wrestler At the Olympic Games-2008 and the Olympic Games-2012. Phys Educ Students 2013;04:92—6, http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.663629. Gierczuk D. Level of selected indicators of coordination motor abilities (Cma) in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers aged 13—14. Polish J Sport Tour 2008;15:192—5. Morán-Navarro R, Valverde-Conesa A, López-Gullón JM, De la Cruz-Sánchez E, Pallarés JG. Can Balance Skills Predict Olympic Wrestling Performance?/¿Pueden Los Parámetros Estabilométricos Predecir El Rendimiento En Lucha Olímpica? J Sport Heal Res 2015;7:19—30. Paillard T, Montoya R, Dupui P. Influence of postural regulation in male judokas’ direction of falls. Percept Mot Skills 2005;101:885—90, http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/ PMS.101.7.885-890. Iadreev V, Cherkashin I, Vujkov S, Drid P. Differences in anthropometric, motoric and cognitive abilities between athletically trained and untrained girls. Biomed Hum Kinet 2015;7:73—7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2015-0012. Shigaki L, Da Silva RA, Heleno LR, Alves Araújo CG, Frisseli A, Macedo CSG. Dominant and non-dominant lower limb functional performance in soccer players. Sci Sports 2017;32:381—3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2017. 07.007. De La Motte S, Arnold BL, Ross SE. Trunk-rotation differences at maximal reach of the Star Excursion Balance Test in participants with chronic ankle instability. J Athl Train 2015;50:358—65, http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-605049.3.74. Barbado D, Barbado LC, Elvira JLL, van Dieën JH, VeraGarcia FJ. Sports-related testing protocols are required to reveal trunk stability adaptations in high-level athletes. Gait Posture 2016;49:90—6, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.06.027. Chiang C-C, Chiang J-Y, Shiang T-Y. The comparison of balance ability between judo players and non-athletes. In: Hong Y, David P, Johns RS, editors. 18 Int. Symp. Biomech. Sport. Hong Kong, China; 2000, https://ojs.ub.unikonstanz.de/cpa/issue/view/ISBS2000. Paillard T, Costes-Salon C, Lafont C, Dupui P. Are there differences in postural regulation according to the level of
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004
+Model SCISPO-3363; No. of Pages 7
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Comparison of static and dynamic balance performance competition in judoists? Br J Sports Med 2002;36:304—5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.4.304. [45] Witkowski K, Ma´sli´ nski J, Remiarz A. Static and dynamic balance in 14—15 year old boys training judo and in their nonActive peers. Arch Budo 2014;10:323—31. [46] Ganesh GS, Chhabra D, Mrityunjay K. Efficacy of the star excursion balance test in detecting reach deficits in subjects with chronic low back pain. Physiother Res Int 2015;20:9—15, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pri.1589. [47] Ashton-Miller JA, Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Fry-welch D. Can proprioception really be improved by exercises? Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc 2001;9:128—36, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001670100208.
xxx.e7 [48] Soares AV. A contribuic ¸ão visual para o controle postural. Rev Neurociencias 2010;18:370—9. [49] Ihalainen S, Mononen K, Linnamo V, Kuitunen S. Which technical factors explain competition performance in air rifle shooting? Int J Sports Sci Coach http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117707481 2017;0, [174795411770748]. [50] Alentorn-Geli E, Myer GD, Silvers HJ, Samitier G, Romero D, Lázaro-Haro C, et al. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 1: Mechanisms of injury and underlying risk factors. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc 2009;17:705—29, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00167-009-0813-1.
Please cite this article in press as: Gencay OA, et al. A comparison of static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent male wrestlers and judoists. Sci sports (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.004