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A computer program for the design of horizontal alignments
Abstracts of c.a.d, literature Civil and structural engineering Athanassoulis, G. C. and 73.144 Calogero, V. 'A computer technique for route planning' The Higbw. Eng., Vol 21, No 4 (April 1973) pp 4 - 1 1 The paper describes a computer-aided method for locating an optimal route between two points. The method adopted uses a corridor selection technique and is implemented in two stages in Fortran 4. The term 'route' is general and can mean highway, railway, pipeline etc. The method takes into account various cost/benefit factors affecting the location of the optimal route and are mapped as 'cost lines' and 'cost areas'. Such factors are geological and topographical features of the area under examination. Stage 1 of the program is a matrix generator. It reads in the input data, generates a rectangular grid over the region in question and calculates the clements of the 'cost' matrix. Stage 2 is a modified transportation problem program. This inputs the 'cost matrix' and tabulates as o u t p u t the optimal route as a sequence of straight segments forming a broken line. The optimal route can be regarded as a corridor, of width approximately equal to the mesh size of the grid, within which the engineer locates the final alignment using more detailed design techniques.
Cranston, W.B. 73.145 'Analysis and design of reinforced concrete columns' Cem. and Concr. Assoc. Res. Report 20, London (1972) The author has, with the aid of a computer model, made extensive studies of the behaviour of reinforced concrete column to provide a practical means of design. The study has confirmed the suitability of the design method presented by the European Committee for Concrete. The method is said to be recommended for general use as extensive comparisons have been made with the resuhs of tests on actual columns.
Crossley, A.N. 73.146 'A computer program for the design of horizontal alignments' The Higbw. Eng. Vol 21, No 3 (March 1973) pp 22--27 A computer program is described for the design of a continuously curving horizontal alignment to pass through a number of points whose co-ordinates have been surveyed or scaled from a plan. Spiral curves having a constant rate of change of curvature are used by the method. Data preparation and use of the program is simple and the whole program occupies approximately 11 k storage. Individual subroutines can be loaded and in some cases determining the alignment can be accomplished u~ng only 11/2k storage. Notes are given on the basic theory behind the program; the structure of the program is outlined; an example of input
Volume 5 Number 4 October 1973
and output is given. A number of alignments produced by the program are illustrated and compared to conventional alignments. Possible applications, test experience and some future developments are finally discussed.
Fujii, T. Yuki, T. et al 73.147 'Study on finite element method for structural analysis - ISTRAN/PL (IHI Structure Analysis/PLate structure, linear analysis and its application)' IHI Eng. Rev. Vol 6, No 1 (March 1973) pp 1 - 1 t A general-purpose computer program of linear stress analysis for arbitrary threedimensional plate structures called ISTRAN/PL has been developed. The interpretation and error-checking of threedimensional shapes is helped by a display. Examples given include the bending problem of a circular plate, square plate deformation owing to spot welding, low girder stress analysis, thin cylindrical shell roof and spherical roof analysis, calculation of effective breadth of bridge shell of tankers and LNG fiat tank analysis. The finite element method is u ~ d in basically an approximate solution. Displacements and reactions are printed out in global xyz co-ordinates and stresses and strains in local xyz co-ordinates. The stress diagram is illustrated by a plotter and the whole deformation of a threedimensional structure is illustrated by c.r.t.
Neale, B.K. 73.148 'BERGEN--An automatic finite element mesh generation program for arbitrary structures' Central Electricity Generating Board, London, (October 1972) 58 pp, 11 ref. The BERGEN program allows two- and three-dimensional structures to be separated into elements with minimum effort. The structure consists of quadrilateral macroblocks for two-dimensional problems and hexahedral blocks for three-dimensional problems.
Sinno, R. and Furr, H . L . 73.149 'Computer program for predicting pre-stress loss and camber' Prestressed Concr. Inst. J. Vol 17 (1972), No 5, pp 2 7 - 3 8 The program predicts the time-dependent, pre-stress loss and camber in pre-tensioned, pre-stressed concrete beams.
Ueblacker, H. 73.150 'NTERACT A computer program for conducting structural analysis of tunnel support and lining systems' Tunnels and "Funnelling, Vol 5 (1973), No 1, pp 2 9 - 3 2 A computer program is described for solving support-rock mass deformational interaction problems. Structural analysis of various shaped runnel linings may be performed including sprayed concrete and precast linings, steel arches and various other support systems under complete loading. The
authors provide typical results for a support rock interaction analysis conducted recently on a horseshoe shaped tunnel section of the straight creek vehicular tunnel in Colorado, USA.
Wills, J. 73.151 'A mathematical optimization procedure and its application to the design of bridge structures' Transport and Road Res. Lab., Department of the Environment, TRRL Report LR 555 (1973) 28 pp Various systematic procedures for the optimum design of structures and the problems encountered are described. A set of subroutines have been written for transforming the non-linear structural optimization problem to a sequence of linear programming problems. The subroutines do not specify or evaluate the function to be optimized; they simply organize and control the optimization procedure. A computer program has been written for carrying out minimum cost and minimum weight studies for girders. The program calculates the structural performance, the weight and cost of each girder and contains the optimization subroutines.
Electronic and electrical
engineering Alderson, G. E. and Lin, P.M. 73.152 'Computer generation of symbolic network functions: A new theory and implementation' IEEE Trans. Circ. Theory '~,'ol CT-20, No 1 (January 1973) pp 4 8 - 5 6 A method is proposed for obtaining network functions in which some, none, or all of the network elements are represented by symbolic parameters. This new procedure uses fast efficient, numerical-type algorithms to determine the contribution of those network branches not represented by symbolic parameters.
Boucher, S. 73.153 'Computer-aided thermal design of LS! packages, IEEE Trans., Vol 8, No 2 (June 1972) pp 4 4 - 5 0 An analysis is pcrfonncd of forced convection cooling with direct air impingement on modules with LSI hybrid packs mounted. A matrix solution for a steady-state nodal conductancc network is used to predict the temperature rise of the coolant flowing over the module and substrate-to-inlet air temperature differentials. A method is also given for simulating hybrid substrates using equivalent conductances. Carson, M. J. and Cornfield, G. 73.154 'Design of low voltage distribution networks: Interactive computer method based on the calculus of variations' Proc. In.st. Elect. Eng., Vol 120, No 5 (May 1973) pp 585-592
265
Cranston, W.B. 73.145 'Analysis and design of reinforced concrete columns' Cem. and Concr. Assoc. Res. Report 20, London (1972) The author has, with the aid of a computer model, made extensive studies of the behaviour of reinforced concrete column to provide a practical means of design. The study has confirmed the suitability of the design method presented by the European Committee for Concrete. The method is said to be recommended for general use as extensive comparisons have been made with the resuhs of tests on actual columns.
Crossley, A.N. 73.146 'A computer program for the design of horizontal alignments' The Higbw. Eng. Vol 21, No 3 (March 1973) pp 22--27 A computer program is described for the design of a continuously curving horizontal alignment to pass through a number of points whose co-ordinates have been surveyed or scaled from a plan. Spiral curves having a constant rate of change of curvature are used by the method. Data preparation and use of the program is simple and the whole program occupies approximately 11 k storage. Individual subroutines can be loaded and in some cases determining the alignment can be accomplished u~ng only 11/2k storage. Notes are given on the basic theory behind the program; the structure of the program is outlined; an example of input
Volume 5 Number 4 October 1973
and output is given. A number of alignments produced by the program are illustrated and compared to conventional alignments. Possible applications, test experience and some future developments are finally discussed.
Fujii, T. Yuki, T. et al 73.147 'Study on finite element method for structural analysis - ISTRAN/PL (IHI Structure Analysis/PLate structure, linear analysis and its application)' IHI Eng. Rev. Vol 6, No 1 (March 1973) pp 1 - 1 t A general-purpose computer program of linear stress analysis for arbitrary threedimensional plate structures called ISTRAN/PL has been developed. The interpretation and error-checking of threedimensional shapes is helped by a display. Examples given include the bending problem of a circular plate, square plate deformation owing to spot welding, low girder stress analysis, thin cylindrical shell roof and spherical roof analysis, calculation of effective breadth of bridge shell of tankers and LNG fiat tank analysis. The finite element method is u ~ d in basically an approximate solution. Displacements and reactions are printed out in global xyz co-ordinates and stresses and strains in local xyz co-ordinates. The stress diagram is illustrated by a plotter and the whole deformation of a threedimensional structure is illustrated by c.r.t.
Neale, B.K. 73.148 'BERGEN--An automatic finite element mesh generation program for arbitrary structures' Central Electricity Generating Board, London, (October 1972) 58 pp, 11 ref. The BERGEN program allows two- and three-dimensional structures to be separated into elements with minimum effort. The structure consists of quadrilateral macroblocks for two-dimensional problems and hexahedral blocks for three-dimensional problems.
Sinno, R. and Furr, H . L . 73.149 'Computer program for predicting pre-stress loss and camber' Prestressed Concr. Inst. J. Vol 17 (1972), No 5, pp 2 7 - 3 8 The program predicts the time-dependent, pre-stress loss and camber in pre-tensioned, pre-stressed concrete beams.
Ueblacker, H. 73.150 'NTERACT A computer program for conducting structural analysis of tunnel support and lining systems' Tunnels and "Funnelling, Vol 5 (1973), No 1, pp 2 9 - 3 2 A computer program is described for solving support-rock mass deformational interaction problems. Structural analysis of various shaped runnel linings may be performed including sprayed concrete and precast linings, steel arches and various other support systems under complete loading. The
authors provide typical results for a support rock interaction analysis conducted recently on a horseshoe shaped tunnel section of the straight creek vehicular tunnel in Colorado, USA.
Wills, J. 73.151 'A mathematical optimization procedure and its application to the design of bridge structures' Transport and Road Res. Lab., Department of the Environment, TRRL Report LR 555 (1973) 28 pp Various systematic procedures for the optimum design of structures and the problems encountered are described. A set of subroutines have been written for transforming the non-linear structural optimization problem to a sequence of linear programming problems. The subroutines do not specify or evaluate the function to be optimized; they simply organize and control the optimization procedure. A computer program has been written for carrying out minimum cost and minimum weight studies for girders. The program calculates the structural performance, the weight and cost of each girder and contains the optimization subroutines.
Electronic and electrical
engineering Alderson, G. E. and Lin, P.M. 73.152 'Computer generation of symbolic network functions: A new theory and implementation' IEEE Trans. Circ. Theory '~,'ol CT-20, No 1 (January 1973) pp 4 8 - 5 6 A method is proposed for obtaining network functions in which some, none, or all of the network elements are represented by symbolic parameters. This new procedure uses fast efficient, numerical-type algorithms to determine the contribution of those network branches not represented by symbolic parameters.
Boucher, S. 73.153 'Computer-aided thermal design of LS! packages, IEEE Trans., Vol 8, No 2 (June 1972) pp 4 4 - 5 0 An analysis is pcrfonncd of forced convection cooling with direct air impingement on modules with LSI hybrid packs mounted. A matrix solution for a steady-state nodal conductancc network is used to predict the temperature rise of the coolant flowing over the module and substrate-to-inlet air temperature differentials. A method is also given for simulating hybrid substrates using equivalent conductances. Carson, M. J. and Cornfield, G. 73.154 'Design of low voltage distribution networks: Interactive computer method based on the calculus of variations' Proc. In.st. Elect. Eng., Vol 120, No 5 (May 1973) pp 585-592
265