A data set of critical heat flux of boiling R-12 in uniformly heated vertical tubes under transient conditions

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux of Boiling R-12 in Uniformly Heated Vertical Tubes Under Transient Conditions G. P. Celata M. Cumo F. D'Annibale C.R.E. Casaccia- ENEA ENE-IMPE Thermal Process Engineering Division, Rome, Italy

• A critical heat flux (CHF) data set under various transient conditions employing R-12 (Freon 12 or CC12F2) as the test fluid is provided. Transients were carried out by varying one, two, or three parameters among flow rate, pressure, and thermal power, taking care to investigate all possible combinations. Other parameters were kept constant during the test. Reference steady-state CHF tests were conducted over a wide experimental range, and results are presented here. The employed test section is a stainless steel tube (7.72 mm I.D., 9.52 mm O.D., 2.3 m long) heated by direct passage of a dc current. Keywords: critical heat flux, burnout, experimental data, refrigerants, Freon 12, channel flow, two-phase flow

INTRODUCTION The critical heat flux (CHF) phenomenon has been extensively investigated in the past with particular regard to steady-state nuclear reactor operating conditions [1-5], with the aim of establishing the bounds of the thermohydraulic design. However, transient CHF is of great importance for the analysis of the thermohydrodynamic characteristics of petrochemical and nuclear power plants. In fact, it is very likely to occur during any off-normal operating condition in a plant. Accurate knowledge of the transient CHF is needed for safety evaluations of the plants under accident conditions. There are three main types of transients: flow rate transients, pressure transients, and power transients. From the viewpoint of plant safety, the following variations with time are of interest: flow rate decrease, pressure decrease, and power increase. These three types of transients generally take place at the same time during plant accidents, and the situation becomes more complicated. It is therefore important, from an experimental point of view, to carry out tests in which all three parameters potentially involved in a real accident are varied simultaneously, in order to have the best representation of such transients. It will then be possible to verify the computation methods against an experimental data set as close as possible to the real situation. Transient boiling experiments in which only one parameter (flow rate, pressure, or power) was varied, the other two being kept constant, have been extensively performed in the past. A thorough review was published by Kataoka and Serizawa [6]. A wide and comprehensive research on CHF under transient conditions employing refrigerant R-12 was conducted at ENEA ENE/IMPE/IPROT Thermal Process Engineering

Division for four years, 1985-1988, where CHF was studied in three transient situations: 1. Transients in which only one parameter among pressure, flow rate, and power was varied, 2. Transients caused by the simultaneous variation of two of the above-mentioned parameters, 3. Transients in which all the three parameters were varied simultaneously Detailed analyses of the different transients were accomplished by Celata and coworkers [7-12], where local conditions were calculated making use of an "ad hoc" developed computer code named ANATRA [13], which enabled the estimation of fluid parameters during any kind of transient. ANATRA code is available for interested readers. The aim of the present paper is to make all the foregoing data widely available in the form in which we obtained them from the experimental apparatus. Experimental data are also available on a floppy disk, upon request to the corresponding author. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS The experimental R-12 loop is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1. It consists of a piston pump, a fluid-to-fluid preheater, an electric heater to control the inlet fluid temperature, a water-cooled condenser, and an R-12 tank. The use of R-12 as a test fluid allows the simulation of water at higher pressures and over a wider range of system parameters. The maximum operating pressure of the loop is 3.5 MPa, whereas the maximum mass flux is 1800 kg/(m2, s). R-12 flow is upwards with subcooled inlet conditions. The available electric power is 5 kW for the electric preheater and 10 kW for

Address correspondence to Dr. G. P. Celata, C.R.E. Casaccia--ENEA ENE-IMPE, Thermal Process Engineering Division, Via Anguillarese, 301-0060 Rome, Italy.

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 1992; 5:78-107 © 1992 by ElsevierScience PublishingCo., Inc., 655 Avenueof the Americas, New York, NY 10010 78

0894-1777/92/$3.50

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux

79

~' 9.5

IF: FLUID THERMOCOUPLE TW: WALL THERNOEOUPLE

REGULATING VALVES C~

PRE-HEAIER

lh

WATEROUTLET

+ •

WATER INLET

TEST SECTION

"t

R-12 TANK

WATER OUTLET

WATER INLET

AIR

SUPPLY'~:~

L

~ FILTER IW

OUMPE[ J ELOWMETERS T ELECTRIC HEATER

F 10 KW +

Y

ATENATIVEPUMP

Figure 1. Sketches of the experimental loop and test section.

the test section. The test section is a stainless steel tube uniformly and electrically heated (it is thermally insulated) over a length of either 2.30 or 1.18 m, 7.72 mm I.D. (9.52 mm O.D.). Its thermal diffusivity is about 4.1 x 10 - 6 m2/s. The test section instrumentation consists of 0.5 mm K-type thermocouples distributed as shown in Fig. 1. The wall thermocouples (12) are inserted into the tube wall thickness to a depth of about 0.4 mm, and the fluid thermocouples are radially placed with the hot junction in the midst of the channel. The latter, because of their small diameter compared to that of the channel and the distance between them (0.13 or 0.25 m), should give rise to a restricted and limited distortion of the results. The onset of CHF condition is indicated by the thermocouple placed at the test section end, where the fluid exits from the tube. The reference " i c e bath" for the thermocouples has a precision of +_0.05"C at 0°C, with a stability of +0.002"C. The precision of the thermocouple is within + 0 . 5 ° C . The mass flow rate is measured by using turbine flowmeters, the precision of which is within + 0 . 5 % . The pressure is measured by means of sealed and unsealed strain gauge pressure transducers, the precision of which is within +0.25%. We used the same test section for the entire data set, providing for its cleaning before each kind of transient series. Accomplishments of variations in flow rate, pressure, and heat flux are described in detail in Refs. 8-12.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA Some CHF parameters, reported here in tables, refer to steady-state conditions, " s s " . This is in the sense that they are computed, using inlet conditions, solving the equation system given by a reliable CHF correlation (CISE-modified correlation in our case [7]) and time-dependent expressions of pressure, flow rate, and/or power variations (steady-state approach at inlet conditions), and finding the time when transient heat flux becomes equal to the steady-state CHF. The thermal power given in the tables is already corrected for the heat loss, and the wall temperature is corrected to the inner surface temperature, taking into account the radial variation in wall temperature. S t e a d y - S t a t e Critical H e a t F l u x Steady-state CHF tests were conducted in the following experimental ranges: Pressure, p (MPa) Mass flux, G [kg/(m 2 • s)] Inlet subcooling, AT~ub (*C)

1.25 _< p _< 2.75 400 _< G -< 1600 0 ~ A T s u b ~--- 30

Experimental data are reported in Table I. Very few correlations are available in the literature for CHF predictions with R-12 [7]. A correlation proposed by

80

G . P . Celata et al.

Table 1. Steady-State CHF Data L=2.30 m

D=7.72 mm

Name

Pi [MPa]

Po G [MPa] [kg/m*s]

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 71 72 73 74 74B 75 81 82 83 84 85 TII TI2 TI3 TI4 T15 TI6 TI7 T18

1.254 1.263 1.282 1.274 1.283 1.287 1.278 1.532 1.559 1.561 1.578 1.575 1.604 1.522 1.755 1.764 1.752 1.746 1.756 1.755 1.761 2.008 2.011 2.008 2.020 2.034 2.030 2.011 2.260 2.258 2.274 2.269 2.266 2.271 2.276 2.687 2.689 2.682 2.697 2.703 2.704 2.731 2.368 2.387 2.368 2.365 2.351 2.367 2.952 2.946 2.943 2.956 2.959 2.719 2.739 2.719 2.722 2.709 2.708 2.729 2.732

1.232 1.240 1.251 1.236 1.245 1.243 1.226 1.512 1.535 1.534 1.547 1.537 1.559 1.477 1.737 1.743 1.726 1.716 1.723 1.720 1.723 1.988 1.985 1.987 1.990 2.000 1.997 1.977 2.240 2.235 2.250 2.244 2.234 2.234 2.236 2.666 2.666 2.663 2.669 2.670 2.677 2.685 2.348 2.355 2.334 2.326 2.332 2.325 2.926 2.927 2.916 2.926 2.923 2.692 2.702 2.688 2.692 2.683 2.687 2.706 2.711

385.3 577.8 776.6 976.1 1163.4 1353.1 1532.7 389.4 582.0 789.4 976.4 1176.1 1354.1 1522.8 394.5 575.3 772.7 968.3 1146.3 1333.4 1516.7 396.3 579.4 779.8 961.5 1147.7 1339.5 1512.4 391.2 572.2 775.1 963.0 1148.9 1330.2 1513.6 402.3 572.0 763.2 961.1 1144.3 1327.1 1498.9 543.6 826.6 1150.9 1332.6 1363.8 1486.7 542.9 839.7 1142.1 1328.4 1475.8 1441.0 1471.8 1474.0 1466.3 1246.0 1026.5 990.3 992.2

;-=2.30 m Ti [°C]

ATsub [°C]

q" [kW/m']

28.46 28.17 28.01 28.58 28.42 28.61 28.71 36.01 36.60 35.57 35.80 35.94 36.53 36.74 43.95 43.80 43.40 43.61 43.79 43.59 43.54 50.06 50.08 50.43 50.21 50.56 50.66 50.56 56.10 55.46 56.37 56.47 56.05 56.25 56.06 64.42 64.63 65.67 65.12 64.74 65.21 65.51 58.43 58.27 58.06 57.62 57.52 58.64 70.79 70.44 69.47 69.96 69.97 73.20 79.34 84.15 89.46 84.13 89.19 84.19 78.81

22.74 23.35 24.15 23.30 23.78 23.72 23.33 24.17 24.38 25.48 25.73 25.51 25.77 23.12 22.59 22.97 23.04 22.66 22.76 22.94 23.15 23.00 23.06 22.64 23.13 23.12 22.93 22.57 22.88 23.48 22.92 22.71 23.07 22.99 23.28 23.58 23.41 22.24 23.08 23.58 23.12 23.35 22.94 23.52 23.31 23.68 23.50 22.71 22.27 22.52 23.43 23.17 23.23 15.43 9.69 4.48 -0.78 4.31 -0.78 4.64 10.08

44.917 56.866 64.026 70.838 77.443 84.556 88.949 39.580 48.440 57.817 65.087 73.685 78.430 82.900 34.695 41.564 50.607 58.770 66.160 72.146 75.105 30.882 38.069 47.068 56.118 61.992 65.850 71.152 27.959 35.057 44.851 52.100 57.511 64.617 70.159 25.630 33.998 42.016 49.220 56.093 61.402 66.827 33.303 48.091 59.449 65.358 65.989 68.315 31.955 44.824 55.006 61.555 65.638 57.408 49.916 42.668 35.000 37.113 26.504 32.100 38.737

D=7.72 ram

Name

Pi [MPa]

Po G [MPa] [kg/m's]

TI9 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T31 T32 T33 T34 T35 T36 T41 T42 T43 T44 T45 T46 T47 T48 14N 15N 16N 25N 46N 64N 66N N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 Nll N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 T37 T38 T39

2.730 1.986 1.991 1.980 2.000 1.991 1.984 1.536 1.535 1.531 1.529 1.531 1.520 1.239 1.229 1.239 1.232 1.232 1.245 1.235 1.245 1.249 1.253 1.262 1.540 2.013 2.675 2.688 1.533 1.992 2.750 2.752 1.562 1.566 1.557 1.283 1.281 1.270 2.756 2.742 2.768 2.024 2.021 2.028 1.573 1.573 1.577

2.706 1.960 1.958 1.946 1.969 1.959 1.946 1.508 1.501 1.491 1.503 1.492 1.480 1.193 1.184 1.188 1.184 1.190 1.209 0.616 0.638 1.212 1.212 1.214 1.500 1.975 2.644 2.653 1.505 1.960 2.723 2.721 1.526 1.529 1.526 1.234 1.240 1.234 2.720 2.718 2.728 1.988 1.979 1.994 1.532 1.532 1.532

L=1.18 m

999.6 1014.0 1234.4 1459.2 1022.8 1235.6 1466.3 1001.2 1212.7 1468.6 995.2 1237.7 1442.4 1444.5 1461.4 1454.7 1460.7 1234.1 998.5 1013.2 1238.1 953.9 1171.3 1349.4 1184.5 1356.0 988.5 1350.6 1020.4 1023.8 1254.8 1016.7 1484.7 1237.0 1032.0 1476.4 1239.5 1020.5 1467.1 1250.2 1004.9 1459.5 1249.3 1003.1 1478.5 1476.8 1476.5

Ti [°C]

ATsub [°C]

q" [kW/m']

72.95 67.50 66.81 67.40 50.15 50.38 50.11 55.33 55.43 55.00 39.46 41.05 40.67 34.67 39.40 44.90 50.17 45.13 44.91 30.09 30.86 27.84 28.07 28.17 37.14 50.52 64.88 65.10 37.21 49.27 65.13 64.83 37.11 36.86 36.93 27.05 26.67 26.97 65.33 65.31 64.85 49.50 48.66 48.66 57.53 51.38 44.28

15.90 5.01 5.82 4.96 22.72 22.25 22.37 4.96 4.81 5.15 20.63 19.09 19.14 16.00 10.93 5.79 0.27 5.29 6.00 20.44 20.02 23.18 23.11 23.33 23.26 22.65 22.87 22.91 23.00 23.40 24.11 24.44 23.96 24.33 23.98 25.17 25.48 24.80 24.03 23.76 24.75 23.95 24.71 24.90 3.87 10.01 17.23

44.509 42.233 48.824 52.108 59.162 64.090 71.078 48.426 53.718 59.074 62.647 69.228 76.780 81.322 73.591 68.720 63.457 63.981 60.205 68.958 75.856 73.659 80.581 87.012 73.710 68.613 50.629 63.771 67.353 59.963 60.437 52.980 81.858 74.980 66.824 89.951 82.889 74.761 65.729 59.553 52.478 71.556 65.738 59.144 56.716 64.322 74.177

Ti [°C]

ATsub [oc]

q" [kW/m2]

49.89 50.43 51.04 49.95 50.59 50.64

22.21 21.78 21.14 22.55 21.77 22.18

60.919 92.592 00.028 07.662 11.498 18.024

D=7.72 mm

Name

Pi [MPa]

Po G [MPa] [kg/m2s]

B41 B43 B44 B45 B46 B47

1.992 1.987 1.982 1.992 1.987 2.001

1.972 1.964 1.952 1.962 1.957 1.961

414.1 787.7 984.1 1162.1 1342.6 1558.2

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux Bertoletti et al [14] for both water and R-12 was adopted for the present study. It was slightly modified to give a better fit with the experimental data. The correlation has the following form (SI units):

I'hfg( a - X m q~rlF = 7rDL

81

where /32/33/34 RI =

(/31 -- ~2)(/31

-- /33)(/31 -- /34) '

/31/33/34

)

=

_/34)'

(/32 /31/32/34

where

R3 = (/33 -

/31/32/33

10(1.18 - 2.07 Pr + 1.55 p 2 ) Go.33

a =

b = 0.3786(1/P r

R4 =

1)°'4Dl'4G

-

where Pr is the reduced pressure, that is, the ratio of the operating pressure p to critical value Pcrit (Petit = 4.2 MPa). The comparison between the steady-state CHF experimental data and predictions obtained using the above correlation is shown in Fig. 2 for mass flux ranging from 350 to 1500 kg/(m 2 • s). As shown in the figure, this agreement is good and within + 10% for 96% of the experimental data

G(t)

Gi,o

Rate

Transient

Experiments

Test matrix of flow rate transient experiments is as follows Pressure, p (MPa) Heat flux, q" 0N/m 2) Initial mass flux, Gi, o [kg/(m 2 • s)] Half-flow decay time, t h (s) Test section length, L (m) Experimental data of

G(t)

1.2; 1.5; 2.0; 2.75 32,000-85,000 1000; 1250; 1470 0.4-13.0 2.3; 1.18

were fitted with a function of the

type

c(t) = Rlexp(-/3,t ) + G/, o

I

R2exp(-/32t )

'

I

] ,c~.~.~

"

~,¢*~* S I

I 4

/31 --

/31

) + - -

/32

exp(-/32t ) (1)

f~2 -- /31

Equation (1) is the function to be adopted for the representation of the experimental flow transient data. Experimental data are reported in Table 2. Pressure Transient Experiments The test matrix of pressure transient experiments is as follows Pressure, p (MPa) Heat flux, q" (W/m 2) Inlet mass flux, G [kg/(m 2 • s)] Depressurization rate, dp/dt (MPa/s)

1.2; 1.5; 2.0; 2.75 28,000-89,000 1000; 1250; 1470 0.05-0.9

/

//o~,/"/

-

/32

= --exp(-/31t

'/ 7 / I /

/

/

- /32)(/34 - /33) '

The depressurization rate dp/dt is calculated at the beginning of the transient (t = 0). Subsequent to the depressurization in the test section, with the inlet temperature kept constant during the experiment, the inlet subcooling, starting from the initial value of 23*C, decreases toward the saturation condition.

+ R3exp(-/33t ) + R4exp(-/34t )

'

(/34 - ~1)(/34

which was obtained by modeling the flow transient generating system with two in-series delays (time constants 1//31 and 1//32) and the measurement system delay with an additional two delays (1//33 and 1//34). Analysis of this latter yields /33 = 30 and /34 = 12, and the best fit through the experimental data provided the values of /31 and /32 reported in the tables. The actual mass flux (once we got rid of the measurement system delay) can be expressed as - -

Flow

-/32)(/33 - / 3 4 ) '

*"

L¢"

M

?i i!i

•

1.5

-

.

u

.z3

~

•

,,

.,3

,.3

0

1.7

• 33

1.3

I

II

Z.3

i 11

q~ CItF,exp I W/ m'l .10 ~

Figure 2. Comparison between experimental data of steady-state CHF and predictions obtained using the modified CISE correlation.

82

G . P . Celata et al.

Table 2. Flow Transients Data L = 2.30 m Name

1AI 1B1 1C1 1D1 1E1 1F1 1G1 1H1 111 1L1 IMI 1N1 101 2AI 2B1 2C1 2D1 2F1 2G1 2H1 211 2L1 2MI 3AI 3B1 3C1 3D1 3E1 3F1 3G1 3H1 311 3L1 3M1 3N1 301 4A1 4B1 4C1 4D1 4E1 4F1 4G1 4H1 411 4L1 4MI 4N1 401 5/%1 5B1 5C1 5D1 6A1 6BI 6CI 6DI IA2 IB2 IC2 ID2 IE2 IF2 IG2

Pi,o [MPa]

Pe,o [MPa]

1.261 1.283 1.289 1.297 1.288 1.286 1.286 1.256 1.275 1.257 1.265 1.275 1.261 1.590 1.580 1.560 1.571 1.562 1.555 1.553 1.558 1.551 1.559 2.023 1.996 2.010 2.023 2.021 2.029 2.010 2.033 2.018 2.020 2.020 2.008 2.019 2.767 2.744 2.736 2.740 2.754 2.773 2.756 2.763 2.744 2.762 2.761 2.742 2.759 2.393 2.413 2.372 2.387 2.980 2.988 2.987 2.987 1.261 1.266 1.269 1.261 1.272 1.275 1.276

1.230 1.239 1.244 1.245 1.243 1.242 1.238 1.227 1.235 1.221 1.229 1.233 1.222 1.542 1.534 1.526 1.526 1.520 1.523 1.522 1.524 1.529 1.520 1.981 1.971 1.981 1.985 1.991 1.991 1.977 1.993 1.984 1.980 1.977 1.974 1.982 2.731 2.713 2.716 2.712 2.727 2.722 2.724 2.704 2.705 2.729 2.719 2.715 2.723 2.352 2.364 2.353 2.351 2.948 2.947 2.951 2.959 1.228 1.229 1.229 1.223 1.227 1.233 1.231

D=7.72 mm

Ti,o Gi,o q" [°C] [kg/m's][kW/m'] 28.64 28.91 28.36 29.07 28.12 28.00 28.25 27.82 28.12 27.84 28.03 28.14 27.82 36.63 36.21 36.20 36.10 36.16 36.00 36.52 35.87 35.94 35.95 49.99 50.04 50.24 50.12 50.11 50.04 49.98 50.32 49.66 49.93 50.02 49.52 49.52 64.31 63.71 63.58 64.32 63.95 64.67 63.82 64.24 63.96 64.15 64.28 63.99 64.07 58.11 58.20 57.97 58.27 70.00 70.78 70.98 70.45 28.11 28.06 28.18 28.12 27.97 28.10 28.03

1481.7 1486.3 1456.9 1452.9 1464.5 1484.2 1482.8 1023.9 1002.0 1225.1 1228.3 1234.0 1023.7 1460.7 1470.3 1479.9 1492.0 1493.7 1002.4 1015.0 1240.4 1241.0 1238.1 1009.6 1016.0 1002.0 1233.3 1232.7 1234.2 1233.4 1451.1 1463.6 1459.3 1460.7 1457.9 1479.0 1007.3 999.6 994.7 1250.4 1224.3 1237.4 1215.1 1441.8 1454.7 1441.7 1451.6 1442.2 1430.2 1464.8 1466.3 1474.9 1472.5 1452.2 1459.2 1465.0 1451.0 1000.5 1031.9 1019.4 1243.2 1240.7 1250.4 1471.9

53.852 62.816 71.941 76.404 67.638 80.814 85.189 54.157 62.995 53.989 63.065 72.011 67.326 62.852 54.139 45.050 67.495 76.458 53.745 62.879 67.400 62.909 53.949 37.767 46.655 51.090 37.835 46.669 51.179 55.534 64.655 60.086 55.713 51.368 46.769 38.005 32.259 41.155 45.714 32.200 41.169 45.762 50.185 32.362 41.201 45.669 50.143 54.625 59.164 46.707 51.188 55.572 60.860 41.200 45.645 50.097 54.677 54.023 62.948 67.457 53.797 63.047 71.760 62.839

th

81

~2

[s]

[l/s]

[l/s]

tchf [s]

0.232 0.234 0.368 0.243 0.226 0.262 0.288 0.306 0.363 0.324 0.269 0.244 0.211 0.313 0.222 0.166 0.181 0.281 0.285 0.240 0.240 0.249 0.222 0.202 0.255 0.241 0.222 0.245 0.436 0.314 0.189 0.252 0.259 0.260 0.216 0.209 0.226 0.244 0.221 0.236 0.312 0.187 0.251 0.209 0.165 0.214 0.332 0.168 0.190 0.215 0.340 0.209 0.220 0.331 0.212 0.199 0.218 1.723 1.780 1.811 1.962 2.022 1.540 2.166

60484.6 2564.00 4.51690 83.0075 943.638 1963.44 12.7603 17.3916 7.36223 6.58876 715.058 104.508 5550.52 10.3909 1682.35 21907.4 11682.9 12.1358 20.8950 12326.2 32795.0 27.4133 31801.8 707.536 36.9061 67.3746 284.096 27.3078 13859.7 11.1892 3.67634 3.29891 5.46614 3.67935 329.547 50960.4 13671.9 40.8507 3.13211 3.22510 11.0994 3.71321 3.19304 248.714 7118.28 448.390 4.88970 285056. 1595.52 3791.67 4.75623 3.31151 3.58853 7.70184 3.47052 66828.9 72255.4 1.02404 0.97087 3.36766 1.37011 1.97061 9346.14 7.12867

2.99106 2.96388 4.60738 3.00611 3.07928 2.64671 3.43137 2.84278 3.20313 4.19177 2.59481 2.96437 3.29309 3.33403 3.13782 4.18703 3.83144 3.62969 2.96094 2.89435 2.89336 3.29740 3.12356 3.44896 3.05345 3.07507 3.17958 3.36730 1.59175 3.21309 61226.1 25.6563 7.80268 15.3643 3.25508 3.31109 3.06452 3.16910 35277.5 48.4174 3.25107 45608.7 30.6673 3.37768 4.19687 3.27265 5.21932 4.13569 3.66024 3.22570 5.12044 18560.3 39.3240 3.62088 80.1112 3.47915 3.18118 0.92756 0.91607 0.46419 0.59111 0.47272 0.45024 0.34268

2.050 1.650 1.250 0.930 1.340 0.830 0.670 1.840 1.350 2.110 1.530 1.070 1.150 1.370 1.800 2.780 1.180 0.700 1.500 0.880 0.910 1.050 1.700 2.240 1.230 0.900 2.250 1.550 1.150 1.000 0.830 0.900 1.120 1.360 1.580 2.550 2.150 1.280 1.120 2.600 1.650 1.320 1.120 3.000 1.800 1.450 1.200 0.920 0.650 1.540 1.250 1.040 0.790 1.710 1.410 1.010 0.620 3.360 2.400 1.730 3.900 2.950 2.050 3.350

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux Table 2.

Name Pi,o Pe,o [MPa] [MPa] 1H2 112 1L2 1M2 1N2 2C2 2D2 2E2 2F2 2H2 212 2L2 2M2 2N2 202 3A2 3B2 3C2 3D2 3E2 3F2 3G2 3H2 312 3L2 3M2 3N2 4A2 4C2 4D2 4E2 4F2 4G2 4H2 412 4L2 4M2 4N2 402 5A2 5B2 5C2 5D2 6A2 6B2 6C2 6D2 I/',3 1B3 1C3 1D3 1E3 IF3 IG3 1H3 1L3 1N3 103 2A3 2B3 2C3 2D3 2E3 2F3 2G3 2H3 213 2L3 2M3 3B3 3C3

1.275 1.278 1.284 1.276 1.282 2.772 2.758 2.746 2.769 2.751 2.762 2.762 2.753 2.752 2.738 2.053 2.032 2.019 2.032 2.014 2.019 2.006 2.021 2.024 2.012 2.025 2.023 1.561 1.552 1.569 1.266 1.555 1.571 1.555 1.547 1.559 1.537 1.554 1.573 2.400 2.411 2.400 2.404 2.977 2.993 2.986 3.011 2.763 2.759 2.753 2.753 2.772 2.745 2.748 2.743 2.751 2.744 2.750 2.007 2.019 2.011 2.020 2.025 2.015 2.032 2.022 2.010 2.028 2.018 1.553 1.564

1.235 1.231 1.234 1.234 1.230 2.728 2.722 2.722 2.727 2.716 2.719 2.733 2.719 2.728 2.718 1.998 1.992 1.989 1.982 1.994 1,986 1.987 1.995 1.991 1.992 1.993 1.993 1.518 1.526 1.522 1.526 1.523 1.525 1.527 1.520 1.515 1.506 1.524 1.537 2.364 2.352 2.353 2.359 2.945 2.949 2.944 2.950 2.723 2.727 2.721 2.723 2.728 2.714 2.720 2.718 2.720 2.716 2.725 1.983 1.987 1.975 1.983 1.986 1.978 1.997 1.980 1.979 1.988 1.987 1.524 1.523

(Continued)

Ti,o Gi,o q" [°C] [kg/m's][kW/m'] 28.32 28.23 28.05 27.93 28.10 64.35 63.62 63.45 63.88 64.38 64.16 64.06 64.06 64.04 64.04 50.04 50.21 49.82 49.88 49.97 50.00 49.57 49.83 49.74 50.15 49.91 49.87 35.89 35.85 36.06 35.85 36.14 35.99 35.94 35.83 35.97 35.67 35.68 36.11 58.21 58.01 58.14 58.16 70.54 70.05 70.52 70.04 64.00 63.99 64.22 63.92 63.89 63.76 64.00 63.92 63.89 63.93 64.02 50.33 50.27 50.14 50.30 50.26 49.98 49.84 50.21 49,88 49,84 49,85 36.24 36.07

1462.4 1470.8 1462.8 1463.4 1462.3 1464.5 1467.4 1464.4 1459.9 1254.3 1254.7 1221.3 1012.6 1013.1 1011.5 1449.9 1468.8 1467.2 1449.3 1445.2 1235.1 1244.8 1248.9 1239.2 1007.1 1009.9 1022.9 1464.0 1467.1 1472.3 1471.6 1461.3 1460.9 1249.5 1242.2 1241.0 1002.2 1010.5 999.1 1452.2 1462.4 1480.1 1470.8 1458.9 1433.9 1449.8 1451.4 1457.9 1453.5 1458.7 1449.7 1442.6 1233.6 1235.6 1233.2 1228.9 1019.7 1004.8 1447.8 1462.8 1455.8 1461.8 1462.1 1241.7 1239.6 1227.7 1231.2 1004.3 1006.8 1459.9 1461.1

67.271 71.864 76.064 80.737 85.404 45.608 50.138 54.647 59.082 41.135 45.651 50.122 32.231 41.191 45.662 46.743 51.142 55.667 60.111 64.519 37.711 46.651 51.162 56.290 37,673 46,587 51,165 53,856 62,850 67,384 67,310 71,883 76.150 53,996 62.728 67.355 49.516 53.917 62.889 46.694 51.081 55.503 60.894 41.122 45.633 50.163 54.657 41.226 45.669 50.208 54.636 59.390 41.270 32.338 45.663 50.194 41.219 45.696 46.527 51.171 55.581 60.043 64.485 37.675 46.717 51.194 55.663 46.696 51.185 53.946 62.936

th [s]

~1 [l/s]

~2 [l/s]

2.283 2.349 2.477 2.305 2.548 1.605 1.590 1.602 1.682 1.561 1,579 1.568 1.544 1.382 1.445 2.168 2.318 2.129 2.146 2.192 2.206 2.011 1.807 1.732 1.568 2,183 2,095 1,899 1,885 1,858 2,107 1,935 2,140 1.778 1.820 1.792 1.727 2.061 2.119 2.015 1.928 1.976 2.018 1.846 1.880 1.826 1.924 0.899 0.857 0.859 0.788 0.775 0.803 0.973 0.770 0.763 0.840 0.834 0.903 0.762 0.863 0.756 0.862 0.990 0.837 0.792 0.777 0.951 0.945 0.939 0.923

5.10442 54.6123 14.0733 42.3927 101.993 1.33741 1.24861 1.38270 3.46265 1.24189 1.09044 1.45631 1.02827 1.29735 1.21800 8.02032 5.31661 5.33235 6.11536 9.81152 3.19616 0.81999 0.56649 0.56211 1.06330 0.78810 0.40361 0.42214 0.46092 0.44322 0.35695 5,86542 8,62328 0,95903 0,97961 0,49438 0.99109 0.92494 4.18488 7.98300 6.89565 0.42084 6.65219 0.93459 0.50365 3.91401 6.53485 2.21213 1.92223 2.36260 4.57271 10.7142 3.70634 1.74836 3.26201 3.63369 2.14191 2.09716 2.97618 8.54716 3.20106 19.6111 9.64896 1.59424 2.13528 2.25033 3.99772 1.80897 1.83318 1.92326 1.61757

0.33314 0.29744 0.28816 0.30387 0.27309 0.84301 0.90569 0.82406 0.50534 0.94110 1.03598 0.82371 1.15078 1.13905 1.10900 0.33962 0.32632 0.35833 0.35058 0.33194 0.36980 0.84942 1.87818 2.19542 1.07716 0.75023 2.84013 4.10480 2.83538 3.61571 6.23811 0.39418 0.34292 0.92889 0.86945 2.78139 0.95356 0.72321 0.37097 0.36738 0.38975 3.24838 0.37207 0.88509 2.17097 0.44573 0.39248 1.59742 1.99586 1.64480 1.26334 1.02395 1.36161 1.70280 1.57079 1.49026 1.86744 1.93437 1.28360 1.08776 1.32060 0.98510 0.92054 1.80681 1.88862 1.99729 1,37623 1.72065 1.72211 1.66464 2.06084

tchf [s] 2.950 2.550 2.100 1.580 1.120 3.350 3.000 2.400 1.750 3.400 2.800 2.350 3.900 2.700 2.250 4.550 3.350 2.800 2.350 2.000 5.400 3.300 2.700 2.150 3.600 2.900 2.100 3.800 2.630 2.350 2.300 1.850 1.550 3.250 2.450 1.870 3.400 2.900 1.700 3.850 3.050 2.500 1.800 4.020 3.430 2.350 2.010 2.840 2.350 1.900 1.600 1.180 2.350 3.550 2.050 1.650 2.100 1.700 2.500 2.000 1.810 1.360 1.300 3.100 2.170 1.720 1.450 1.960 1.620 2.640 2.020

83

84

G . P . Celata et al. Table 2. Name

3D3 3E3 3F3 3G3 3H3 313 3L3 3M3 3N3 303 4A3 4B3 4C3 4D3 4E3 4F3 4G3 4H3 413 4L3 4M3 5A3 5B3 5C3 5D3 6A3 6B3 6C3 6D3 6D3B 1A4 IB4 iC4 IE4 IF4 IG4 IH4 ii4 1L4 1M4 IN4 2B4 2C4 2D4 2E4 2F4 2G4 2H4 214 2L4 2M4 3B4 3C4 3D4 3E4 3F4 3G4 3H4 314 3L4 4A4 4B4 4C4 4E4 4H4 414 4L4 4M4 5A4 5B4 5C4

Pi,o [MPa]

Pe,o [MPa]

1.554 1.570 1.568 1.557 1.573 1.549 1.555 1.564 1.545 1.556 1.276 1.269 1.261 1.285 1.282 1.272 1.275 1.285 1.285 1.281 1.283 2.384 2.394 2.379 2.401 2.967 2.979 2.992 2.974 2.976 2.747 2.735 2.747 2.752 2.747 2.748 2.750 2.761 2.772 2.749 2.758 2.021 2.018 2.031 2.030 2.018 2.024 2.025 2.006 2.010 2.013 1.563 1.565 1.557 1.580 1.556 1.561 1.559 1.562 1.559 1.262 1.266 1.260 1.272 1.282 1.284 1.281 1.274 2.416 2.380 2.387

1.516 1.516 1.535 1.525 1.523 1.517 1.516 1.529 1.519 1.526 1.239 1.230 1.228 1.234 1.231 1.227 1.229 1.235 1.234 1.230 1.233 2.356 2.358 2.359 2.360 2.939 2.945 2.951 2.943 2.951 2.713 2.705 2.716 2.731 2.719 2.726 2.720 2.721 2.735 2.721 2.721 1.992 1.992 1.982 1.980 1.986 1.980 1.986 1.982 1.981 1.985 1.532 1.516 1.523 1.527 1.515 1.522 1.527 1.521 1.522 1.232 1.235 1.228 1.232 1.228 1.231 1.236 1.229 2.363 2.357 2.356

(Continued)

Ti,o Gi,o q" [°C] [kg/m*s][kW/m*] 36.35 35.93 36.02 36.05 36.37 36.33 36.15 35.71 36.10 36.12 28.20 27.97 27.99 28.39 28.13 28.66 28.57 28.52 28.48 28.52 28.65 58.38 58.21 57.70 57.66 69.65 70.47 69.86 70.16 70.62 63.61 65.00 64.24 63.98 63.90 64.11 64.21 64.01 64.02 63.88 63.91 50.28 50.42 50.02 50.24 50.50 49.93 50.15 50.06 49.98 49.80 36.02 36.08 35.87 35.95 35.92 35.98 36.01 35.82 35.90 28.07 28.52 28.04 28.49 27.97 28.26 28.34 28.14 57.95 57.87 57.96

1454.1 1474.3 1453.9 1254.4 1231.0 1251.8 1000.9 1014.0 1008.1 1007.7 1006.5 999.1 1005.5 1223.8 1232.9 1450.4 1449.0 1447.8 1452.4 1448.1 1458.5 1455.0 1439.6 1450.3 1438.5 1448.4 1450.1 1452.0 1453.5 1433.2 1219.4 1231.0 1217.3 1005.9 1029.4 1005.4 1469.1 1470.7 1451.4 1463.7 1464.0 1467.7 1473.2 1483.4 1466.9 1245.5 1246.7 1242.7 994.9 999.5 1011.5 1481.5 1478.5 1463.5 1458.8 1232.2 1238.3 1236.1 1018.7 1010.5 1003.9 1011.3 1223.3 1228.9 1476.5 1467.8 1467.2 1460.6 1456.5 1468.2 1459.8

67.364 71.908 76.365 53.791 62.706 67.446 49.496 53.886 58.492 62.848 58.427 62.934 67.332 62.852 71.743 62.934 67.506 71.801 76.338 80.845 85.499 46.655 51.070 55.473 60.862 41.702 45.706 50.251 54.702 54.722 50.269 45.739 41.191 41.187 45.687 32.285 41.241 45.662 50.211 54.682 59.137 51.160 55.783 60.161 64.650 46.657 51.151 55.683 37.731 46.741 51.113 62.916 67.385 71.813 76.340 53.912 62.979 67.423 58.393 62.882 63.049 67.362 63.015 76.352 71.939 76.386 80.857 85.332 46.709 51.016 55.425

th [s]

~i [l/s]

~2 [l/s]

0.899 1.035 0.936 0.897 0.839 0.933 0.905 0.791 0.779 0.850 0.867 0.843 0.820 0.957 1.022 0.906 0.908 0.849 0.851 0.908 0.848 0.947 0.878 0.869 0.975 1.062 1.044 1.030 1.007 0.987 4.241 4.254 4.037 3.862 3.636 3.833 3.581 4.180 4.324 3.977 3.883 4.120 3.773 3.408 3.505 4.011 3.750 3.864 3.631 3.603 3.565 3.591 3.603 3.491 3.548 3.886 3.812 3.755 3.570 4.291 3.746 3.706 4.454 4.599 3.855 3.792 3.646 3.866 4.135 4.034 3.824

2.46843 2.72253 0.85451 1.90361 1.92193 1.19387 1.87687 2.10267 2.25190 2.90762 1.93624 1.97664 1.74043 1.72340 1.53263 2.34079 3.71645 0.85667 0.81494 0.77609 435.568 1.83758 3.52201 1.07967 0.95686 1.70460 2.92337 5.04402 9.90727 12.9975 30.1056 23.6562 35.5758 4.08771 5.20150 0.89603 1.67344 4.55495 964.229 6.40897 21.9930 34725.5 1703.08 42.6042 50.6375 785.794 6.28699 5.03602 2.07450 2.94042 9.52668 1271.47 12.3353 1005.07 1244.71 18.0814 4.95491 8.19893 10.1289 11.3731 6.07653 7.96165 4820.99 113.635 0.17981 0.18280 4856.10 1084.83 6646.79 4894.37 11.1556

1.46642 1.08947 8.46858 1.83892 2.08384 3.08302 1.83446 2.14234 2.06113 1.43942 1.93361 2.00330 2.44718 1.78353 1.76291 1.50704 1.13088 25.6823 20558.0 66.9342 0.81996 1.71188 1.22053 4.81350 4.35721 1.46975 1.03408 0.84985 0.76873 0.76385 0.16474 0.16460 0.17292 0.19192 0.20148 0.26559 0.23576 0.17520 0.16033 0.18153 0.18063 0.16825 0.18376 0.20478 0.19889 0.17285 0.19315 0.18932 0.22203 0.21327 0.20042 0.19309 0.19683 0.19862 0.19542 0.18094 0.19220 0.19086 0.19971 0.16494 0.19370 0.19370 0.15564 0.15102 4004.33 16041.3 0.19010 0.17933 0.16762 0.17184 0.18567

tchf [s] 1.710 1.450 1.150 2.380 1.600 1.450 2.550 2.000 1.550 1.070 2.200 1.820 1.450 2.210 1.550 2.300 1.860 1.600 1.350 1.000 0.800 2.340 2.070 1.650 1.400 3.000 2.440 1.710 1.350 1.210 3.450 4.300 5.600 4.350 3.150 6.600 6.170 5.700 4.600 3.600 2.450 4.920 3.700 3.000 2.150 4.500 3.700 3.050 5.550 3.450 2.600 3.550 3.000 2.460 1.840 4.600 3.250 2.300 2.800 2.100 3.150 2.350 4.440 1.790 3.100 2.400 1.810 1.250 5.400 4.650 3.500

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux 85 Table 2. Name

5D4 6A4 6B4 6C4 6D4 1B5 lC5 1D5 1E5 1G5 1H5 115 1L5 2A5 2B5 2C5 2D5 2E5 2F5 2G5 2H5 215 2L5 3A5 3B5 3C5 3D5 3E5 3F5 3G5 3H5 3L5 4A5 4B5 4C5 4D5 4E5 4F5 4H5 415 4L5 4M5 4N5 5A5 5B5 5C5 5D5 6A5 6B5 6C5 6D5 1A6 1B6 1C6 1D6 1E6 1F6 1G6 1H6 116 1L6 1M6 2A6 2B6 2C6 2D6 2E6 2F6 2G6 2H6 216

Pi,o [MPa]

Pe,o [MPa]

2.386 2.984 2.977 2.987 2.984 2.751 2.753 2.766 2.751 2.742 2.753 2.769 2.754 2.030 2.022 2.014 2.039 2.032 2.010 2.015 2.021 2.020 2.018 1.556 1.559 1.562 1.569 1.579 1.581 1.576 1.593 1.570 1.269 1.265 1.268 1.268 1.279 1.282 1.278 1.276 1.293 1.280 1.277 2.402 2.421 2.397 2.403 2.968 2.972 2.985 2.988 2.751 2.758 2.768 2.762 2.750 2.748 2.755 2.756 2.743 2.758 2.753 2.022 2.020 2.018 2.024 2.025 2.018 2.033 2.029 2.035

2.354 2.951 2.944 2.952 2.953 2.726 2.717 2.729 2.725 2.716 2.720 2.725 2.720 1.983 1.992 1.991 1.991 1.989 1.990 1.990 1.992 1.990 1.986 1.526 1.532 1.510 1.532 1.524 1.533 1.531 1.536 1.536 1.229 1.227 1.233 1.230 1.230 1.234 1.238 1.230 1.236 1.226 1.232 2.362 2.372 2.362 2.369 2.942 2.946 2.952 2.954 2.722 2.724 2.731 2.722 2.720 2.724 2.726 2.722 2.718 2.730 2.724 1.986 1.985 1.978 1.989 1.994 1.983 1.989 1.996 1.992

(Continued)

Ti,o Gi,o q" |°C] [kg/m2s][kW/mZ] 57.87 1460.6 70.23 1459.4 70.32 1457.1 70.73 1452.7 70.46 1460.9 64.20 1014.4 64.08 1231.1 63.94 1217.1 63.75 1233.2 63.87 1465.1 64.38 1467.8 64.42 1455.4 64.18 1467.0 49.80 1480.8 49.90 1459.1 50.14 1446.1 49.82 1460.4 50.09 1460.2 49.85 1236.4 49.73 1243.4 49.88 1236.1 50.05 1000.6 49.95 1022.8 35.80 1002.2 36.01 998.5 35.88 1238.7 36.03 1230.9 36.09 1461.8 35.73 1465.8 36.07 1482.9 36.40 1459.2 36.44 1444.3 28.11 1015.6 28.37 1015.0 28.19 1000.1 27.75 1245.1 28.32 1248.4 28.28 1239.4 28.33 1462.6 28.25 1462.1 28.11 1459.6 27.87 1466.4 28.08 1459.4 58.36 1461.0 58.24 1454.5 58.25 1444.7 58.41 1451.1 70.73 1444.0 70.56 1460.0 70.86 1456.7 70.55 1448.0 64.05 1239.7 64.51 1235.9 63.95 1225.2 64.36 1472.3 64.11 1 4 6 9 . 9 63.81 1441.3 63.93 1453.8 64.13 1451.5 63.58 1001.7 64.23 996.9 64.37 1012.3 50.48 1010.8 50.03 999.1 50.57 1235.9 49.71 1230.2 49.93 1238.8 50.23 1468.2 49.76 1455.2 50.07 1448.2 49.94 1449.7

60.812 41.157 45.681 50.133 54.625 45.773 41.370 45.649 50.299 45.764 50.247 54.562 59.161 46.723 51.274 55.584 60.170 64.587 46.838 51.174 55.713 46.692 51.081 58.381 62.845 62.850 67.410 53.976 62.857 67.315 71.892 76.372 62.979 67.403 70.112 62.956 71.871 76.365 67.423 71.822 76.318 80.852 85.362 46.585 50.925 55.380 60.968 41.275 45.620 50.093 54.648 41.305 45.633 50.194 41.148 45.706 50.224 54.679 59.245 32.356 41.232 45.773 46.773 51.140 46.673 51.206 55.667 46.554 50.328 55.529 60.046

th [s]

~i [l/s]

~2 [l/s]

3.606 3.737 4.249 4.094 4.324 2.920 3.321 2.917 3.026 2.802 2.986 3.140 3.056 3.257 3.162 2.768 3.022 2.917 3.143 2.967 2.873 3.046 3.005 3.048 3.585 3.223 3.311 3.157 2.723 2.878 2.858 3.120 2.595 2.830 2.651 3.369 3.354 3.263 2.979 2.882 2.903 2.785 2.839 2.879 3.017 2.778 2.949 2.948 3.091 3.256 3.452 5.248 5.191 4.944 4.611 5.384 5.448 5.975 5.448 4.880 5.293 5.055 5.310 4.921 7.962 6.744 7.462 4.996 5.724 5.031 4.548

12.7246 1.47324 6.60428 11.5144 14.8731 2.21552 5.52958 3.21092 6.09198 1.86184 8.06208 56.0379 14.9118 123.223 1629.35 6.55432 97.6566 20.1589 4.70962 2.93615 4.32461 2.28338 4.00535 5.37379 12.3021 4.96794 5.00213 0.22358 7.31323 74.3016 3857.57 1748.05 0.30421 4.74292 4.90839 0.21490 35.3876 8.32750 7.73646 0.24930 5.52441 1248.76 2356.30 68.4117 16.5105 10.1653 12.7190 1.88282 0.25362 9.25886 16.1800 2.80765 6.39524 4.48199 1.03386 19.8569 34.3748 1327.47 48.9578 0.94806 2.66704 4.23283 1.43701 1.44219 0.26155 0.19426 0.20639 7177.18 58947.9 4680.14 24.4042

0.19656 0.23066 0.16926 0.17302 0.16284 0.28421 0.22099 0.26742 0.24250 0.31207 0.24232 0.22198 0.23191 0.21332 0.21922 0.26535 0.23017 0.24175 0.23696 0.26553 0.26313 0.26855 0.25232 0.24253 0.19789 0.22977 0.22316 17.7951 0.26828 0.24200 0.24252 0.22220 3.31424 0.26531 0.28393 7.06411 0.20842 0.22069 0.24338 9.93526 0.25508 0.24893 0.24418 0.24198 0.23446 0.25882 0.24158 0.29174 2.91849 0.22029 0.20447 0.14197 0.13771 0.14694 0.19474 0.12996 0.12792 0.11603 0.12771 0.18573 0.14122 0.14398 0.15149 0.16559 0.17393 0.33201 0.24619 0.13875 0.12110 0.13779 0.15378

tchf [$] 2.300 6.150 5.200 3.750 2.850 2.900 4.900 3.900 3.050 4.740 3.750 3.000 2.150 5.200 4.000 3.600 2.660 2.000 4.100 3.430 2.620 3.300 2.450 2.670 1.810 2.710 2.200 4.950 3.360 2.650 2.100 1.700 2.800 1.950 1.700 3.320 2.250 1.540 3.500 2.780 2.300 1.550 1.180 4.650 4.000 2.950 2.260 5.100 4.400 3.400 2.610 6.550 5.050 3.950 7.350 6.550 5.350 4.300 3.000 7.350 4.970 3.500 3.800 2.600 5.150 4.100 3.450 6.500 6.100 4,200 3.450

86

G . P . Celata et al. Table 2. Name

2L6 3B6 3C6 3D6 3E6 3F6 3G6 3H6 316 4A6 4B6 4c6 4E6 4F6 4G6 4H6 416 4M6 IA7 IB7 iC7 ID7 IE7 1ETA 1E7B 1G7 1G7A 1G7B 1H7 117 1L7 2A7 2B7 2C7 2D7 2E7 2F7 2H7 217 2L7 3B7 3C7 3D7 3E7 3F7 3G7 3H7 317 4A7 4B7 4C7 4E7 4F7 4H7 417 4L7 4M7 4N7 IA8 IB8 IC8 ID8 IE8 IE8B IF8 IG8 IG8B IH8 ii8 IL8 2A8

Pi,o

Pe,o

T1,o ,

[MPa]

[MPa]

[°C]

2.034 1.575 1.570 1.559 1.567 1.563 1.568 1.566 1.563 1.261 1.274 1.274 1.275 1.280 1.272 1.280 1.279 1.283 2.751 2.762 2.758 2.757 2.749 2.750 2.745 2.768 2.755 2.755 2.768 2.753 2.753 2.017 2.008 2.018 2.019 2.026 2.035 2.021 2.019 2.026 1.561 1.569 1.566 1.579 1.570 1.578 1.569 1.558 1.269 1.267 1.260 1.277 1.273 1.274 1.283 1.289 1.298 1.290 2.747 2.751 2.756 2.762 2.758 2.764 2.754 2.758 2.746 2.769 2.758 2.750 2.013

1.984 1.532 1.518 1.517 1.524 1.528 1.524 1.529 1.531 1.230 1.233 1.237 1.234 1.231 1.227 1.232 1.234 1.226 2.724 2.725 2.726 2.720 2.717 2.715 2.714 2.734 2.722 2.717 2.729 2.724 2.727 1.989 1.983 1.985 1.985 1.988 2.001 1.986 1.985 1.989 1.527 1.528 1.525 1.528 1.527 1.534 1.537 1.523 1.236 1.235 1.225 1.230 1.231 1.230 1.234 1.240 1.245 1.242 2.715 2.724 2.724 2.719 2.721 2.725 2.720 2.722 2.716 2.727 2.725 2.719 1.983

49.90 35.92 35.92 35.99 35.98 35.79 35.89 36.24 36.00 28.04 27.98 28.11 28.23 28.12 28.01 28.20 28.12 28.23 63.57 64.11 63.84 63.93 64.10 64.37 64.26 64.04 64.60 64.78 63.71 63.80 64.42 49.99 49.98 50.20 50.40 50.37 50.30 50.49 50.32 50.03 36.12 36.10 36.03 36.27 35.79 36.31 36.12 35.84 28.18 28.11 28.36 28.31 28.36 28.42 28.09 28.13 28.29 28.31 63.89 64.16 63.68 64.38 64.16 64.51 64.37 63.99 64.18 63.82 63.92 63.94 50.06

Gi,o

(Continued) q"

[kg/m2s][kW/m z] 1462.9 1458.5 1459.6 1449.6 1467.4 1238.2 1246.5 995.3 1005.7 1002.7 1001.7 1005.4 1240.3 1238.0 1486.6 1469.7 1476.8 1462.0 1236.0 1236.9 1234.0 1457.7 1459.3 1444.3 1440.8 1454.5 1445.5 1446.8 1460.4 1007.3 1003.8 1008.3 1017.1 1250.1 1238.6 1245.1 1456.5 1465.0 1466.3 1461.7 1475.3 1476.0 1470.4 1465.8 1233.9 1229.8 1007.5 1009.9 1011.9 995.6 1008.6 1253.9 1235.5 1451.2 1454.2 1461.5 1458.3 1465.0 1235.9 1231.6 1223.3 1447.7 1460.5 1449.2 1460.1 1467.0 1441.3 1461.7 1004.0 1011.3 1019.2

64.526 62.741 67.246 71.738 76.238 62.791 67.287 58.481 62.839 63.008 67.502 70.092 71.817 76.356 67.307 71.865 76.279 85.309 41.149 45.610 50.116 41.142 45.615 45.685 45.660 54.621 54.684 54.697 59.071 41.194 45.667 46.630 51.190 46.624 51.043 55.633 46.578 55.652 60.048 64.521 62.809 67.183 71.702 76.132 62.837 67.260 58.257 62.776 62.800 67.353 69.969 71.926 76.277 67.378 71.620 76.254 80.825 85.208 41.131 45.647 49.984 41.212 45.642 45.719 50.145 54.571 54.620 59.051 41.174 45.615 46.527

th [s] 4.595 4.850 4.576 4.554 4.655 4.836 4.814 5.000 5.522 5.081 4.664 4.537 5.543 4.941 7.491 6.269 5.512 4.776 7.975 7.589 7.761 8.091 8.777 6.919 7.361 9.011 7.511 7.765 8.574 8.194 8.185 6.123 6.257 8.595 7.604 7.757 7.664 7.170 7.370 6.656 6.896 6.084 6.139 6.431 6.483 6.653 6.343 6.829 7.711 7.351 10.902 6.094 5.980 5.845 5.801 5.920 5.321 5.582 13.039 12.994 12.844 11.553 11.703 9.794 12.211 12.197 9.590 11.827 10.932 11.106 10.268

81 [l/s]

82 [i/s]

tchf

24.8304 7246.37 3278.03 43.7099 56.0931 0.14387 57.7036 3.45221 4.90240 0.13843 11.0969 4067.90 1752.05 2444.91 1507.19 1108.43 0.12576 162.714 17.6243 806.445 1239.03 6.45026 393.876 702.415 698.844 845.497 844.913 844.916 14.6032 14.9856 20.1184 5.49449 6.03298 1152.50 2944.73 7387.41 11214.2 1735.88 401.117 2537.60 736.860 2011.35 583.869 2456.86 33.2392 3569.16 24.3773 13.3143 556.616 6.89802 968.177 5269.71 18.2102 1072.34 1659.41 1663.36 3483.41 11.8015 746.769 23.4515 1361.68 64.7572 297.121 7.10352 1812.67 2124.72 3137.72 1104.86 586.938 466.496 35.1614

0.15219 0.14291 0.15149 0.15297 0.14947 54.2990 0.14452 0.14735 0.13040 13.6370 0.15158 0.15278 0.12507 0.14031 0.09254 0.11058 12487.1 0.14531 0.08754 0.09135 0.08932 0.08735 0.07900 0.10020 0.09418 0.07693 0.09229 0.08927 0.08150 0.08529 0.08520 0.11671 0.11382 0.08065 0.09116 0.08935 0.09045 0.09668 0.09408 0.10415 0.10053 0.11394 0.11295 0.10778 0.10741 0.10420 0.10999 0.10264 0.08991 0.09620 0.06359 0.11375 0.11698 0.11860 0.11950 0.11710 0.13027 0.12609 0.05317 0.05352 0.05397 0.06008 0.05924 0.07181 0.05677 0.05683 0,07228 0.05861 0.06341 0.06243 0.06769

2.500 4.340 3.350 2.640 2.150 3.280 2.550 3.200 2.250 3.570 2.450 1.700 2.750 1.800 8.850 4.700 2.900 1.450 8.950 6.750 5.100 70.750 9.550 8.000 8.300 5.750 5.100 4.600 4.100 6.350 4.700 4.470 3.150 8.350 5.150 4.250 8.950 5.900 4.800 3.100 5.820 4.200 3.300 2.850 4.080 2.900 3.600 2.540 4.600 2.900 1.850 2.950 1.930 5.530 4.150 3.380 2.180 1.600 12.300 9.900 7.500 14.100 12.200 9.200 9.300 7.300 5.400 4.900 7.800 5.750 5.700

Is]

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux

Table 2. Name

2B8 2C8 2D8 2E8 2F8 2G8 2H8 218 2L8 3A8 3B8 3C8 3D8 3E8 3F8 3G8 3H8 4A8 4B8 4C8 4D8 4E8 4F8 4G8 4H8 418 4L8 4M8 4N8

Pi,o [MPa]

Pe,o [MPa]

Ti,o [°C]

2.019 2.012 2.028 2.025 2.033 2.032 2.024 2.024 2.032 1.555 1.567 1.554 1.570 1.562 1.576 1.569 1.568 1.262 1.265 1.268 1.262 1.276 1.281 1.277 1.279 1.278 1.280 1.288 1.291

1.989 1.978 1.993 1.988 1.988 1.992 1.991 1.991 1.992 1.522 1.531 1.520 1.521 1.524 1.526 1.519 1.525 1.226 1.231 1.230 1.225 1.236 1.233 1.223 1.229 1.227 1.231 1.238 1.243

50.20 49.84 50.20 50.05 50.08 49.75 49.98 49.97 50.14 36.19 36.03 36.00 36.11 35.90 36.00 36.37 36.19 28.06 28.20 28.13 27.90 28.46 28.41 28.00 28.49 28.42 28.35 28.28 28.04

L = 1.18 m Name

7A1 7B1 7C1 7D1 7E1 7F1 7A5 7B5 7C5 7D5 7E5 7F5 7A4 7C4 7A6 7B6 7C6 7B3 7C3 7D3 7E3 7B2 7C2 7D2 7E2 7F2 7A7 7B7 7C7 7D7 7E7 7D8 7E8 7F8

Pi,o [MPa]

Pe,o [MPa]

2.029 2.031 2.020 2.017 2.008 2.016 2.008 2.008 2.016 2.031 2.033 2.041 2.016 2.016 2.018 2.016 2.019 2.019 2.030 2.022 2.008 2.003 2.036 2.016 2.014 2.014 2.016 2.031 2.032 2.021 2.018 2.020 2.025 2.026

1.988 1.997 1.988 1.988 1.986 1.990 1.976 1.980 1.992 1.991 1.992 1.993 1.981 1.985 1.986 1.980 1.988 1.981 1.984 1.984 1.979 1.980 1.988 1.984 1.988 1.977 1.993 1.996 1.982 1.982 1.983 1.984 1.987 1.990

Gi,o

(Continued) q"

[kg/m*s][kW/m'] 1010.1 1264.9 1247.4 1247.1 1470.0 1469.9 1470.5 1479.2 1472.9 1018.0 1009.3 1252.1 1250.8 1481.4 1472.2 1478.1 1468.2 1005.3 1004.7 1005.4 1247.4 1241.5 1248.9 1482.0 1475.3 1482.6 1470.8 1476.0 1471.8

51.077 46.614 51.076 55.606 46.642 51.018 55.573 60.060 64.573 58.325 62.807 62.862 67.134 62.834 67.303 71.763 76.290 62.843 67.262 70.044 62.918 71.801 76.277 62.821 67.190 71.783 76.236 80.768 85.287

9.672 12.663 13.032 11.717 12.506 14.668 12.814 12.651 10.715 10.734 9.464 11.666 10.216 15.092 12.235 11.358 12.412 13.653 11.376 11.554 13.253 12.076 10.358 13.528 12.997 13.674 12.723 12.047 10.669

81 [l/s]

82 [I/s]

tchf [s]

28.3426 4297.99 630.049 1889.22 11088.5 1084.00 7541.08 2779.94 261.848 1148.34 27.5110 394.950 284.581 364.357 558.914 0.06103 995.914 348.980 891.079 2851.69 4801.54 6810.00 1155.33 4935.79 577.152 531.269 3054.79 1215.04 2695.79

0.07193 0.05474 0.05320 0.05916 0.05543 0.04726 0.05409 0.05479 0.06472 0.06458 0.07352 0.05943 0.06787 0.04594 0.05666 14134.5 0.05585 0.05078 0.06094 0.06000 0.05230 0.05740 0.06692 0.05124 0.05334 0.05070 0.05448 0.05754 0.06497

3.800 11.100 8.350 5.800 13.500 12.700 8.700 7.300 3.600 4.250 2.600 6.300 4.100 12.800 7.400 5.200 3.800 8.600 4.100 2.450 12.300 4.800 2.500 14.500 10.800 8.900 5.250 3.500 1.850

81 [l/s]

82 [l/s]

tchf [s]

46057.3 316.592 6923.28 18243.8 15925.3 5230.97 1.03901 2.74364 10.3833 17.9002 10.9689 24.0244 1433.33 26.4192 6130.74 913.939 481.457 1.49268 1.70204 1.69956 2.25739 0.88456 1.52536 2.69795 8.39628 1714.79 25411.3 458.821 1195.62 828.892 1025.19 565.532 668.238 627.761

3.09937 3.15694 3.34791 3.38760 3.45079 5.10664 0.38958 0.29212 0.20630 0.20298 0.21854 0.20347 0.16026 0.13248 0.12195 0.13047 0.13271 1.96191 1.66437 1.53804 1.29660 0.98757 0.66409 0.50099 0.38423 0.32102 0.06622 0.07315 0.08044 0.08373 0.09741 0.06158 0.06428 0.06310

D=7.72 mm

Ti,o G1,o • q" [°C] [kg/m's][kW/m'] 50.47 50.87 50.13 50.18 50.07 50.17 50.29 50.01 50.15 50.21 49.93 50.26 50.11 51.02 50.19 50.34 50.38 50.18 50.52 50.56 50.22 50.36 50.46 50.37 49.88 50.17 50.86 50.70 50.49 50.31 50.19 50.60 50.67 51.09

th [s]

1488.5 1467.2 1476.8 1465.2 1465.9 1468.9 1467.8 1475.2 1471.6 1475.8 1470.0 1463.2 1487.9 1461.5 1478.7 1492.1 1475.6 1471.6 1463.9 1460.1 1459.6 1474.4 1473.9 1479.0 1446.1 1474.5 1465.9 1466.2 1460.7 1464.0 1459.0 1461.0 1458.6 1463.6

76.328 83.781 90.668 97.870 104.610 111.913 77.093 84.162 91.056 98.146 105.110 112.193 97.982 111.917 97.887 104.872 112.000 83.851 90.679 97.671 104.649 83.722 90.563 97.646 104.617 111.550 100.756 104.897 108.310 111.585 115.278 108.468 111.937 113.094

th [s] 0.224 0.223 0.207 0.205 0.201 0.136 2.827 2.758 3.457 3.471 3.264 3.448 4.326 5.270 5.684 5.314 5.225 0.986 0.997 1.039 1.003 1.797 1.752 1.786 1.926 2.160 10.467 9.477 8.617 8.280 7.117 11.258 10.784 10.987

1.350 1.140 1.000 0.750 0.600 0.300 4.550 4.250 4.250 3.320 2.350 1.500 3.800 1.150 4.500 2.500 1.350 2.000 1.770 1.650 1.400 2.900 2.520 2.300 1.700 0.900 6.300 4.000 2.850 1.850 0.900 3.400 1.600 1.400

87

88

G . P . Celata et al.

Experimental decay curves of the pressure at the exit of the test channel can be approximated by the exponential expression

p ( t ) = Po~ + (Pe,o - p ~ . ) e x p ( - t / r p )

(2)

where poo is the asymptotic value of the pressure at the end of the transient; Pe,o is the pressure before the transient; and Zp is the depressurization time constant. The onset of CHF is defined by the departure from the decreasing time-dependent trend of the wall temperature, the latter being linked to the pressure decrease and then to the decrease of the fluid saturation temperature. Rewetting may be defined by the restoration of the above-described trend of the wall temperature, linked to the pressure decrease. Experimental data are reported in Table 3. Power Transient Experiments Power transient experiments were carried out according to either step or ramp variations of the input power. The test matrix of power transient experiments is as follows: Pressure, p (MPa) Inlet mass flux, Gi. 0 [kg/(m 2 • s)]

1.2; 1.5; 2.0; 2.75 1000; 1250; 1470

The initial values of the thermal powers delivered to the fluid at the beginning of the transient, Wo, and at the end of the transient, Wo~, (in the case of step variations), are linked to W~s, p and G, that are reported in Table 4. The values of W0 were fixed such that the difference between Wss and W0 (margin to crisis, M ) was always equal to 0.5, 1.0, or 1.7 kW. In a similar manner, the values of Woo were chosen such that the difference between W~ and W~s (excess to the crisis, E) was always equal to 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, or 2.0 kW. For the rampwise heat input increase, the transient rapidity is characterized by the time required to reach a thermal power equal to 1.5 times the initial value, Wo; we indicate it with t*, having investigated the range t* (s)

In the case of ramp power transients, the time-dependent expression of the thermal power given to the test channel during the transient, W(t), can be approximated as

1.3; 1.8; 2.2; 2.6; 3.6

The thermal input to the test section during a transient is not, however, of a stepwise nature, owing to the finite time constants of the electrical power system. The time-dependent expression of the input power to the test section wall, W(t), is approximated by the expression

W ( t ) = Woo + XzX?2(Woo - W o ) [ ( a l + ta2)exp(Xlt) + ( b , + tb2)exp(k2t)]

(3)

W(t)

= W 0 -[- o¢~2[(~1 -I- Ezt)e×' + (3", +

3,zt)]

(4)

where 2 et = - ~ ;

1 e2 = - ~ ;

2 3't = - ~ ;

1 3'2 = ~-~

Parameters X I and k 2 in Eq. (3) (step power variations) have the physical meaning of the inverse of the time constants of the electrical feeding system, which can be represented by two in-series delay blocks (each with a transfer function characterized by a pole of multiplicity 2). Concerning ramp power variations, Eq. (4), the electrical feeding system can be represented by only a delay block of the same kind, characterized by X. Constants al, a2, b 1, b 2, e l, 62, 3'1, and 3'2 are the residuals of the above-mentioned transfer functions Constants h~, ~ , h are obtained by means of a best-fit procedure of Eqs. (3) and (4) through the experimental values of W(t). As far as the parameter c~ is concerned, it is defined as the slope of W(t) for t > 31XI, after which the curve is a straight line. In fact, X is the time constant of the ramp; therefore after 3X it is reasonable to assume the asymptotic trend. In mathematical terms,

The actual power input to the fluid, Wf, depends not only on the response of the electrical power system as discussed above, but also on the thermal capacity of the test section material wall. Assuming that the test section tube can be characterized by an average temperature T w, we can write

Wf(t)

=

W(t) --

dYw (OCpV)m

(s)

dt

where p is the density, cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, and V is the volume of the test section tube. Since the heat flux to the fluid can be also expressed in terms of the heat transfer coefficient from the wall to the fluid, h, the heat transfer area S, and the bulk fluid temperature Tb,

with 2 =

-

[x,(x,-

(6)

W f ( t ) = hS[Tw(t ) - Tb]

1 +

'

the heat balance equation (5) becomes 1

a 2 ---

x,(x

-

[ bI = -

2

l

[)k2(~k2- ~ ~kl) 3] "31- [ ~k2(~k2 -~ ~kl) 2]

1 b2 -

dTw

x,) 2'

-

x,) :'

W ( t ) = hS[Tw(t ) - Ttj ] + (pCpV)m dt

] '

(7)

This equation can now be solved for the wall temperature distribution Tw by using the stainless steel test section material properties and either Eq. (3) or (4) for the test section input power distribution. To get a simpler and quicker solution of (7), Tb and h are assumed to be constant and equal to

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux

Table 3. Pressure Transients Data L=

2.30 m

Name

Pi,o [MPa]

Pe,o [MPa]

1A0 1B0 lC0 1D0 1E0 1F0 1G0 1H0 110 1L0 1M0 1N0 100 1P0 1Q0 1R0 2A0 2B0 2C0 2D0 2E0 2F0 2G0 2H0 210 2L0 2M0 2N0 200 2P0 2Q0 2R0 2S0 2T0 2U0 3A0 3B0 3C0 3D0 3E0 3F0 3G0 3H0 310 3L0 3M0 3N0 300 3P0 3Q0 3R0 3S0 3T0 3U0 1AI 1B1 1C1 1D1 1E1 1F1 1GI 1H1 111

2.7607 2.7420 2.7539 2.7554 2.7480 2.7531 2.7525 2.7530 2.7467 2.7508 2.7507 2.7466 2.7492 2.7501 2.7490 2.7494 2.0274 2.0226 2.0293 2.0231 2.0179 2.0314 2.0212 2.0146 2.0171 2.0097 2.0110 2.0139 2.0174 2.0106 2.0090 2.0099 2.0106 2.0086 2.0232 1.5677 1.5630 1.5672 1.5618 1.5691 1.5704 1.5611 1.5571 1.5657 1.5592 1.5543 1.5655 1.5553 1.5584 1.5564 1.5611 1.5606 1.5575 1.5573 2.7496 2.7379 2.7527 2.7621 2.7536 2.7590 2.7518 2.7444 2.7450

2.7229 2.7018 2.7144 2.7160 2.7094 2.7213 2.7157 2.7175 2.7118 2.7175 2.7142 2.7153 2.7183 2.7155 2.7158 2.7175 1.9884 1.9823 1.9874 1.9850 1.9791 1.9950 1.9851 1.9819 1.9795 1.9787 1.9789 1.9806 1.9863 1.9812 1.9890 1.9839 1.9765 1.9699 1.9918 1.5232 1.5194 1.5238 1.5168 1.5268 1.5290 1.5187 1.5189 1.5266 1.5186 1.5167 1.5294 1.5183 1.5259 1.5206 1.5257 1.5269 1.5234 1.5264 2.7133 2.7015 2.7172 2.7256 2.7187 2.7226 2.7167 2.7139 2.7118

q" Ti,o Gi,o [°C] [kg/m'sl[kW/m'] 64.98 65.05 64.99 64.98 65.11 65.02 65.01 65.00 64.97 65.01 64.96 64.98 65.04 65.03 65.06 64.98 49.01 49.03 49.01 48.96 48.96 48.93 49.03 48.97 48.98 49.03 48.97 48.94 49.02 49.01 49.01 49.09 48.98 49.04 49.00 37.01 36.99 37.04 36.98 37.01 36.97 37.03 37.02 36.98 37.06 36.97 36.96 37.06 37.04 37.00 36.99 36.93 37.03 37.02 65.11 65.11 65.18 65.01 65.23 65.06 65.06 64.94 64.95

1466.3 1468.2 1472.3 1460.8 1462.4 1243.9 1239.1 1241.6 1241.2 1238.8 1249.1 1009.1 1013.3 1007.8 1016.7 1005.9 1473.4 1477.6 1476.6 1472.1 1474.5 1448.9 1236.4 1225.8 1231.6 1230.7 1232.7 1227.6 1228.9 1006.6 1000.7 1010.7 1001.4 1001.7 1010.8 1455.2 1451.9 1452.1 1452.5 1434.2 1442.1 1454.2 1238.9 1254.8 1251.1 1247.8 1246.1 1251.9 1016.9 1022.8 1013.7 1018.0 1016.1 1019.8 1453.4 1458.6 1448.7 1462.1 1455.0 1455.1 1451.5 1258.9 1259.7

63.653 57.123 50.225 46.564 42.981 55.549 49.330 44.808 39.467 37.632 35.872 48.402 42.984 37.626 32.266 30.415 69.029 60.996 53.854 50.229 46.659 44.930 62.777 57.378 53.809 48.454 43.102 37.687 35.938 53.813 48.485 43.116 37.714 32.346 28.731 79.009 75.351 71.832 68.204 64.674 62.805 61.061 71.762 68.260 64.614 61.048 57.529 55.668 64.695 61.076 57.402 53.932 52.065 50.318 60.801 55.448 53.607 51.869 51.041 50.134 49.143 53.784 50.230

p~ [MPa]

Tp [s]

T w,o [oc]

1.7133 1.6950 1.6943 1.6730 1.5666 1.6951 1.6503 1.6758 1.5331 1.6303 1.6614 1.6809 1.6852 1.6363 1.5969 1.5747 1.2048 1.1754 1.2006 1.1509 1.1805 1.1419 1.1841 1.1730 1.1194 1.1006 1.0988 1.0722 1.0738 1.1143 1.0960 1.1014 1.0865 1.0805 1.0617 1.1099 1.1094 1.1023 1.1083 1.1405 1.0746 1.0640 1.0953 1.1066 1.1263 1.1098 1.0999 1.0988 1.1141 1.1187 1.0666 1.0809 1.0447 1.0833 1.8191 1.7997 1.8149 1.8059 1.8205 1.8135 1.8108 1.8235 1.7854

1.469 1.697 1.780 2.114 2.575 1.449 1.807 1.919 2.941 2.211 2.100 1.415 1.482 1.937 2.195 2.313 0.870 0.934 1.014 1.155 1.080 1.228 0.801 0.887 1.051 1.091 1.095 1.235 1.326 0.872 0.849 0.901 1.059 1.029 1.193 1.119 0.970 1.081 1.057 0.794 1.216 1.263 0.936 0.900 0.888 1.105 0.995 0.910 0.700 0.827 0.884 1.042 0.887 1.000 1.997 2.358 2.387 2.579 2.492 2.694 2.686 1.970 2.513

93.44 92.08 90.91 91.04 91.04 91.68 91.90 91.00 90.27 91.27 90.22 91.58 90.99 91.22 90.32 90.59 75.80 74.58 74.62 74.22 73.54 74.44 75.98 74.22 74.49 74.13 73.13 73.31 73.54 74.31 74.22 73.27 73.36 72.32 72.54 65.91 63.16 63.66 63.03 62.94 62.99 62.36 63.44 62.22 62.22 62.04 61.10 61.09 65.51 62.49 62.62 61.72 61.59 61.68 93.79 91.62 91.80 91.07 91.23 90.80 90.98 92.92 91.38

tchf [s] 0.490 0.620 0.810 1.340 2.030 0.360 0.490 0.780 1.590 2.410 2.650 0.390 0.330 0.850 2.100 2.750 0.550 0.840 0.990 1.170 1.340 1.580 0.800 0.830 0.960 0.980 1.080 1.300 1.550 0.810 0.940 0.900 0.970 1.200 2.070 0.430 0.490 0.750 0.760 1.010 1.340 1.360 0.500 0.480 0.630 1.150 1.310 1.300 0.330 0.510 0.580 0.890 1.270 1.500 0.430 0.670 0.780 1.200 1.230 1.410 1.430 0.440 0.640

Tw,chf [°Cl 92.14 89.92 86.21 84.36 79.66 90.91 89.87 86.61 81.78 76.91 73.84 89.69 89.46 85.98 79.48 73.84 73.54 70.52 69.35 65.96 62.67 59.78 73.68 71.29 70.88 69.07 64.11 60.91 58.88 71.29 70.38 67.81 64.33 59.91 52.62 64.57 61.19 60.74 59.08 56.56 55.08 54.63 61.60 60.38 58.94 55.75 53.33 52.43 63.03 60.16 59.39 56.02 53.33 52.52 92.62 89.11 88.66 85.96 86.09 84.97 84.88 91.48 88.95

t few [sl

T w,rew [°C]

4.770 4.120 2.310

90.36 88.12 80.26

4.800 3.480 3.150 2.840

91.04 85.03 79.68 74.43

5.430 4.330 3.470 3.640

93.31 90.62 81.55 77.66

9.590 5.320 3.870 2.750 2.070

82.01 79.07 72.68 66.47 61.46

9.610 6.910 4.370 2.480 1.750 9.100 5.290 3.960 3.850 2.860 2.310

86.54 79.67 71.23 63.45 59.47 78.25 76.08 72.90 69.51 63.09 53.25

13.800 1 0 2 . 6 6 7.230 90.45 4.040 77.86 2.510 66.93 2.220 61.62 1.870 57.34 10.210 4.580 2.740 1.970 1.400

97.23 81.39 67.79 58.42 53.01

7.370 90.86 4.700 79.54 3.180 69.28 2.850 64.64 1.750 53.78 14.240 112.31 8.660 100.55 6.890 95.34 5.750 93.67 4.800 91.12 3.470 82.14 9.990 100.92

89

90

G . P . Celata et al. Table 3. Name

1L1 1N1 101 1P1 1Q1 1R1 1SI 1T1 2A1 2B1 2C1 2D1 2E1 2F1 2G1 2H1 211 2L1 2M1 2N1 201 2P1 2Q1 2R1 3A1 3B1 3C1 3DI 3E1 3F1 3G1 3H1 311 3L1 3MI 3N1 301 3P1 3Q1 3R1 3Sl 3T1 1A2 IB2 IC2 1D2 IE2 IF2 IG2 1H2 112 1L2 IM2 1N2 102 192 2A2 2B2 2C2 2D2 2E2 2F2 2G2 2H2 212 2L2 2M2 2N2 202 2P2 2Q2

Pi,o [HPa)

[zcPa ]

2.7529 2.7565 2.7511 2.7534 2.7498 2.7446 2.7353 2.7505 2.0253 2.0245 2.0217 2.0157 2.0143 2.0150 2.0095 2.0183 2.0114 2.0149 2.0180 2.0179 2.0119 2.0102 2.0066 2.0174 1.5624 1.5672 1.5605 1.5621 1.5620 1.5530 1.5655 1.5587 1.5627 1.5620 1.5576 1.5547 1.5562 1.5530 1.5515 1.5509 1.5518 1.5515 2.7631 2.7621 2.7515 2.7483 2.7441 2.7432 2.7548 2.7494 2.7477 2.7464 2.7542 2.7508 2.7559 2.7523 2.0276 2.0252 2.0194 2.0218 2.0172 2.0271 2.0167 2.0153 2.0223 2.0136 2.0112 2.0197 2.0115 2.0202 2.0210

2.7213 2.7238 2.7236 2.7237 2.7203 2.7148 2.7048 2.7200 1.9853 1.9847 1.9823 1.9768 1.9816 1.9841 1.9751 1.9845 1.9814 1.9818 1.9843 1.9857 1.9852 1.9789 1.9822 1.9828 1.5183 1.5245 1.5184 1.5193 1.5211 1.5103 1.5259 1.5214 1.5229 1.5241 1.5216 1.5171 1.5209 1.5175 1.5176 1.5176 1.5177 1.5185 2.7229 2.7252 2.7133 2.7131 2.7052 2.7090 2.7200 2.7134 2.7137 2.7139 2.7201 2.7190 2.7216 2.7210 1.9881 1.9888 1.9808 1.9871 1.9810 1.9871 1.9843 1.9800 1.9853 1.9773 1.9805 1.9884 1.9820 1.9945 1.9949

Pero

Ti, °

Gi, °

q"

[°C] [kg/m2s][kW/m *] 65.17 64.98 64.89 64.93 65.05 64.91 65.13 65.10 49.11 49.04 48.93 49.05 49.00 49.10 49.05 49.08 49.06 48.99 49.02 49.09 48.96 49.05 49.00 49.11 36.84 37.09 37.09 37.02 37.06 37.01 37.08 37.03 37.10 36.98 36.99 37.01 37.00 37.01 36.96 37.03 36.95 36.97 64.98 65.05 65.03 65.01 65.09 65.04 65.01 64.98 65.08 65.02 64.96 65.02 65.03 65.06 48.99 49.05 48.97 49.14 49.09 48.97 48.93 49.02 48.99 49.00 48.97 48.98 49.94 49.05 48.93

1253.0 1248.2 1021.0 1014.0 1016.8 1017.7 1015.9 1010.7 1475.2 1481.6 1471.7 1475.9 1479.2 1245.1 1245.1 1238.0 1237.5 1240.2 1234.9 1011.7 1007.7 1014.4 1010.8 1008.7 1457.0 1461.4 1460.3 1458.4 1452.6 1460.2 1233.1 1233.2 1230.1 1228.8 1226.2 1225.1 1000.6 1003.9 999.9 1000.8 1000.8 1000.8 1457.3 1450.9 1452.4 1440.3 1446.3 1226.5 1229.8 1227.7 1221.5 1006.9 1013.7 993.6 1012.9 1012.4 1482.4 1482.2 1481.2 1481.4 1483.0 1473.0 1250.8 1254.1 1260.8 1258.0 1261.7 1249.2 1017.3 1014.1 1023.0

46.607 43.836 48.460 42.952 41.230 39.423 37.605 36.666 69.003 62.853 60.887 59.155 58.232 60.997 57.392 55.704 53.796 51.975 51.049 53.795 50.287 46.651 44.839 43.076 77.097 73.588 69.930 68.232 66.450 65.526 69.971 66.360 62.856 59.206 57.473 56.553 62.807 59.288 55.657 53.828 52.178 51.164 63.597 60.849 58.215 57.281 56.471 55.554 53.699 52.864 52.000 48.355 46.546 45.686 44.797 43.853 69.020 66.310 64.494 63.585 62.712 61.843 61.034 59.116 58.331 57.374 56.454 55.669 56.479 53.839 52.027

(Continued) p=

[Ml~a] 1.8139 1.8097 1.7719 1.7907 1.7666 1.7662 1.7654 1.7626 1.3651 1.3753 1.3695 1.3561 1.3521 1.3312 1.3315 1.3181 1.3137 1.3018 1.2967 1.3201 1.2838 1.2632 1.2552 1.2299 1.1158 1.1040 1.1097 1.1071 1.1116 1.1048 1.0739 1.0702 1.0768 1.0624 1.0518 1.0582 1.0756 1.0756 1.0607 1.0533 1.0370 1.0316 2.1630 2.1523 2.1156 2.1465 2.1229 2.0645 2.0508 2.0512 2.0583 1.9800 1.9848 1.9875 1.9610 1.9848 1.4838 1.4832 1.4852 1.4587 1.4668 1.4440 1.4209 1.4571 1.4532 1.4627 1.4378 1.4362 1.3930 1.4243 1.4304

Tp

Tw, °

tch f

[s]

[°C]

Is]

Tw,chf [°C]

trew IS]

0.880 2.770 0.470 0.520 0.770 1.580 3.100 4.010 0.430 0.580 0.940 1.320 1.500 0.500 0.640 0.730 1.400 2.050 1.600 0.440 0.730 1.500 1.590 1.830 0.500 0.600 0.820 1.120 1.470 1.360 0.440 0.650 0.840 1.340 1.360 1.590 0.480 0.520 1.120 1.340 1.360 1.450 0.470 0.850 1.920 1.930 3.500 0.550 0.640 1.390 2.310 0.580 1.790 2.020 5.980 6.930 0.550 0.730 0.930 1.150 1.560 1.910 0.570 0.910 0.970 1.590 1.970 1.820 0.490 0.680 0.920

87.54 79.34 90.11 88.69 86.84 82.91 77.81 74.84 74.91 72.38 71.03 69.28 68.40 74.89 72.54 71.78 68.90 67.19 67.00 73.44 71.78 67.63 66.87 65.65 61.66 60.22 58.83 57.48 55.72 55.05 62.02 60.58 58.38 55.77 54.87 53.92 61.30 60.18 56.40 55.68 54.28 53.83 91.62 89.91 87.88 88.11 84.51 90.13 89.36 89.33 87.26 90.00 87.43 86.85 80.74 78.81 76.49 74.41 73.83 72.38 71.35 70.36 73.82 72.43 71.87 70.54 69.41 69.90 74.53 73.54 72.14

4.800 2.870

95.74 79.38

8.150 5.900 5.450 4.350 4.140

98.25 95.97 91.53 81.84 75.34

7.710 4.230 2.140 1.660

93.96 85.45 74.07 69.49

2.394 2.498 2.119 2.173 2.499 2.517 2.611 2.553 1.905 1.983 2.055 2.155 2.203 1.880 2.058 2.158 2.216 2.462 2.314 1.945 2.091 2.363 2.441 2.594 1.183 1.291 1.297 1.431 1.391 1.354 1.200 1.331 1.262 1.390 1.412 1.338 1.156 1.163 1.338 1.298 1.389 1.421 2.954 3.403 4.095 3.644 3.828 3.805 4.298 4.421 4.575 4.417 4.690 4.694 5.147 4.659 1.994 2.430 2.423 2.674 2.514 2.846 2.511 2.493 2.522 2.479 2.790 2.685 2.418 2.464 2.524

91.55 90.78 91.23 90.50 90.41 90.14 89.77 90.18 75.89 74.95 75.17 74.86 74.43 76.56 75.33 75.06 74.88 74.93 74.30 74.75 74.66 74.16 74.25 73.98 63.64 62.92 62.70 62.70 62.29 61.61 63.73 63.73 62.97 62.52 62.24 62.24 63.15 62.61 62.06 62.24 61.66 61.88 92.66 91.48 91.30 90.85 91.07 90.94 90.67 90.98 91.17 91.21 90.98 91.12 90.53 90.71 77.84 76.30 76.30 75.58 75.85 75.99 75.22 75.22 74.93 75.35 75.13 75.74 75.83 75.56 75.24

Tw, rew [°C]

8.450 96.09 7.200 92.27 4.600 83.45 2.900 69.87 2.160 70.49 14.020 102.11 8.120 93.41 5.100 82.78 3.340 74.80 2.260 68.28 8.180 3.680 2.750 2.040 1.850

92.84 77.05 69.63 61.18 56.22

5.920 3.820 2.280 1.830 1.680

86.93 76.91 63.26 55.59 53.79

5.580 3.480 2.810 2.370 2.150

84.66 71.94 65.61 61.55 58.44

7.520 100.32 6.940 99.18 3.710 85.28

6.690 101.17 3.590 89.81

16.140 7.090

99.30 79.58

9.580 5.220 5.150 3.060 2.020 15.800 6.630 6.970 3.860 2.580 3.100 24.650 11.680 8.310

102.00 90.95 89.37 80.49 70.72 101.78 94.86 93.76 80.13 70.82 69.92 100.63 103.48 96.59

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux Table 3. Name

2R2 2S2 2T2 3A2 3B2 3C2 3D2 3E2 3F2 3G2 3H2 312 3L2 3M2 3N2 3P2 3Q2 3R2 3S2 4A2 4B2 4C2 4D2 4E2 4F2 4G2 4H2 412 4L2 4M2 4N2 402 2A3 2B3 2C3 2D3 2E3 2F3 2G3 2H3 213 2L3 2/43 203 3A3 3B3 3C3 3D3 3E3 3F3 3G3 3H3 313 3L3 3M3 3N3 303 3P3 4A3 4B3 4C3 4D3 4E3 4F3 4G3 4H3 413 4L3 4M3 4N3 403

Pi,o [MPa]

Pe,o [MPa]

2.0102 2.0177 2.0131 1.5653 1.5601 1.5621 1.5610 1.5514 1.5604 1.5621 1.5642 1.5621 1.5667 1.5636 1.5608 1.5569 1.5573 1.5572 1.5697 1.2762 1.2824 1.2755 1.2702 1.2709 1.2675 1.2748 1.2716 1.2676 1.2699 1.2635 1.2636 1.2682 2.0334 2.0255 2.0290 2.0234 2.0086 2.0167 2.0180 2.0214 2.0166 2.0178 2.0160 2.0162 1.5720 1.5654 1.5657 1.5661 1.5646 1.5609 1.5671 1.5618 1.5592 1.5550 1.5569 1.5555 1.5558 1.5598 1.2833 1.2750 1.2785 1.2818 1.2775 1.2747 1.2757 1.2775 1.2729 1.2691 1.2715 1.2639 1.2649

1.9802 1.9789 1.9825 1.5205 1.5156 1.5183 1.5156 1.5069 1.5209 1.5237 1.5245 1.5220 1.5284 1.5252 1.5250 1.5234 1.5239 1.5239 1.5270 1.2278 1.2344 1.2276 1.2273 1.2282 1.2233 1.2324 1.2285 1.2309 1.2330 1.2260 1.2271 1.2308 1.9922 1.9811 1.9870 1.9814 1.9703 1.9816 1.9813 1.9835 1.9851 1.9845 1.9834 1.9811 1.5267 1.5213 1.5220 1.5213 1.5242 1.5228 1.5290 1.5228 1.5208 1.5204 1.5241 1.5241 1.5225 1.5268 1.2315 1.2237 1.2280 1.2310 1.2264 1.2276 1.2309 1.2329 1.2288 1.2254 1.2330 1.2238 1.2268

q" Ti,o Gx,o [oC] [kg/mZs][kW/m , ] 49.09 48.98 48.93 37.00 37.03 37.04 37.05 37.05 36.98 37.02 37.02 37.04 37.01 37.00 37.03 37.01 37.00 36.97 37.01 27.01 27.06 27.07 26.98 27.03 27.02 26.97 26.99 26.97 26.95 26.96 27.01 27.05 49.03 48.99 49.01 49.05 49.04 48.91 49.01 49.06 49.00 49.06 49.12 48.93 37.05 37.04 37.03 37.06 36.95 37.04 37.01 36.93 37.06 36.99 36.99 36.94 37.06 36.99 27.00 27.04 27.06 26.98 27.04 26.98 26.92 27.01 27.07 27.03 27.01 27.11 26.98

1023.0 1018.1 1016.4 1475.9 1485.4 1498.4 1491.0 1498.7 1255.4 1248.0 1247.8 1253.9 1248.0 1245.6 1011.8 1022.7 1018.0 1019.0 1016.9 1488.3 1491.1 1483.5 1253.5 1250.3 1255.4 1254.4 1257.2 1025.7 1021.0 1027.1 1021.5 1020.6 1472.6 1469.4 1471.5 1469.7 1237.6 1232.9 1236.9 1238.9 1011.9 1012.7 1005.3 1007.7 1482.3 1476.6 1480.7 1477.6 1250.2 1250.1 1246.7 1251.4 1250.7 1016.2 1016.2 1014.5 1013.0 1020.4 1480.9 1480.2 1478.9 1480.1 1478.7 1248.7 1245.3 1246.8 1247.1 1245.7 1011.1 1013.0 1009.7

50.204 48.431 47.490 79.087 77.179 75.411 73.611 72.599 71.783 70.001 68.263 66.452 65.598 64.630 64.637 61.104 59.260 58.331 57.454 86.227 84.437 83.447 80.847 79.045 77.273 75.459 74.528 71.848 70.108 68.242 67.383 66.501 69.050 66.309 65.507 64.609 62.724 60.969 60.075 59.252 56.488 53.848 52.003 50.239 79.002 77.071 75.321 74.397 71.764 69.968 69.123 68.235 67.352 64.557 62.912 61.959 60.981 60.090 88.096 87.078 86.201 85.362 84.379 80.844 79.012 78.030 77.225 76.344 73.908 71.726 70.059

(Continued) Pm

TW, °

tch f

Tw,ch f

tre w

Tw, rew

|MPa]

Is]

Tp

[°c]

[s]

[*c]

Is]

[*c]

1.3963 1.3781 1.3595 1.2714 1.2918 1.2638 1.2167 1.2403 1.2229 1.2208 1.2123 1.1837 1.2519 1.2099 1.1846 1.1757 1.1726 1.1713 1.2374 1.0917 1.1237 1.0816 1.0763 1.0794 1.0763 1.0729 1.0790 1.0779 1.0687 1.0653 1.0576 1.0532 1.5908 1.5835 1.5625 1.5580 1.5334 1.5288 1.5462 1.5441 1.4900 1.4987 1.4721 1.4594 1.3079 1.2866 1.2938 1.3007 1.2870 1.2844 1.2872 1.2807 1.2745 1.2569 1.2557 1.2523 1.2452 1.2386 1.0977 1.0854 1.1016 1.1032 1.0995 1.0940 1.0888 1.0888 1.0836 1.0808 1.0577 1.0517 1.0455

2.699 2.845 2.979 1.574 1.516 1.655 2.226 1.755 1.723 1.722 1.874 2.419 1.452 2.088 1.795 2.250 2.212 2.129 1.484 0.605 0.631 0.729 0.647 0.622 0.673 0.625 0.720 0.608 0.854 0.698 0.820 0.766 3.001 3.256 3.627 3.787 3.193 3.440 3.385 3.409 3.472 3.625 3.989 4.160 1.750 1.849 2.012 1.894 1.846 1.979 2.091 2.151 2.248 1.784 2.028 2.200 2.294 2.401 0.865 0.896 0.907 0.958 0.900 0.906 0.978 1.002 1.209 1.097 0.950 0.904 1.026

75.02 74.84 75.02 63.83 63.38 63.06 62.30 62.25 62.75 63.20 62.43 62.39 62.57 62.57 63.97 61.93 62.61 61.93 61.98 55.24 53.53 53.71 53.53 53.62 53.12 52.94 53.26 53.07 52.99 52.45 52.45 52.81 77.59 76.23 75.42 75.78 77.45 76.77 76.55 76.23 76.46 76.28 75.78 75.42 64.86 63.78 62.88 63.42 63.24 63.28 63.06 62.47 62.38 63.96 63.51 63.10 63.37 62.97 54.67 54.85 54.49 54.49 54.45 54.40 54.13 53.82 53.68 53.68 55.26 53.59 53.82

1.600 1.500 1.870 0.450 0.770 1.240 1.390 1.840 0.580 0.690 0.950 1.630 1.820 1.750 0.350 0.860 1.560 1.460 1.680 0.580 0.820 1.030 0.440 0.730 0.820 1.360 1.290 0.450 0.850 1.340 1.530 1.570 0.620 1.520 1.810 2.220 0.710 1.560 1.710 2.580 0.550 1.390 1.670 3.850 0.720 0.910 1.120 1.770 0.630 1.510 1.260 1.580 1.830 0.630 0.990 1.210 1.570 2.140 0.600 0.830 1.010 1.170 1.240 0.560 1.000 0.940 1.410 1.570 0.500 0.640 0.840

69.98 5.960 89.21 69.71 4.630 83.58 68.86 2.740 71.67 63.02 12.710 109.67 61.85 4.710 89.31 60.14 2.910 75.00 59.05 3.020 73.42 57.61 1.970 58.20 61.26 10.850 103.69 61.08 6.300 92.96 59.36 5.120 86.64 58.38 3.210 72~56 58.56 2.140 61.59 57.70 1.880 58.15 62.16 9.960 103.64 59.64 5.420 85.50 58.69 3.200 72.42 57.65 3.020 70.38 57.11 2.290 59.65 53.72 4.550 85.01 51.74 2.520 68.98 50.71 2.290 64.51 52.59 7.490 96.64 51.60 3.800 78.98 50.43 2.580 68.04 48.96 2.050 56.53 49.45 1.770 51.66 51.55 4.030 79.57 50.66 3.000 71.25 48.87 1.980 56.80 48.28 1.980 53.83 47.92 1.700 48.56 76.42 73.73 4.640 89.79 72.20 3.760 81.56 71.93 2.370 72.38 76.29 74.54 9.170 100.79 73.37 6.230 92.20 72.30 3.900 77.63 75.25 73.45 10.860 102.85 72.47 6.860 92.80 67.81 4.030 68.94 63.83 6.860 98.76 61.98 4.450 86.33 61.04 2.710 72.07 60.23 1.920 60.69 62.16 8.170 99.36 61.45 3.970 81.89 60.54 3.210 74.51 59.65 2.800 67.06 58.97 2.010 60.60 62.79 8.410 100.68 61.49 5.530 89.50 60.86 4.460 82.84 60.28 3.140 73.70 59.56 2.490 61.46 53.33 6.430 93.98 52.97 3.890 80.77 52.66 2.760 71.22 52.26 2.380 66.16 52.12 1.360 52.17 53.28 5.130 88.34 51.85 3.300 74.52 51.80 2.710 69.23 51.09 2.180 56.05 50.51 1.790 50.64 54.09 8.440 99.71 51.75 3.980 79.01 51.58 3.120 70.32

91

92

G . P . Celata et al.

Table 3. Name

4P3 4Q3 1A3 1B3 1C3 1D3 1E3 1F3 1G3 1H3 113 1L3 1M3 1N3 103 2A4 2B4 2C4 2E4 2F4 2G4 2H4 214 2L4 3A4 3B4 3C4 3D4 3E4 3F4 3G4 3H4 314 3L4 3M4 4A4 4B4 4C4 4D4 4E4 4F4 4G4 4A1 4BI 4C1 4DI 4E1 4F1 4H1 411 4L1 4M1 4N1 4P1

Pi,o

Pe,o

[MPa]

[MPa]

1.2654 1.2630 2.7578 2.7682 2.7582 2.7612 2.7504 2.7531 2.7607 2.7524 2.7487 2.7473 2.7521 2.7442 2.7488 2.0222 2.0192 2.0277 2.0236 2.0153 2.0100 2.0120 2.0088 2.0078 1.5549 1.5597 1.5619 1.5615 1.5640 1.5624 1.5601 1.5530 1.5515 1.5574 1.5565 1.2827 1.2820 1.2864 1.2756 1.2722 1.2684 1.2670 1.2778 1.2792 1.2792 1.2743 1.2766 1.2774 1.2734 1.2705 1.2772 1.2730 1.2635 1.2623

1.2260 1.2241 2.7177 2.7310 2.7186 2.7217 2.7133 2.7159 2.7259 2.7178 2.7171 2.7127 2.7153 2.7118 2.7169 1.9864 1.9776 1.9891 1.9893 1.9831 1.9812 1.9797 1.9769 1.9793 1.5135 1.5181 1.5185 1.5258 1.5274 1.5240 1.5222 1.5204 1.5176 1.5251 1.5245 1.2324 1.2318 1.2363 1.2315 1.2280 1.2304 1.2288 1.2280 1.2295 1.2296 1.2252 1.2273 1.2287 1.2285 1.2274 1.2348 1.2307 1.2247 1.2241

Ti,o

Gi ,o q" ["C] [kg/m2sI[kW/m 2]

26.94 27.05 64.98 65.07 64.97 65.03 65.02 65.03 65.08 64.99 65.06 65.07 65.02 65.02 65.05 49.05 49.00 49.01 49.00 48.95 49.09 49.01 48.99 48.96 36.99 36.98 36.97 36.91 37.02 36.97 36.99 37.05 37.08 36.99 36.98 27.04 26.99 26.99 27.05 26.97 27.09 26.97 27.00 26.94 27.01 27.07 27.04 26.99 27.01 27.02 26.98 27.07 26.96 26.99

1021.7 1020.7 1474.5 1491.3 1472.9 1469.0 1470.6 1470.8 1229.1 1239.9 1239.6 1238.7 1008.6 1008.5 1010.0 1474.5 1471.9 1465.9 1247.6 1245.9 1008.0 1009.1 1008.6 1005.0 1478.0 1479.0 1477.4 1247.6 1245.4 1246.3 1251.5 1021.1 1017.8 1014.4 1022.5 1481.1 1480.4 1474.3 1250.2 1248.5 1014.8 1016.4 1496.5 1482.3 1481.2 1482.1 1483.6 1482.0 1243.1 1234.0 1248.8 1248.2 1006.4 1014.9

68.298 67.255 63.535 61.833 60.892 60.007 59.134 58.295 55.538 53.723 52.829 51.974 48.391 47.478 46.639 70.857 69.988 69.070 63.699 62.822 56.547 55.609 54.700 53.842 79.036 78.087 77.196 71.849 70.941 70.053 69.127 64.655 63.775 62.845 61.914 88.809 87.872 87.155 80.746 79.825 72.637 71.863 87.054 85.322 83.518 81.610 80.797 79.917 77.231 73.665 71.914 70.960 68.327 63.739

(Continued) pm [MPa]

Tp Is]

1.0296 1.118 1.0248 1.186 2.3441 2.890 2.3361 3.047 2.3274 3.567 2.3610 3.050 2.3444 3.453 2.3509 3.328 2.3020 3.871 2.3095 3.564 2.2720 4.105 2.2323 4.663 2.1882 4.588 2.1966 4.696 2.2043 4.718 1.7910 2.711 1.8006 2.553 1.7941 3.287 1.7746 3.826 1.7560 3.514 1.7262 3.598 1.7205 4.012 1.7352 3.736 1.7323 4.611 1.3679 1.531 1.3648 1.982 1.3725 2.516 1.3439 2.433 1.3293 3.132 1.3496 2.604 1.3678 2.317 1.3314 2.576 1.3278 3.031 1.3184 3.405 1.3077 3.541 1.1587 1.390 1.1571 1.416 1.1682 1.394 1.1345 1.496 1.1292 1.689 1.1233 1.681 1.1159 2.112 1.0723 0.663 1.0661 0.639 1.0555 0.739 1.0460 0.908 1.0418 0.844 1.0331 0.986 1.0141 0.878 0.9999 0.891 1.0125 0.613 1.0171 0.493 1.0033 0.426 1.2192 -0.242

Tw,o

tchf

Tw,chf

l°Cl

Is]

l°Cl

53.01 52.96 91.49 91.18 91.18 90.72 90.69 91.14 91.55 90.69 89.33 89.87 89.15 89.78 89.60 74.54 75.13 74.59 75.36 76.76 75.68 74.04 74.50 74.50 64.87 63.51 63.06 62.56 62.65 62.74 62.20 62.65 62.61 62.65 62.61 56.02 55.03 55.03 54.72 54.49 54.18 54.18 57.01 56.20 55.11 54.97 53.97 53.70 53.70 53.61 53.45 53.13 53.40 53.17

1.530 1.540 0.520 0.980 0.900 1.150 1.610 2.400 0.730 0.720 2.230 2.670 0.780 3.480 4.200 0.710 0.810 1.470 2.130 3.970 1.030 1.300 2.130 3.220 0.520 0.920 1.350 0.690 1.330 1.760 2.210 0.420 0.580 1.570 2.180 1.240 1.260 1.980 0.950 1.360 1.440 2.160 0.540 0.610 0.760 0.970 1.020 1.470 0.630 0.740 1.180 1.240 0.380 1.450

trew

[sI

Tw, rew

l°Cl

49.15 2.210 57.00 48.61 1.940 49.75 90.41 89.83 89.51 89.24 11.450 113.03 88.38 6.370 105.19 87.60 2.550 88.42 90.69 7.730 108.32 88.97 4.300 100.34 86.47 2.490 88.33 85.20 2.830 86.34 87.97 85.16 3.740 87.01 83.25 4.460 84.79 74.37 74.19 3.690 110.09 73.24 3.590 78.24 74.02 4.870 82.96 72.50 4.230 74.26 74.64 72.61 72.03 5.500 77.81 71.59 3.370 72.63 63.61 5.300 96.38 62.16 3.530 78.19 61.54 2.630 65.16 61.71 8.790 100.73 61.17 5.260 87.72 60.68 3.690 76.61 59.69 2.410 61.14 62.12 9.470 104.59 61.85 6.610 94.63 60.45 3.890 79.10 59.78 2.390 61.27 55.28 2.760 72.89 54.10 2.400 54.98 53.71 2.510 54.12 53.87 2.900 73.30 53.11 1.880 53.66 53.21 3.320 70.41 52.63 2.460 53.90 55.13 8.480 102.59 53.54 3.350 79.69 52.09 3.090 73.92 51.72 1.780 57.76 49.86 1.980 60.16 48.66 1.810 52.37 51.14 4.530 81.01 49.87 2.360 65.14 47.84 1.840 54.84 47.39 1.540 49.97 50.70 3.080 72.40 46.13 1.560 46.77

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux

93

Table 3. (Continued) L=

Name

5A0 5AI 5A2 5A3 5A4 5B1 5B2 5B3 5B4 5C0 5Cl 5C2 5C3 5C4 5D0 5D1 5D2 5D3 5D4 5E0 5E2 5E3 5E4 5F1 5F2 5F3 5G0 5G1 5G3 5H0 5H1 5H2 5H3 511 512 5L0 5L1 5M0

1.18 m

Pi,o

Pe,o

Ti,o

[l,tPa]

Ileal

[*c]

1.9783 1.9815 1.9812 1.9832 1.9984 1.9866 1.9745 1.9842 1.9894 1.8221 1.9831 1.9762 1.9848 1.9859 1.9882 1.9811 1.9823 1.9916 1.9768 1.9910 1.9817 1.9809 1.9801 1.9787 1.9809 1.9786 1.9965 1.9873 1.9742 1.9804 1.9872 1.9887 1.9773 1.9816 1.9705 1.9790 1.9838 1.9895

48.99 49.02 48.99 49.03 48.93 49.03 49.06 48.98 49.08 49.03 49.03 49.01 48.97 49.02 48.97 49.01 49.04 49.02 48.98 49.05 49.05 48.97 49.02 48.95 49.03 49.00 48.91 49.07 49.05 49.16 49.07 49.06 49.07 48.99 49.05 49.09 49.00 49.00

2.0191 2.0216 2.0238 2.0218 2.0317 2.0268 2.0166 2.0213 2.0290 1.8748 2.0268 2.0162 2.0277 2.0234 2.0293 2.0223 2.0225 2.0276 2.0096 2.0319 2.0250 2.0166 2.0139 2.0161 2.0196 2.0125 2.0261 2.0250 2.0112 2.0193 2.0206 2.0174 2.0105 2.0146 2.0068 2.0150 2.0166 2.0271

q" Gi, ° [kg/mZs][kW/m z ] 1470.9 1470.8 1474.1 1470.2 1477.1 1466.1 1482.9 1469.1 1453.8 1501.9 1466.0 1477.8 1466.2 1460.3 1474.9 1473.6 1467.8 1459.7 1012.9 1473.2 1463.9 1008.2 1015.7 1013.8 1470.1 1010.3 1007.3 1006.6 1011.1 1013.9 1014.3 1006.2 1015.5 1011.1 1017.7 1016.1 1013.4 1010.7

111.878 111.909 112.057 112.010 111.951 105.030 108.441 108.549 110.164 110.164 97.976 106.742 106.738 108.511 87.393 96.226 104.991 104.905 94.566 80.591 103.203 94.544 92.759 90.881 101.475 92.772 102.384 87.405 91.046 91.098 85.681 91.160 89.222 84.091 89.263 66.583 82.387 59.578

Table 4. Experimental CHF Data

p (MPa)

G [kg/(m 2" s)]

q~'s ( k W / m 2 )

1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.75 2.75

1000 1470 1000 1470 1000 1250 1470 1000 1470

74.7 90.0 67.0 81.9 59.5 67.6 74.6 50.2 66.0

the space and time average values computed by ANATRA code [13]. These considerations about the thermal capacity of the wall thickness of the test section will, of course, also be valid for the other transients involving, anyway, a thermal power variation, which are described in the following paragraphs. In view of the approximate solution of Eqs. (5)-(7),

p~ [MPa]

Tp [s]

1.1054 1.3659 1.5549 1.6599 1.8156 1.3716 1.5464 1.6537 1.8177 1.1955 1.3057 1.5727 1.6775 1.8253 1.1363 1.3840 1.5700 1.6616 1.7519 0.8059 1.5923 1.5929 1.7656 1.2986 1.4443 1.5899 0.9614 1.2947 1.5737 1.0352 1.3808 1.4908 1.5954 1.2885 1.5385 0.9708 1.3133 0.9589

0.825 1.753 2.675 2.188 2.824 2.125 3.154 2.744 3.756 0.805 2.777 2.336 2.653 3.195 1.077 2.236 2.848 3.138 4.595 1.885 2.620 3.007 3.727 1.755 5.061 3.162 1.039 2.212 3.534 1.120 1.554 2.661 3.293 2.160 2.275 1.361 2.131 1.562

TW,O

tchf

[°C]

[s]

77.25 77.48 78.19 76.35 78.94 77.21 77.47 76.07 77.57 76.57 75.76 76.75 76.03 77.66 74.67 75.71 78.02 76.26 76.26 74.18 76.98 75.44 75.53 78.38 76.21 75.17 75.13 77.79 75.13 74.90 77.25 76.57 74.81 77.97 75.80 74.27 76.44 73.77

0.310 0.330 0.550 0.390 0.790 0.660 0.830 0.520 0.930 0.560 0.890 0.400 1.660 2.120 0.590 1.490 0.890 2.790 1.180 0.940 1.120 0.490 0.870 0.360 2.590 0.610 0.370 0.420 0.800 0.440 0.420 0.430 1.420 0.790 0.560 1.000 0.530 1.080

Tw,chf [°C] 75.99 76.85 77.48 75.36 78.05 75.50 75.81 75.18 76.76 73.73 72.88 75.90 73.16 76.01 70.52 71.17 75.82 71.64 75.41 65.74 73.97 74.46 74.69 77.48 71.01 74.14 73.77 76.89 73.47 73.00 75.45 75.58 71.62 74.10 73.82 63.48 73.91 62.17

t

row iS]

3.230

T

wtEow

[*C]

98.99

4.880 85.36 4.530 99.09 4.730 108.46 3.990 2.150 3.100 1.980 3.870 2.930 1.870 2.200 1.230

84.08 76.60 87.14 75.42 98.92 72.59 79.58 75.39 75.14

0.960

75.36

2.860 73.40 6.310 118.46 4.520 109.86 1.390 74.83 5.800 104.80 3.000 98.05 1.990 93.51 1.500 72.17 1.270 80.02 0.680 75.13 1.700 68.58 0.660 75.18 1.160 62.13

the reader should bear in mind that the tchf,ss given in Tables 5 - 1 0 , 12, and 13 are purely indicative. Experimental data are reported in Tables 5 (step) and 6 (ramp). Inlet conditions were maintained within the following bounds: Pressure < 1%, flow rate < 2%. P o w e r / F l o w Rate Transient Experiments Experiments of the power/flow rate transient were performed according to either step or ramp variations of the input power. Referring to the previous paragraph for definitions of the power variation, the test matrix of power/flow rate transient experiments is as follows: Pressure, p (MPa) Inlet mass flux, Gi. o [kg/( m2 " s)] Half-flow decay time, t h (s) Ramp slope, ~ (kW/s)

1.2; 11.5; 2.0; 2.75 1030; 1250; 1500 0.4; 1.0; 3.0; 7.0 0.66; 1.43; 1.81

For the step power variations, the values of W0 were fixed such that the difference between W~s and W0 (margin to the crisis, M ) was constantly equal to 0.5, 1.0, or 1.7 kW.

94

G . P . Celata et al.

Table 5. Power Transients Data--Step L= Name

IBI IB2 IB3 1B4 ICIA 1C2 1C3 IC4 1N2 IN3A IN4A IN4B IPI IP2 1P3 1P4A 1Q1 1Q2 1Q3 1Q3B 1Q4A 1Q4B 1QSA 1QSB 1Q8C 1Q9A 1Q9B 1R1 1RIB 1R3 1R4 1RSA 1RgA 1R9B 2AIB 2A2B 2A3 2A4 2BI 2B2 2B3 2B4 2CI 2C2 2C3 2C4 2DIA 2D2 2D3 2EIB 2E2 2E3 2E3A 2E4 2FI 2F2 2F3 2F4 2GIA 2GIB 2G2A 2G3 2G4B

2.30 m Gi, o

9/o

w

W

Pe, o

~Tsub

[MPa]

[°C]

[kg/m*s ]

[W]

[W]

ss [W!

tchf,ss [s]

2.710 2.728 2.728 2.731 2.719 2.718 2.726 2.728 2.729 2. 703 2.733 2.715 2.710 2.695 2.731 2.735 2.724 2.723 2.717 2.714 2.725 2.708 2.719 2.734 2.714 2.716 2.720 2.721 2.726 2.717 2.723 2.714 2.710 2.718 1.984 1.988 1.979 1.981 1.985 1.984 1.981 1.987 1.988 1.985 1.986 1.985 2.001 1.994 1.971 1,987 1.994 1.989 1.992 2.022 1.987 1.986 1.982 1.981 1.989 1.983 1.983 1.983 1.992

23.42 23.65 23.57 23.76 23.39 23.58 23.79 23.84 23.78 23.34 23.87 23.44 23.24 23.12 23.71 23.90 23.55 23.62 23.51 23.45 23.50 23.36 23.51 23.97 23.44 23.58 23.54 23.51 23.59 23.65 23.65 23.49 23.57 23.58 23.36 23.39 23.20 23.27 23.26 23.40 23.31 23.26 23.44 23.40 23.27 23.41 40.73 40.51 40.06 40.40 40.56 40.45 40.44 41.32 40.32 40.43 40.35 40.26 10.39 10.15 10.32 10.16 10.55

1013.3 1012.2 1018.1 1006.2 1034.3 999.7 1006.5 1012.1 1467.2 1463.3 1474.1 1448.1 1477.9 1458.6 1470.0 1478.7 1461.9 1474.1 1473.3 1481.7 1483.0 1472.6 1463.3 1516.4 1445.1 1446.4 1447.6 1461.8 1466.1 1477.0 1455.6 1463.2 1438.3 1440.4 1004.7 1013.6 990.2 1039.1 998.7 1005.4 1010.2 1003.7 1007.2 1006.2 1005.8 1001.8 712.5 756.2 771.9 763.9 751.1 776.4 741.1 698.4 755.1 758.1 759.7 749.2 1429.0 1433.2 1429.6 1450.5 1434.6

1984. 1998 1992 1989 2482 2488 2484 2484 1183 1185. 1181 1182 1981 2012 2062 1981 2680 2680 2684 2680 2685. 2688 2689 2689 2688 2688 2688 3187 3187 3187 3183. 3191. 3183. 3182. 1593. 1586. 1587. 1585. 2292. 2286. 2291. 2293. 2786. 2789. 2787. 2786. 1588. 1587. 1588. 2298. 2292. 2291. 2291. 2294. 2788. 2795. 2795. 2785. 1586. 1587. 1586. 1586. 1581.

3205. 3516. 3951. 5014. 3166. 3482. 3973. 4966. 4165. 4647. 5637. 5695. 3877. 4125. 4730 5599 3851 4149 4642 4628 5649 5658 7675. 7675. 7673 8673 8676 3870 3877 4696 5676 7674 8667 8671 3444. 3725. 4189. 5209. 3436. 3748. 4258. 5148. 3478. 3769. 4209. 5215. 3456. 3744. 4232. 3464. 3775. 4262. 4270. 5215. 3466. 3771. 4244. 5180. 3439. 3443. 3728. 4214. 5168.

2858. 2856. 2865. 2853. 2903. 2837. 2849. 2872. 3725. 3657. 3720. 3655. 3685. 3651. 3715. 3748. 3685. 3710. 3703 3710 3709 3682 3686 3813 3648 3663 3664 3684 3694 3714 3684 3678 3646 3660 3214 3230 3190 3283 3199 3220 3220. 3208. 3222. 3220. 3214. 3213. 3105. 3239. 3286. 3263. 3222. 3297. 3192. 3069. 3235. 3247. 3252. 3221. 3205. 3199. 3204. 3221. 3215.

1.299 1.102 1.008 0.820 1.070 0.732 0.619 0.543 1.691 1.315 1.058 1.026 1.804 1.397 1.211 1.060 1.531 1.252 0.979 1.117 0.953 0.815 0.764 0.817 0.749 0.747 0.707 1.172 1.199 0.767 0.604 0.534 0.519 0.509 1.561 1.353 1.065 0.953 1.280 1.001 0.843 0.682 0.946 0.770 0.674 0.556 1.579 1.508 1.279 1.357 1.131 0.953 0.953 0.665 1.075 0.852 0.737 0.583 1.522 1.456 1.310 1.109 0.941

tch f Is]

X1 [I/s]

2.937 1.794 1.324 0.966 1.714 1.000 1.046 0.594 3.114 2.581 2.206 2.201 3.709 2.185 1.719 1.509 3.436 1.836 1,241 1.343 1.093 1.134 0.816 0.957 0.884 0.814 0.816 3.295 2.208 1.058 0.749 0.675 0.562 0.583 3.617 2.379 2.034 1.512 3.004 1.854 1.505 1.075 2.083 1.497 1.093 0.780 3.961 3.464 2.805 4.365 2.309 1.992 1.807 1.289 2.614 1.608 1.385 0.930 2.157 2.601 1.862 1.495 1.236

-12.71 -15.26 -8.54 -11.31 --9.31 --17.10 -15.20 --17.65 -5.34 -8.77 -10.73 -11.21 -9.77 -14.08 -12.43 -11.90 -7.12 -9.81 -20.21 -7.52 -6.33 -12.38 -10.01 -8.34 -9.18 -8.48 -7.98 -7.71 -9.74 -12.06 -12.61 -10.56 --10.10 --9.58 -7.22 -10.15 -11.75 -12.90 -8.70 -18.27 -12.62 -17.65 --14.02 --12.46 -10.47 -11.17 -9.04 -6.48 -6.89 -21.64 -11.32 -13.37 -9.01 -15.66 -14.69 -12.84 -9.06 -10.06 -7.96 -9.08 -5.57 -8.16 -7.81

X2

[l/s] -3.49 -3.53 -4.19 -3.68 -4.34 -3.77 -3.83 -3.50 -4.88 -3.92 -3.55 -3.41 -3.72 -3.87 -3.75 -3.64 -4.60 -4.24 -3.70 -4.27 -4.19 -3.53 -3.25 -3.51 -3.25 -3.11 -3.50 -4.63 -4.33 -3.78 -3.69 -3.18 -3.04 -3.17 -4.74 -4.15 -3.91 -3.51 -4.47 -3.92 -4.00 -3.63 -4.20 -4.10 -3.99 -3.69 -4.08 -4.55 -4.25 -3.98 -4.15 -3.91 -4.09 -3.68 -4.02 -4.14 -4.23 -4.05 -4.37 -4.17 --5.16

-4.04 -3.98

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux Table 5. Name

2H1 2H2 2H3 2H4 211 212 213 214 2J1 2J2 2J3 2KIA 2KIB 2K2B 2K3A 2K3B 2N1 2P1 2P2 2P3B 2P4A 2Q1 2Q2

2Q3 2Q4 2QSA 2Q8B 2RIB 2R2 2R3 2R4 2R6A 2R6B 2RSA 2R8B 3A2 3A3 3A4 3B1 3B2 3B3 3B4 3C1 3C2 3C3 3C4 3P1 3P2B 3P3 3P4 3Q1 3Q2 3Q3 3Q4 3Q4A 3R1 3R2 3R3 3R4 3R5A 3R5B~ 3R7A 3R7B 3Z1 4AIA 4A2A 4A2B 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3

Pe,O

ATsub

[Sga 1

[°el

1.988 1.982 1.980 1.985 1.985 1.984 1.982 1.983 1.990 1.974 1.985 1.987 1.975 1.991 1.987 1.987 1.982 1.989 1.989 1.988 1.988 1.991 1.983 1.985 1.985 1.985 1.980 1.987 1.980 1.980 1.986 1.983 1.986 1.977 1.989 1.519 1.518 1.522 1.524 1.521 1.518 1.520 1.531 1.518 1.520 1.525 1.529 1.521 1.533 1.521 1.518 1.519 1.526 1.520 1.537 1.527 1.527 1.520 1.534 1.522 1.526 1.520 1.527 1.525 1.239 1.224 1.232 1.230 1.229 1.234 1.224

10.37 10.27 10.26 10.43 10.58 10.34 10.30 10.33 23.40 22.93 23.43 23.36 23.01 23.46 23.39 23.50 23.25 23.42 23.50 23.24 23.47 23.32 23.40 23.35 23.24 23.33 23.24 23.43 23.14 23.29 23.24 23.33 23.45 23.27 23.49 22.60 22.60 22.78 22.73 22.64 22.65 22.69 22.98 22.58 22.64 22.84 22.95 22.59 22.94 22.72 22.63 22.70 22.87 22.78 23.27 22.88 22.92 22.71 23.08 22.81 22.93 22.80 22.97 22.76 23.57 23.02 23.30 23.13 23.27 23.37 23.04

(Continued)

W o

w

Wss

tchf,ss

tchf

[kg/m2s]

[w]

[w]

[w]

[s]

[s]

1436.1 1430.7 1447.0 1437.5 1441.9 1429.0 1445.2 1435.8 863.2 865.2 862.8 1247.6 1274.2 1235.9 1253.0 1246.0 1466.5 1483.4 1497.2 1460.4 1507.7 1460.9 1471.1 1467.0 1465.5 1469.1 1460.0 1480.8 1471.2 1472.0 1470.0 1459.8 1474.4 1478.5 1474.6 1011.8 1023.6 1020.0 1013.3 1014.1 1009.0 1012.5 1005.6 1004.5 1008.7 1012.3 1477.0 1471.5 1469.7 1485.0 1477.2 1487.2 1477.7 1477.1 1463.3 1472.2 1475.8 1476.3 1465.4 1488.9 1484.1 1461.9 1478.5 1015.8 1009.6 1019.0 1012.0 1010.6 1024.0 1013.1 1030.5

2290.

3441. 3766. 4267. 5235. 3485. 3779. 4253. 5180. 3141. 3437. 3932. 3925. 3926. 4221. 4729. 4743. 4164. 4116. 4428. 4919. 5959. 4184. 4412. 4950. 5909. 8427. 8427. 4148. 4389. 4958. 5903. 7328. 7326. 8428. 8427. 4201. 4689. 5676. 3963. 4244. 4752. 5697. 3966. 4284. 4724. 5731. 4707. 4995. 5461. 6467. 4764. 5058. 5563. 6470. 6573. 4763. 5083. 5556. 6577. 6978. 6982. 7985 7980 3895 4299 4581 4570 5091 4371 4644 5149

3211. 3203. 3222. 3216. 3231. 3200. 3217. 3208. 2920. 2921. 2926. 3658. 3706. 3650. 3673. 3673. 4033. 4059. 4083. 4010. 4099. 4013. 4040. 4028. 4018. 4017. 4003. 4054. 4025. 4035. 4023. 4017. 4044. 4042. 4047. 3683. 3695. 3701. 3686. 3693. 3686. 3690. 3674. 3675. 3679. 3691. 4522. 4503. 4508. 4534. 4524. 4535. 4520. 4521. 4505. 4507. 4520. 4519. 4505. 4549. 4543. 4505. 4532. 3683. 4118. 4142. 4125. 4116. 4157. 4123. 4173.

1.209 0.976 0.843 0.616 0.894 0.729 0.570 0.488 1.361 1.098 0.950 1.243 1.312 0.998 0.865 0.887 2.051 2.057 1.499 1.182 1.063 1.418 1.210 0.997 0.734 0.692 0.684 1.347 0.864 0.694 0.557 0.538 0.547 0.511 0.517 1.194 1.039 0.884 1.147 1.043 0.770 0.620 0.824 0.686 0.574 0.513 1.555 1.273 1.031 0.929 1.157 1.024 0.827 0.649 0.627 0.851 0.712 0.661 0.538 0.498 0.558 0.462 0.495 1.767 1.647 1.264 1.191 1.041 1.190 0.942 0.803

G. I,O

2289. 2290. 2286. 2796. 2792. 2790 2791 1986 1990 1990 2788 2788 2790 2790 2793 1493 2291 2291 2288 2290. 2992. 2989. 2993. 2995. 2988. 2986. 3485. 3494. 3492. 3489. 3486. 3487. 3487. 3486. 2098. 2093. 2092. 2793. 2791. 2802. 2797. 3295. 3293. 3295. 3293. 2897. 2893. 2897. 2893. 3588. 3591. 3593. 3593. 3603. 4093. 4097. 4087. 4097. 4091. 4089. 4086. 4091. 1290. 2494. 2493. 2493. 2494. 3197. 3193. 3195.

2.132 1.536 1.136 0.930 1.577 1.015 0.832 0.705 2.695 1.953 1.562 2.125 2.116 1.686 1.238 1.147 3.231 3.308 2.146 1.660 1.184 2.626 1.732 1.331 0.959 0.801 0.723 1.989 1.241 0.811 0.780 0.545 0.602 0.526 0.645 2.121 1.655 1.453 1.943 1.671 1.361 1.074 1.526 0.917 1.052 0.867 2.483 1.700 1.504 1.233 1.552 1.523 1.202 0.959 0.834 1.365 1.121 0.897 0.722 0.700 0.646 0.622 0.659 2.605 2.210 2.144 2.127 1.758 2.346 1.746 1.408

kI

X2

[l/s]

[l/s!

-11.31 -10.40 -10.00 -24.64 -15.64 -12.15 -18.80 -16.81 -8.14 -7.74 -7.74 -9.66 -9.95 -9.87 -11.05 -9.36 -7.96 -6.29 -11.99 -10.80 -13.77 -9.83 -11.74 -7.55 -19.02 -10.28 -11.27 -9.34 -25.84 -21.86 -14.76 -12.53 -12.47 -11.85 -10.39 -12.10 -12.45 -9.74 -13.55 -5.49 -13.75 -17.17 -15.90 -13.75 -14.25 -10.49 -7.88 -7.17 -11.25 -8.67 -24.34 -11.33 -12.69 -14.56 -25.55 -20.12 -14.54 -8.98 -9.95 -17.41 -8.28 -10.81 -10.13 -12.95 -5.28 -6.12 -9.81 -8.21 -13.23 -10.81 -13.52

-4.16 -4.10 -4.00 -3.44 -4.11 -3.97 -3.81 -3.49 -4.71 -4.76 -4.34 -4.26 -4.23 -4.20 -3.87 -4.00 -4.16 -5.14 -3.94 -3.85 -3.38 -4.21 -3.98 -4.31 -3.44 -2.98 -2.96 -4.68 -3.97 -3.63 -3.79 -3.17 -3.18 -3.13 -3.19 -3.95 -3.77 -3.65 -3.97 -5.37 -3.80 -3.58 -4.03 -3.92 -3.78 -3.67 -4.32 -4.57 -3.83 -3.65 -3.79 -3.78 -3.61 -3.67 -3.22 -4.02 -3.90 -3.95 -3.50 -3.03 -3.54 -3.31 -3.13 -3.93 -4.90 -4.94 -4.22 -3.98 -3.96 -4.14 -3.69

95

96 G.P. Celata et al. Table 5. (Continued) Name

4B4 4B4A 4CI 4C2 4C3 4C4 4PIB 4P2 4P3 4P4B 4QI 4Q2 4Q3 4Q3A 4Q4A 4RIA 4R2 4R3 4R4 4ZIA 4ZlB 4Z2

Pe,o

6Tsub

Wo

W

Wss

tchf,ss

Irma]

[*Cl

[kg/m's]

[W]

[W]

[W]

Is]

1.232 1.230 1.230 1.227 1.229 1.228 1.230 1.237 1.237 1.237 1.232 1.227 1.232 1.229 1.237 1.234 1.229 1.231 1.230 1.230 1.240 1.224

23.18 23.18 23.20 23.24 23.31 23.20 23.28 23.36 23.53 23.36 23.43 23.16 23.42 23.10 23.39 23.32 23.16 23.26 23.23 23.24 23.42 23.04

1005.5 1026.3 1008.6 1023.7 1007.2 1019.6 1467.0 1472.4 1481.1 1467.6 1473.9 1483.4 1451.9 1481.3 1473.4 1451.6 1474.3 1464.6 1451.3 1011.8 1004.4 1015.7

3689. 3194. 3696. 3693. 3693. 3693. 3293. 3301. 3284. 3293. 3995. 3994, 3997. 3993. 3990. 4493. 4500. 4500. 4501. 1696. 1697. 1700.

6121. 6135. 4380. 4601. 5144. 6157. 5097. 5406. 5839. 6853. 5170, 5461. 5981. 5947. 6913. 5159. 5504. 6003. 6963. 4301. 4303. 4605.

4106. 4154. 4111. 4151. 4114. 4146, 4981. 4986. 5005. 4972. 4993. 5009. 4956. 4987. 4974, 4955. 4985. 4970. 4949. 4133. 4092. 4133,

0.493 0.710 0.855 0.731 0.625 0.533 1.599 1.200 1.072 0.871 1.243 1.020 0.786 0.884 0.752 1.033 0.740 0.663 0.564 1.694 1.597 1.381

Gi,o

Similarly, the value of W~ was chosen such that the difference between W~ and Wss (excess to the crisis, E) was always equal to 2.0 kW. In the case of ramp power variations, the value of Wo was chosen such that M was always equal to 1.0 kW. The time-dependent expression of the step and the ramp input power to the test section wall, W(t), is approximated by Eqs. (3) and (4), respectively. The actual thermal power delivered to the fluid, Wf (because of the thermal capacity of the wall thickness), is given by Eq. (6). The time-dependent expression for the decay curves of inlet mass flux is approximated by Eq. (1), where 31 and 32 are obtained with best-fit procedures on experimental data of G. Experimental data are reported in Tables 7 (step) and 8 (ramp).

Power / Pressure Transient Experiments Power/pressure transient experiments were carried out according to either step or ramp variations of the input power. Referring to the previous paragraphs for the definition of thermal power variation, the test matrix of power/pressure transient experiments is as follows: Pressure, p (MPa) 2.02 Inlet mass flux, Gi. o [kg/(m 2 " s)] 1470 Depressurization rate, 0.02; 0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 dp / dt (MPa/s) The values of Wo were fixed such that the difference between Wss and W o (margin to the crisis, M ) was constantly equal to either 0.5 or 1.7 kW. Similarly, the value of W=, for step power variations was chosen such that the difference between W~ and Wss (excess to the crisis, E) was always equal to 1.0 kW. In the case of ramp variations of the power, a was a (kW/s)

0.7;1.9

X1

X2

[1/sl

[1/sl

-13.01 -9.18 -11.92 -16.13 --8.30 -10.08 -7.71 -11.17 -10.09 -9.64 -30.14 -12.34 -18.30 -8.69 -9.09 -5.71 -29.60 -10.65 -9.34 -9.94 -14.34 -10.29

-3.47 -3.62 -4.26 -4.06 -4.31 -3.62 -4.57 -3.97 -3.73 -3.53 -3.62 -3.85 -3.39 -3.83 -3.39 -5.52 -3.37 -3.52 -3.35 -3.95 -3.82 --3.95

tchf

[s] 0.830 1.088 1.606 1.267 1.041 0.790 2.499 2.228 1.828 1.392 1.866 1.510 1.245 1.330 1.045 1.866 0.961 1.078 0,775 3.242 2.934 2.411

The time-dependent expression of the step and the ramp input power to the test section wall, W(t), is approximated by Eqs. (3) and (4), respectively. The actual thermal power delivered to the fluid, W f (because of the thermal capacity of the wall thickness), is given by Eq. (6). The time-dependent expression for the decay curves of the pressure is approximated by the mathematical expression

p ( t ) = Pi,o - (Pi,o - P~) x [ 1 - (0.5B2t 2 + Bt + 1 ) e x p ( - B t ) ]

(8)

where p~ is the asymptotic pressure at the end of the transient and B is obtained through a best-fit procedure on the experimental values of p(t). Experimental data are reported in Tables 9 (step) and 10 (ramp).

Flow / Pressure Transient Experiments The test matrix can be represented as follows: Pressure, p (MPa) Inlet mass flux, Gi. o [kg/( m2 " s)l Depressurization rate, dp / dt (MPa/s) Half-flow decay time, t k (s) Margin to the crisis, M (kW)

1.25; 2.02 1470 0.02; 0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 0.5 0.5; 1.7

The time-dependent expressions of the flow rate and pressure are approximated by Eqs. (1) and (8), respectively. Experimental data are reported in Table 11. Flow Rate / Pressure / Power Transient Experiments Flow rate/pressure/power transient experiments were carried out according to either step or ramp variations of the input

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux

Table 6. Power Transients Data--Ramp Lffi 2 . 3 0 m Name

1PIA 1PIB 1P2A 1P3B 1P4A IP4B 1RIB 1R2A 1R2B IR3A 1R3B 1R4A 2AIA 2AIB 2A2B 2A3A 2A3B 2A4B 2BIA 2BIB 2B2A 2B3A 2B3B 2B4A 2B5A 2ClB 2C2A 2C2B 2C3A 2C4A 2C4B 2C5A 2EIA 2E2A 2E2B 2E3A 2E3B 2E4A 2HIB 2H2A 2H2B 2H3A 2H4A 2H4B 231A 2J2B 2J3A 2J3B 2J4A 2J5A 2KIB 2K2B 2K3B 2K4A 2K4B 2K4C 2K4D 2K5A 2LIA 2L2B 2L3B 2L4A 2L4B

Pi,o [MPa]

~Tsub Gi,o [°C] [kg/m's]

2.720 2.724 2.712 2.728 2.716 2.719 2.727 2.722 2.711 2.720 2.714 2.719 1.984 1.981 1.990 1.983 1.985 1.990 1.986 1.990 1.986 1.982 1.988 1.981 1.988 1.987 1.982 1.989 1.988 1.987 1.990 1.995 1.988 1.985 1.990 1.987 1.989 1.991 1.988 1.981 1.990 1.985 1.979 1.989 1.981 1.991 1.986 1.989 1.987 1.981 1.984 1.983 1.984 1.982 1.989 1.985 1.991 1.991 1.982 1.987 1.987 1.988 1.981

23.62 23.79 23.46 23.80 23.65 23.58 23.79 23.64 23.46 23.58 23.47 23.43 23.30 23.29 23.55 23.27 23.43 23.50 23.34 23.48 23.29 23.37 23.50 23.33 23.46 23.50 23.34 23.36 23.45 23.32 23.41 23.54 40.42 40.44 40.60 40.28 40.42 40.58 10.33 10.22 10.53 10.41 10.08 10.54 22.36 23.44 23.44 23.41 23.70 23.29 23.37 23.37 23.30 23.33 23.41 23.39 23.53 23.47 23.28 23.29 23.36 23.39 23.29

1480.1 1463.3 1466.4 1462.6 1471.6 1454.7 1468.2 1459.6 1459.2 1459.1 1472.2 1465.8 1007.5 1012.5 1015.8 1002.1 1000.8 1019.2 1014.0 1007.6 1021.3 1019.8 1013.2 1012.7 1019.2 1009.6 1020.3 1006.6 1013.9 1013.8 1003.7 1004.1 749.8 758.2 755.2 758.8 755.3 755.2 1435.0 1433.8 1418.2 1426.1 1443.5 1431.6 1241.9 1283.1 1246.3 1220.3 1234.9 1258.1 1240.1 1240.7 1242.2 1239.5 1234.6 1246.9 1232.0 1244.2 1229.7 1221.4 1241.2 1236.9 1237.7

WO [W]

= [W/s]

k [l/s]

1980. 1985. 1988. 1989. 1988. 1989. 3195. 3196. 3188. 3184. 3184. 3185. 1590. 1588. 1587. 1588. 1589. 1590. 2295. 2288. 2288. 2292. 2295. 2294. 2293. 2785. 2785. 2799. 2788. 2787. 2786. 2790. 2315. 2321. 2308. 2306. 2310. 2292. 2286. 2293. 2292. 2289. 2292. 2292. 1991. 1987. 1996. 2003. 2010. 1988. 2593. 2593. 2593. 2590. 2588. 2592. 2594. 2588. 2589. 2591. 2591. 3089. 3086.

533. 547. 1147. 2009. 4267. 4386. 518. 1098. 1053. 2130. 2193. 5962. 574. 572. 966. 1437. 1394. 1781. 512. 508. 919. 1355. 1310. 1905. 4889. 497. 938. 935. 1379. 1978. 1910. 4204. 518. 1146. 1167. 1994. 1985. 4491. 498. 1128. 1126. 1930. 5126. 4592. 549. 945. 1414. 1439. 1875. 4535. 546. 943. 1417. 1920. 1957. 1938. 1908. 6082. 494. 961. 1407. 1961. 2025.

-3.237 -1.678 -1.658 -1.631 -2.081 -1.985 -1.958 -2.031 -2.751 -1.895 -1.851 -1.572 -1.571 -1.534 -1.577 -1.616 -2.066 -1.753 -2.078 -2.017 -1.986 -1.938 -2.665 -1.867 -1.676 -2.004 -2.177 -2.163 -2.105 -2.024 -2.696 -2.687 -1.812 -1.921 -1.818 -1.738 -1.772 -2.087 -1.869 -1.918 -1.956 -1.746 -1.560 -1.833 -1.758 -1.944 -1.791 -1.659 -1.761 -1.869 -2.023 -2.089 -1.906 -2.039 -1.936 -1.853 -1.991 -1.404 -2.114 -1.983 -2.053 -2.041 -1.836

WSS [W]

tchf,ss

3722. 3705. 3682. 3708. 3716. 3663. 3717. 3690. 3671. 3678. 3698. 3683. 3220. 3233. 3243. 3212. 3213. 3252. 3233. 3228. 3246. 3252. 3236. 3235. 3247. 3231. 3247. 3219. 3240. 3234. 3206. 3214. 3220. 3249. 3242. 3244. 3236. 3236. 3208. 3200. 3202. 3202. 3212. 3213. 3613. 3702. 3668. 3619. 3665. 3683. 3657. 3659. 3654. 3649. 3642 3670 3637 3663 3634 3616 3649 3649 3649.

4.376 4.854 3.131 2.390 1.575 1.669 2.280 1.549 1.388 1.235 1.257 0.939 4.568 4.619 3.397 2.715 2.530 2.411 3.114 3.159 2.325 1.946 1.731 1.693 1.233 2.082 1.532 1.462 1.301 1.145 0.996 0.749 3.284 2.154 2.188 1.786 1.776 1.218 3.149 1.993 1.979 1.633 1.162 1.128 4.502 3.316 2.665 2.668 2.327 1.589 3.250 2.369 2.015 1.717 1.735 1.788 1.722 1.304 3.381 2.349 1.958 1.243 1.301

[s]

tchf

Is] 5.138 5.513 3.675 2.925 2.100 1.950 2.775 1.950 1.688 1.538 1.463 1.163 5.213 5.363 3.975 3.225 3.000 2.850 3.900 3.975 2.850 2.400 2.250 2.025 1.538 2.850 1.875 2.100 1.763 1.538 1.388 1.013 4.163 3.000 3.075 2.400 2.325 1.613 3.900 2.400 2.400 1.950 1.538 1.463 4.988 3.600 3.000 3.000 2.625 1.800 3.900 2.850 2.325 1.950 1.950 2.025 2.025 1.463 4.050 2.700 2.325 1.688 1.613

97

98

G . P . Celata et al. Table 6.

(Continued)

Name

Pi,o [MPa]

ATsub [°C]

Gi,o [kg/mZs]

Wo [W]

= [W/s]

X [l/s]

2L5A 2P1 2P2B 2P2C 2P3 2P4 2P5A 2QIA 2QIB 2Q2B 2Q3A 2Q3B 2Q3C 2Q3E 2Q3F 2Q3H 2Q3L 2Q3Q 2Q32 2Q3T 2Q3U 2Q3X 2Q3Y 2Q3Z 2Q4A 2Q4B 2Q5A 2RIB 2R2B 2R3A 2R4A 225A 3JIB 3J2A 3J2B 3J3A 3J4A 3LIB 3L2A 3L3A 3L3B 3L4A 4BIA 4B2A 4B2B 4B3A 4B3B 4B4A

1.985 1.984 2.006 1.993 1.987 1.993 1.989 1.989 1.990 1.982 1.986 1.989 1.984 1.986 1.983 1.991 1.984 1.983 1.989 1.984 1.980 1.986 1.980 1.986 1.982 1.982 1.991 1.983 1.986 1.991 1.981 1.988 1.523 1.520 1.526 1.527 1.520 1.524 1.533 1.523 1.525 1.522 1.229 1.234 1.228 1.233 1.230 1.233

23.42 23.40 23.86 23.48 23.42 23.57 23.39 23.52 23.45 23.34 23.48 23.46 23.30 23.46 23.31 23.57 23.40 23.36 23.51 23.41 23.34 23.48 23.17 23.37 23.35 23.33 23.50 23.42 23.33 23.43 23.42 23.45 22.72 22.57 22.90 22.87 22.58 22.80 22.99 22.66 22.74 22.86 23.21 23.43 23.21 23.37 23.28 23.35

1228.8 1483.1 1556.9 1477.1 1483.3 1479.8 1480.5 1483.2 1471.9 1495.3 1494.5 1472.9 1482.7 1481.6 1474.2 1463.0 1469.2 1478.9 1476.6 1500.0 1481.9 1473.7 1501.0 1476.7 1487.9 1496.8 1473.2 1447.9 1503.3 1481.6 1485.8 1480.0 1254.7 1246.4 1229.2 1242.6 1254.4 1245.4 1243.0 1253.1 1241.9 1257.0 1012.8 1009.6 1020.2 1008.8 1014.1 1008.6

3085. 2293. 2284. 2290. 2285. 2283. 2298. 2983. 2991 2988 2989 2991 3004 3012 3007. 3011. 3011. 3066. 3064. 3065. 3063. 2999. 3012. 3009. 2985. 2987. 2985. 3484. 3485. 3484. 3483. 3485. 2494. 2520. 2495. 2493. 2493. 3695. 3691. 3696. 3696. 3694. 3024. 3027. 3028. 3027. 3031. 3029.

4663. 527. 941. 942 1402 1972 3930 503 533 997 1473 1545. 1575. 1517. 1462. 1455. 1456. 1457. 1477. 1429. 1477. 1463. 1486 1433 2019 2113 5110 511 1034 1500 2190 4636 534 1133 1165. 1963 4462 482 1199 2126 2139 4472 489 931 965. 1409. 1452. 2062.

-1.991 -1.840 -1.966 -2.099 -1.897 -1.820 -3.850 -2.194 -1.835 -2.045 -2.071 -1.848 -1.913 -1.974 -2.224 -2.180 -2.186 -2.121 -1.989 -2.337 -1.995 -2.027 -1.968 -2.234 -2.068 -1.819 -1.782 -1.777 -2.096 -2.113 -1.844 -2.234 -1.734 -2.436 -1.898 -1.754 -1.935 -2.117 -1.878 -1.949 -1.952 -2.079 -2.132 -2.228 -2.029 -2.139 -1.997 -1.778

L= Name

2VIA 2VlB 2V2A 2V2B 2V3A 2V3B 2V4A 2WIA 2W2A 2W2B 2W3A 2W3B 2W4A 2W4B

Pi,o

Wss [W]

tchf,ss Is]

tchf [s]

3638. 4052. 4155. 4048. 4061. 4048. 4054. 4060. 4042. 4077. 4075. 4046. 4050. 4056. 4038. 4029. 4037. 4051. 4053. 4090. 4052. 4051. 4077. 4044. 4068. 4076. 4042. 3990. 4079. 4053. 4071. 4052. 4154. 4140. 4102. 4130. 4147. 4132. 4125. 4144. 4125. 4163. 4127. 4120. 4147. 4121. 4132. 4121.

0.912 4.862 3.493 3.234 2.706 2.306 1.298 3.367 3.361 2.348 1.931 1.933 1.889 1.900 1.827 1.836 1.838 1.821 1.860 1.803 1.855 1.917 1.939 1.839 1.669 1.737 1.229 2.293 1.661 1.383 1.277 0.875 4.556 2.534 2.697 2.151 1.444 1.992 1.377 1.089 1.068 0.815 3.403 2.252 2.314 1.835 1.867 1.664

1.163 5.138 3.675 3.525 2.925 2.625 1.388 3.825 3.825 2.550 2.175 2.250 2.100 2.100 2.100 2.100 2.100 2.025 2.100 2.025 2.175 2.100 2.100 2.175 1.838 1.913 1.313 2.850 1.950 1.538 1.463 1.013 4.988 2.850 3.150 2.550 1.763 2.475 1.613 1.388 1.313 1.163 3.900 2.775 2.850 2.400 2.400 2.100

1.18 m

ATsub

Gi,o

=

k

Wss

tchf,ss

tchf

[eu,a]

[°c]

[kg/=2s]

Wo

[W]

[W/s]

[1/s]

[w]

[s]

[s]

1.980 1.987 1.984 1.988 1.985 1.985 1.995 1.991 1.981 1.988 1.991 1.988 1.979 1.987

23.24 23.50 23.37 23.50 23.35 23.38 23.58 23.57 23.40 23.45 23.37 23.41 23.14 23.46

1465.9 1467.3 1470.4 1471.0 1467.1 1489.1 1472.5 1485.3 1494.1 1481.3 1479.5 1475.9 1494.3 1467.0

1691. 1691. 1692. 1693. 1694. 1692. 1693. 2889. 2889. 2891. 2888. 2887. 2890. 2891.

673. 661. 786. 829. 960. 1053. 1195, 725. 843. 829. 1109. 1085. 1358. 1354.

-1.813 -2.175 -2.187 -1.838 -2.071 -1.682 -1.980 -2.047 -2.385 -2.461 -2.162 -2.339 -2.118 -2.075

3338. 3342. 3348. 3346. 3343. 3362. 3352. 3371. 3372. 3360. 3355. 3354. 3362. 3346.

3.997 3.918 3.482 3.513 3.099 3.182 2.859 1.808 1.591 1.552 1.445 1.406 1.341 1.452

4.050 3.675 3.450 3.675 3.000 3.300 2.700 1.538 1.388 1.538 1.313 1.388 1.313 1.313

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux

Table 7. Power/Flow Transients Data--Step L = 2.30 m Name

P.,o [MPa]

240420 240440 240460 280420 280440 280460 280620

280640 280660 280820 280840 280860 340620 340640 340660 340820 340840 340860 640420 640440 640460 640620 640640 640660 640820 640840 640860 660420 660440 660460 660620 660640 660660 660820 660840 680420 680440 680460 680620 680640 680660 680820 680840 680860 840440 840460 840640 840660 840840 840860 880440 880460 880620 880640 880660 880820 880840 880850

1.245 1.243 1.238 2.369 1.238 1.240 1.232 1.240 1.242 1.252 1.239 1.239 1.354 1.370 1.356 1.364 1.356 1.357 1.991 1.994 2.002 2.000 1.997 2.004 2.005 1.993 1.998 2.000 1.997 1.999 2.000 1.991 1.991 2.001 2.004 2.006 2.004 1.994 1.999 1.991 1.983 2.004 1.995 2.017 2.737 2.738 2.748 2.742 2.731 2.753 2.745 2.747 2.736 2.745 2.739 2.709 2.731 2.742

Ti,o

6Tsub = 23 AC

Gi,o

[°C] [ k g / m l s ] 27.56 27.44 27.64 27.09 27.24 28.11 28.74 28.58 29.01 27.52 27.87 27.87 27.60 27.87 27.68 28.11 27.71 27.75 49.37 49.61 49.45 49.25 49.61 49.41 48.54 48.82 48.94 48.54 49.06 50.16 49.72 49.17 49.53 49.29 49.29 49.76 49.68 49.76 49.61 49.72 49.96 49.21 49.41 49.41 64.97 65.84 68.01 67.30 67.81 65.37 66.12 66.08 66.04 65.72 65.57 65.57 66.51 67.30

1011.3 1015.4 1015.7 1456.1 1468.7 1470.0 1473.1 1481.9 1474.4 1512.3 1495.4 1494.8 1046.9 1029.4 1044.0 1064.9 1054.9 1059.3 1016.4 1017.3 1018.3 1006.8 1027.5 1023.7 1052.4 1060.7 1062.0 1249.5 1259.6 1241.3 1263.4 1260.9 1258.5 1249.5 1289.9 1469.1 1483.0 1480.4 1465.4 1467.9 1477.3 1491.6 1519.4 1521.3 986.7 1013.2 1027.6 989.9 1065.2 1053.9 1430.0 1459.3 1463.6 1480.4 1460.9 1501.1 1491.1 1497.4

Wo

Wss

[kW]

[kW]

[kW]

2.421 3.154 3.636 3.325 4.107 4.534 3.276 4.015 4.540 3.324 4.015 4.515 2.462 3.183 3.672 2.463 3.159 3.684 1.547 2.243 2.732 1.553 2.219 2.750 1.510 2.219 2.707 1.981 2.640 3.183 1.993 2.646 3.165 1.962 2.689 2.378 3.049 3.562 2.316 3.055 3.580 2.304 3.013 3.568 1.810 2.482 1.853 2.366 1.908 2.433 2.714 3.245 2.073 2.775 3.306 2.084 2.714 3.233

4.085 4.099 4.093 5.544 4.944 4.905 4.877 4.900 4.868 5.002 4.956 4.955 4.148 4.098 4.138 4.166 4.161 4.169 3.263 3.255 3.266 3.251 3.276 3.279 3.372 3.373 3.372 3.737 3.728 3.642 3.702 3.722 3.700 3.700 3.771 4.039 4.064 4.050 4.038 4.031 4.027 4.104 4.130 4.147 2.858 2.870 2.800 2.760 2.866 2.982 3.600 3.652 3.649 3.708 3.680 3.712 3.657 3.627

5.881 5.999 5.998 6.956 7.009 6.988 6.792 6.909 6.972 6.845 6.788 7.017 5.796 6.017 6.019 5.916 6.009 5.943 5.085 5.138 5.161 5.236 5.073 5.166 5.070 5.108 5.111 5.537 5.590 3.200 5.605 5.672 6.857 5.570 5.718 5.975 5.945 5.976 6.021 5.917 6.193 5.974 5.891 6.060 4.728 4.822 4.841 4.846 4.770 4.816 5.668 5.801 5.842 5.768 5.945 5.742 5.755 7.700

w

xI

×2

[l/s]

[1/sl

-4.980 -4.958 -5.178 -7.992 -4.364 -5.168 -11.06 -4.833 -4.925 -5.211 -5.858 -11.69 -7.547 -5.388 -8.811 -5.518 -5.279 -5.251 -5.248 -4.896 -8.967 -14.38 -5.195 -6.388 -5.023 -5.222 -6.726 -5.293 -5.188 -5.062 -9.342 -8.672 -13.03 -5.003 -4.713 -4.972 -5.121 -4.830 -9.249 -6.466 -11.03 -4.759 -5.238 -4.640 -6.678 -5.588 -7.181 -8.295 -6.535 -5.012 -6.954 -8.656 -4.831 -5.101 -5.860 -4.724 -5.021 -21.22

-4.674 -4.635 -4.618 -3.326 -4.480 -4.482 -3.070 -4.516 -4.261 -4.680 -4.493 -3.135 -4.009 -4.755 -3.367 -4.704 -5.013 -4.874 -4.716 -4.937 -3.775 -2.972 -5.040 -4.313 -4.606 -4.955 -4.307 -4.769 -4.962 -5.061 -3.328 -3.450 -2.126 -4.785 -4.857 -4.731 -4.836 -5.044 -3.201 -4.227 -2.938 -4.868 -4.989 -4.566 -4.262 -4.984 -3.946 -3.751 -4.538 -5.272 -4.153 -3.543 -4.622 -4.854 -4.206 -4.654 -4.659 -1.700

~1

~2

th

tchf,ss

tchf

[l/s]

[l/s]

[s]

[s]

[s]

1.62 1.77 1.91 1.88 2.11 2.19 0.93 1.10 1.19 0.36 0.35 0.36 3.11 2.00 3.02 0.38 0.40 0.43 3.25 3.09 2.70 0.79 1.39 1.35 0.50 0.47 0.55 2.67 2.55 2.60 0.97 0.95 0.99 0.62 0.47 2.75 2.07 2.71 0.75 0.69 0.75 0.44 0.40 0.49 4.29 3.74 1.15 1.23 0.43 0.51 3.15 2.88 1.69 1.57 1.33 0.41 0.41 0.38

0.85 0.71 0.56 0.97 0.68 0.49 0.70 0.01 0.47 0.47 0.36 0.03 0.88 0.69 0.56 0.50 0.41 0.32 0.97 0.03 0.62 0.71 0.75 0.56 0.67 0.52 0.43 0.96 0.81 1.28 0.78 0.65 0.52 0.67 0.47 0.94 0.77 0.60 0.70 0.55 0.43 0.57 0.42 0.35 0.87 0.61 0.70 0.52 0.46 0.38 0.74 0.55 0.93 0.71 0.49 0.52 0.40 0.25

1.06585 0.90855 0.82158 2.63770 3.05409 3.81151 1.68758 1.63471 1.30448 4.73150 5.25007 4.74961 0.51654 0.87868 2.91577 4.51939 4.15304 3.96163 0.37694 0.50155 0.72811 2.13003 1.24805 1.13844 3.42251 3.58396 3.20789 0.65511 0.53394 0.58389 1.73224 1.76391 1.75094 2.58729 3.15642 0.50897 0.86852 3.30642 2.26731 2.48834 2.22126 3.76786 2.45863 3.36358 0.65205 0.38675 1.55966 1.39240 4.00228 3.29865 3.51061 3.17951 1.06190 1.06037 1.33081 2.45069 8.23595 6.84321

1.00310 0.98936 0.94708 0.47258 0.39263 0.36114 1.91468 1.43642 1.53977 4.62459 4.40291 4.65622 0.56446 0.80254 0.26096 4.39346 4.22357 3.77485 0.75835 0.58997 0.53863 2.11433 1.16275 1.36010 3.27560 3.48753 2.95470 0.60517 0.83735 0.71960 1.71605 1.75783 1.65414 2.86726 4.10942 0.74594 0.76215 0.28915 2.21343 2.35461 2.25974 3.81011 9.33762 3.52857 0.26423 0.52860 1.36239 1.33855 3.85452 3.28470 0.24303 0.27201 0.92630 1.08370 1.20546 8.92597 2.47042 3.07178

1.461 1.212 0.984 1.269 1.062 0.858 1.168 0.996 0.895 1.062 0.842 0.670 1.542 1.159 0.943 1.233 0.956 0.805 1.571 1.273 1.045 1.412 1.208 0.996 1.412 1.041 0.915 1.412 1.131 0.886 1.302 1.086 0.907 1.212 1.000 1.257 1.074 0.870 1.188 0.960 0.833 1.094 0.927 0.846 1.290 0.854 1.135 0.846 0.939 0.768 1.135 0.939 1.343 1.017 0.797 1.033 0.658 0.491

99

100

G . P . Celata et al. Table 7. (Continued) 6Tsub = 23 K

Lffi 1.18 m Name

Pe,o Ti,o [MPal

680421 680441 680461 680821 680841 680861

1.988 1.988 1.994 1.977 1.996 1.999

49.84 49.68 49.84 49.09 49.49 49.21

L= Name

Pe,o

Irma] 670622 670662 670862

2.002 2.001 1.982

Gi,o

[*C] [kg/m's] 543.9 1485.5 1491.7 1519.3 1510.0 1526.9

Wo

Wss

[kW]

[kW]

1.602 2.340 2.847 1.594 2.383 2.902

1.997 3.357 3.360 3.411 3.395 3.427

2.30 m

Ti,o

5.458 4.965 4.582 5.421 5.018 4.573

Gi,o

1443.4 1442.1 1466.0

Wo

Wss

W

[kw]

[kWl

[kW]

2.732 2.762 2.775

3.220 3.223 3.228

5.165 5.145 5.559

power. Referring to the previous paragraphs for the definition of thermal power variation, the test matrix of flow rate/pressure/power transient experiments is as follows: Pressure, p (MPa) Inlet mass flux, Gi, o [kg/( m2 " s)] Depressurization rate, dp / dt (MPa/s) Half-flow decay time, t h (s)

kI

k2

~1

~2

th

tchf,ss

tchf

[l/s]

[1/s]

[l/s]

[l/s]

[sl

is]

is]

-4.592 -7.534 -6.033 -4.866 -7.029 -5.774

-4.483 -3.607 -4.291 -4.554 -3.869 -4.635

0.19683 0.29271 0.44758 4.11463 2.79933 4.03320

0.41958 0.51513 0.28286 3.52069 7.29697 3.81916

6.08 4.42 4.79 0.44 0.40 0.43

0.57 0.88 0.76 0.64 0.47 0.38

1.159 1.049 0.719 0.931 0.691 0.573

fiTsub = 10 K

[*el [kg/m2s] 63.20 63.12 63.32

W

[kw]

1.25; 2.02; 2.77 1470 0.06; 0.09; 0.14; 0.29; 0.32 0.4

For what concerns M, E, and a, we employed the same values as for the power/pressure transient experiments. The time-dependent expressions for flow rate, power, and pressure variations can be approximated by Eqs. (1), (3) (step) or (4) (ramp), and (8), respectively. The actual thermal power delivered to the fluid, W f (because of the thermal capacity of the wall thickness), is given by Eq. (6). Experimental data are reported in Tables 12 and 13. Error Bounds of the Fits Error bounds (average and RMS) for each best-fit procedure of Eqs. (1)-(4) and (8) are reported in Table 14. Freon 12 Physical Properties As some readers may not be familiar with the physical properties of R-12, Table 15 provides a condensed but exhaustive summary of them.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE / USEFULNESS This present work has been devoted to providing a reference data set for correlations, models, and computer codes assessment and validation in the field of CHF under transient conditions. We are deeply indebted to G. Farina, M. Morlacca, and A. Lattanzi, who carried out the experiments. The contributionsof Dr. T. Setaro, Dr. A. Mariani, and Dr. S. Abou Said are particularlyacknowledged.

X1

X2

[l/s]

[l/s]

-9.104 -6.709 -4.899

-3.807 -4.432 -4.485

~1

~2

[l/s]

[1/sl

is|

[s]

[s]

0.09384 0.12109 4.00183

7.57 6.07 0.44

0.60 0.61 0.34

0.813 0.837 0.736

5.37568 2.98801 3.59197

th tehf,ss tchf

NOMENCLATURE

B D G Gchf, tr

Gi, o hfg L

P~ Pe, 0 Pi, o Po Po~ q,, lchf tchf, ss

th Ti, o grew Tw, chf

Tw,o Tw, few

w. Wo

w~ Xin

constant in Eq. (8) channel diameter, m inlet mass flux, kg/(m 2 • s) transient critical mass flux, kg/(m 2 • s) initial inlet mass flux (when G is varied, flow transients) or inlet mass flux (when G is not varied), kg/(m 2 • s) latent heat kJ/kg channel length, m reduced pressure ( = P/Pcrit), dimensionless initial outlet pressure, MPa initial inlet pressure (when p is varied, pressure transients) or inlet pressure (when p is not varied), MPa outlet pressure, MPa pressure at the end of the transient, MPa heat flux delivered to the test section, kW/m 2 experimental time to crisis, s steady-state time to crisis, s half-flow decay time, s inlet temperature, °C rewetting time, s outlet wall temperature at t = tch f, ° C outlet wall temperature at t = 0, °C outlet wall temperature at t = trew, °C thermal power, kW initial thermal power, kW steady-state critical power, kW thermal power at the end of the transient (step), kW inlet quality (thermodynamic definition), dimensionless Greek Symbols

t3~ parameter in Eq. (4), kW/s ~1' ~2 constants in Eq. (1), s i

inlet subcooling, K F mass flow rate, kg/s X constant in Eq. (4), s-1

a~ub

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux

Table 8. Power/Flow Transients Data--Ramp L = 2.30 m Name

Pa,o [MPa]

262660 262820 262840 262860 266620 266660 286640 442620 442660 442820 642220 642460 642860 644260 644860 682220 682460 682820 682860 684260 684420 684820 684860 882220 882240 882460 882820 882840 882860 884220 884820 884840 884860

1.243 1.238 1.234 1.232 1.237 1.244 1.235 1.528 1.533 1.540 2.000 1.998 1.990 1.987 1.984 1.995 1.996 1.998 1.985 1.997 2.002 2.002 1.984 2.739 2.729 2.737 2.708 2.740 2.739 2.735 2.756 2.737 2.750

~Tsub = 23 "C

Ti,o Gi,o [°C] [kg/m's] 28.22 28.38 27.99 28.22 27.95 28.54 28.42 37.75 37.83 37.26 50.35 49.37 50.24 49.72 50.35 50.28 50.31 50.39 49.96 50.51 50.35 50.75 49.72 65.60 66.20 65.53 65.64 66.51 65.64 65.68 66.51 65.80 65.84

1250.1 1273.3 1265.5 1290.7 1232.7 1246.3 1478.7 1027.6 1022.1 1077.7 1024.6 1012.3 1069.3 1024.6 1050.9 1469.9 1468.7 1491.7 1513.1 1464.4 1477.4 1525.0 1511.9 1471.3 1449.5 1459.5 1495.6 1498.7 1512.9 1477.9 1519.2 1505.4 1507.3

Wo [kW]

Wss [kW]

4.149 2.916 3.661 4.125 2.922 4.167 3.990 2.021 3.224 2.070 1.559 2.744 2.756 2.738 2.793 2.408 3.629 2.408 3.592 3.635 2.439 2.426 3.580 2.042 2.763 3.251 1.999 2.738 3.251 2.024 2.109 2.738 3.245

4.530 4.564 4.567 4.601 4.510 4.509 4.902 3.705 3.691 3.825 3.239 3.256 3.327 3.263 3.285 4.005 4.001 4.033 4.083 3.984 4.016 4.065 4.094 3.694 3.609 3.677 3.697 3.679 3.759 3.695 3.729 3.733 3.748

L = 1.18 m Name

Pe,o Irma]

682421 682461 682821 682861

1.997 2.004 1.979 2.004

1454.5 1465.1 1512.9 1513.7

Wo [kW]

Wss [kW]

1.705 2.963 1.680 2.895

3.303 3.311 3.323 3.384

L = 2.30 m Name

602422 602462 602822 602862

Pe,o [MPa] 2.007 1.996 1.993 2.008

1440.6 1439.2 1460.5 1466.1

Wo [kW]

Wss [kW]

1.608 2.817 1.578 2.793

3.202 3.212 3.240 3.276

L = 2.30 m Name

602463

Pe,o [MPa] 2.017

Ti,o

~2 [l/e]

th tchf,ss is] [s]

tchf Is]

0.2371 0.6071 0.6634 0.3314 1.9009 1.9342 1.5978 0.6690 0.5985 0.7371 0.8018 0.5495 0.5103 1.2257 1.4377 0.7679 1.4234 0.7733 0.8948 1.4829 1.5127 71.096 1.2703 0.7161 0.6131 0.5260 59.717 0.6939 0.5623 1.5716 1.3896 1.4549 1.2603

-8.197 -1.919 -1.627 -5.210 -1.460 -1.486 -2.008 -2.129 -2.110 -1.515 -1.736 -2.303 -2.831 -1.829 -1.493 -1.340 -1.510 -1.555 -1.224 -1.315 -1.641 0.1006 -1.849 -1.968 -1.670 -2.285 0.0744 -1.669 -2.122 -1.466 -1.949 -1.570 -1.883

1.41022 3.35160 3.34962 3.91317 1.40705 1.14420 1.16727 1.32225 1.28093 3.80203 0.36214 0.50511 3.92703 0.15900 3.27314 0.23014 3.55875 3.77865 8.81871 1.43018 0.47546 3.62371 3.16094 1.30377 2.35687 1.57176 4.09715 3.69651 8.73923 0.23390 3.87784 3.55331 2.76039

1.23555 3.29772 3.19986 3.16735 1.42232 1.58769 1.53851 1.54281 1.28768 2.93349 0.17653 0.45685 3.79172 0.44030 3.16003 0.39592 0.20291 3.87117 2.49150 0.16581 0.46295 4.00704 5.66121 0.08497 0.09236 0.32568 4.48312 3.86981 2.79684 0.31877 4.23462 4.82134 7.78134

1.27 0.50 0.51 0.48 1.19 1.25 1.26 1.18 1.31 0.50 6.89 3.50 0.43 6.84 0.52 5.68 3.71 0.44 0.40 4.92 3.58 0.44 0.41 8.95 7.94 2.82 0.39 0.44 0.37 6.19 0.41 0.41 0.39

1.489 2.003 1.436 1.115 2.088 1.367 1.530 2.920 1.681 2.590 4.170 2.370 1.082 2.235 1.155 4.077 1.685 2.019 1.005 1.811 2.716 1.962 0.911 3.995 3.062 1.982 1.799 1.339 0.679 3.099 1.644 1.302 0.719

= [kW]

A [l/s]

~1 [l/s]

~2 [l/s]

0.5658 47.333 0.5321 0.4367

-1.570 0.0741 -1.982 -2.244

0.46347 1.83179 3.99370 3.23279

0.44828 0.34055 3.97413 5.02439

~1 [l/s]

~2 [1/s]

-1.512 -1.158 -1.532 -1.517

0.86500 3.45569 4.00792 2.99665

0.77000 0.28427 3.68859 5.60255

~ [kW]

× [l/s]

~1 [l/s]

[1/s]

Is]

82.542

0.0557

0.79990

0.28104

3.83

0.64 0.69 0.54 0.36 1.26 0.63 0.88 1.51 0.82 0.78 3.11 1.41 0.38 1.42 0.44 3.05 0.96 0.63 0.28 1.13 2.01 0.63 0.31 3.07 2.23 1.04 0.59 0.46 0.28 2.42 0.58 0.43 0.28

th tchf,ss [s] [s]

tchf [s]

3.68 2.63 0.42 0.42

1.950 1.648 1.685 0.862

3.08 1.22 0.75 0.38

a [kW] 0.8338 0.8421 0.8426 0.7022

k [l/s]

th tchf,ss Is] [s]

tchf [s]

2.06 2.74 0.44 0.42

3.091 1.934 2.231 1.009

2.13 1.12 0.75 0.35

&Tsub = 40 ^C

Gi,o

[°C] |kg/m's] 32.78

~1 [l/s]

~Tsub = 10 ^C

Ti,o Gi,o [°C] [kg/m's] 63.47 63.20 63.12 62.76

k [l/s]

~Tsub = 23 ^C

Ti,o Gi,o [°C] [kg/m's] 50.31 50.47 50.83 49.92

= [kW]

687.9

wo [kW]

w [kW]

2.780

3.035

~2

th t~hf,., t~hf Is] 1.20

Is] 2.382

101

102

G . P . Celata et al.

Table 9. Power/Pressure Transients Data--Step Name

680024 680025 680026 680028 680062 680062A 680064 680065 680065A 680065B 680065C 680065D 680065E 680065F 680065G 680065H 6800651 6800653 680065L 680065M 680065N 6800650 680065Q 680065S 680065T 680065U 680065V 680065X 680065Y 680065Z 680066 680068 680068A

Ileal

Pi,o

dTsub

[ * C ] [kg/m's]

Gi,o

[kW]

Wss [kW]

2.021 2.025 2.012 2.018 2.020 2.027 2.026 2.028 2.030 2.023 2.027 2.029 2.025 2.030 2.026 2.022 2.029 2.022 2.026 2.026 2.018 2.026 2.025 2.027 2.022 2.018 2.019 2.024 2.024 2.023 2.019 2.024 2.019

24.50 24.29 24.39 23.72 24.00 24.57 24.02 24.60 24.43 24.31 24.40 25.17 24.41 24.43 24.32 24.40 24.46 24.23 24.49 24.14 23.90 24.43 24.35 24.46 24.28 23.90 23.92 24.33 24.03 23.83 23.98 24.27 23.80

2.346 2.360 2.351 2.365 3.545 3.559 3.531 3.541 3.536 3.536 3.554 3.558 3.554 3.554 3.559 3.535 3.540 3.540 3.545 3.541 3.544 3.540 3.540 3.554 3.545 3.559 3.550 3.554 3.522 3.550 3.536 3.545 3.541

4.138 4.109 4.137 4.089 4.083 4.125 4.097 4.103 4.117 4.118 4.100 4.169 4.123 4.114 4.121 4.233 4.110 4.099 4.112 4.101 4.088 4.106 4.104 4.114 4.105 4.086 4.086 4.081 4.088 4.068 4.090 4.087 4.105

1494.8 1485.7 1493.6 1490.4 1477.6 1486.2 1488.6 1472.4 1488.8 1490.0 1477.1 1494.1 1490.0 1486.4 1492.9 1560.2 1482.4 1480.5 1480.9 1486.5 1483.2 1479.4 1480.3 1483.7 1482.0 1482.2 1481.9 1466.1 1481.0 1475.4 1481.9 1472.4 1498.6

Wo

kI [i/s] -8.62 -8.55 -8.44 -8.60 -9.07 -7.25 -9.19 -9.24 -9.20 -9.17 -8.57 -8.98 -8.96 -9.34 -8.90 -9.21 -9.10 -9.25 -9,06 -9.31 -9.29 -9.37 -8.92 -9.09 -8.96 -8.75 -9.26 -9.05 -9.17 -9.13 -9.13 -9.02 -7.31

i2 [l/s] -3.83 -3.87 -3.85 -3.86 -3.85 -4.42 -3.87 -3.98 -3.94 -3.95 -4.02 -3.95 -3.94 -3.94 -3.93 -3.94 -3.96 -3.97 -3.92 -3.95 -3.96 -3.95 -3.93 -3.91 -3.95 -3.98 -3.94 -3.91 -3.94 -3.93 -3.86 -3.83 -4.40

W [kW]

B [l/s]

~p dp/dt tchf,ss [MPa] [MPa/s] [s]

4.93 4.90 4.93 4.88 4.99 5.75 4.96 4.93 4.91 4.93 4.94 4.93 4.91 4.90 4.91 4.91 4.93 4.92 4.87 4.92 4.95 4.94 4.88 4.87 4.88 4.91 4.93 4.88 4.88 4.89 4.98 4.97 5.73

6.234 0.062 3.042 0.380 2.589 0.798 2.637 0.940 6.929 0.011 5.817 0.010 2.651 0.142 1.632 1.650 1.214 2.836 2.634 0.413 1.123 3.351 2.344 0.666 1.797 1.121 0.676 14.104 2.023 0.761 2.803 0.442 1.873 0.908 0.870 6.585 1.245 2.946 1.011 4.235 1.859 0.961 2.214 0.652 1.186 2.841 1.624 1.397 0.893 6.420 0.623 16.089 2.705 0.460 2.703 0.441 2.641 0.462 1.533 1.651 2.563 0.812 2.655 1.128 2.662 1.102

0.075 0.149 0.226 0.277 0.015 0.011 0.042 0.164 0.135 0.121 0.131 0.152 0.140 0.141 0.125 0.148 0.125 0.131 0.150 0.125 0.130 0.132 0.128 0.137 0.137 0.128 0.143 0.137 0.136 0.141 0.225 0.337 0.331

1.254 1.179 1.154 1.129 0.829 0.704 0.829 0.779 0.829 0.829 0.804 0.829 0.829 0.804 0.829 0.904 0.804 0.804 0.829 0.804 0.779 0.804 0.829 0.829 0.829 0.804 0.779 0.804 0.804 0.779 0.754 0.729 0.629

teh f Is] 1.880 1.189 1.119 1.259 1.082 0.888 0.744 0.535 0.582 0.684 0.582 0.660 0.605 0.540 0.660 0.660 0.656 0.586 0.512 0.558 0.647 0.633 0.628 0.563 0.545 0.563 0.582 0.637 0.614 0.563 1.050 1.082 1.027

Table 10. Power/Pressure Transients Data--Ramp Name

682024 682025 682026 682028 682065 682066 682068 688022 688024 688025 688026 688028 688062 688064 688065 688066 688068

Pi,o

ATaub

[MPa]

|°C]

2.026 2.024 2.027 2.025 2.029 2.029 2.024 2.030 2.029 2.027 2.024 2.022 2.021 2.017 2.026 2.025 2.021

24.26 24.21 24.51 23.88 24.79 24.58 24.51 23.72 24.17 24.57 24.51 23.93 23.97 23.85 24.43 23.94 23.85

Gi,o [kg/m*s] 1474.9 1460.0 1478.6 1474.3 1480.7 1480.9 1483.6 1486.7 1491.3 1486.7 1487.6 1486.4 1479.3 1484.0 1480.2 1477.1 1477.3

Wo [kW] 2.346 2.337 2.342 2.351 3.545 3.550 3.509 2.346 2.346 2.342 2.342 2.337 3.545 3.554 3.563 3.554 3.540

Wss [kW]

X

=

B

[l/s]

[kw/s]

[l/s]

4.089 -1.53 0.55 4.064 -1.71 0.51 4.109 -1.43 0.58 4.068 -0.75 1.14 4.127-246.55 0.12 4.114 -2.32 0.43 4.119 -2.26 0.41 4.073 -0.78 82.70 4.107 -0.55 154.08 4.125 -2.13 17.24 4.125 -2.34 15.10 4.092 --0.71 93.32 4.083 -0.74 86.67 4.088 -1.55 26.28 4.108 -0.60 131.38 4.075 -0.67 109.17 4.073 -5.43 2.25

Ap

dp/dt tchf,ss

[~ma] [MPa/s]

2.569 0.151 1.813 0.675 2.409 0.814 2.484 1.056 2.652 0.441 2.745 0.849 2.889 1.036 1.742 0.086 0.549 13.178 3.802 0.192 2.862 0.606 2.343 1.111 2.283 0.096 4.863 0.031 1.366 1.914 0.625 26.431 2.686 1.143

0.042 0.086 0.198 0.274 0.131 0.271 0.368 0.010 0.074 0.114 0.211 0.254 0.021 0.027 0.123 0.213 0.349

tch f

[s]

[s]

4.640 4.437 4.330 3.816 0.000 1.829 2.004 0.879 0.879 0.879 0.854 0.854 0.629 0.604 0.629 0.604 0.704

5.429 3.835 1.551 1.350 0.744 1.282 1.161 0.419 0.484 0.809 0.855 0.897 0.637 0.730 0.558 0.526 0.994

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux

Table 11. Flow/Pressure Transients Data Name

289822 289824 289825 289826 289862 289864 289865 289866 689822 689824 689825 689825A 6898258 689825C 689825D 689825E 689825F 689825G 689825H 689825I 689825J 689825L 689825M 689825N 6898250 689825P 689825Q 689825R 689825S 689825T 689826 689828 689862 689862A 689864 689865 689866 689866A 689868

Pi,o ATsub Gi,o [MPe] I°Cl [kg/m~s] 1.253 1.253 1.254 1.254 1.255 1.250 1.256 1.251 2.027 2.026 2.026 2.027 2.023 2.023 2.022 2.024 2.022 2.032 2.029 2.023 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.028 2.022 2.024 2.030 2.022 2.021 2.026 2.019 2.027 2.025 2.022 2.028 2.023 2.029 2.024 2.021

23.73 24.08 23.94 23.94 23.67 23.34 23.94 23.78 24.51 24.55 24.32 24.10 24.37 24.25 23.69 24.33 24.70 24.71 24.52 24.37 23.93 24.40 24.23 24.01 24.46 24.03 24.37 24.46 23.91 23.96 24.33 24.51 24.70 24.52 23.59 24.31 24.38 24.45 24.14

1493.8 1495.7 1478.9 1487.0 1492.8 1486.3 1479.5 1475.6 1484.9 1475.4 1478.3 1490.1 1488.8 1478.6 1479.3 1483.3 1485.6 1479.2 1476.4 1488.3 1477.8 1481.9 1480.2 1485.2 1478.7 1478.0 1485.0 1479.7 1486.5 1467.3 1490.9 1490.4 1472.3 1470.4 1486.8 1481.8 1482.3 1483.7 1480.3

Wo [kW]

Wss [kW]

3.300 3.301 3.305 3.296 4.499 4.490 4.572 4.509 2.360 2.346 2.351 2.360 2.346 2.351 2.346 2.346 2.360 2.342 2.342 2.342 2.355 2.351 2.342 2.346 2.342 2.351 2.351 2.356 2.356 2.360 2.360 2.356 3.559 3.544 3.540 3.545 3.554 3.559 3.545

4.977 4.997 4.962 4.975 4.970 4.950 4.961 4.954 4.119 4.107 4.098 4.104 4.120 4.097 4.067 4.108 4.134 4.117 4.104 4.119 4.078 4.111 4.099 4.090 4.110 4.083 4.108 4.111 4.091 4.060 4.124 4.128 4.111 4.100 4.068 4.105 4.106 4.115 4.095

~1 [l/s]

~2 [l/s]

4.68626 4.36066 4.18306 4.01906 4.58042 4.36477 3.92955 4.75585 7.92484 4.52596 4.48202 4.48845 4.38793 4.70075 9.66004 5.27275 8.06565 4.89880 4.70208 4.79027 4.83984 4.88838 4.51432 6.61187 4.38378 8.44909 8.86230 7.85833 4.21214 6.62967 11.1752 4.74719 7.76345 6.89024 5.09270 4.70544 6.71186 4.57276 5.42318

4.47443 4.17386 3.96810 4.15255 4.35956 4.01592 3.57405 4.43268 3.47603 4.32515 4.56517 4.67278 4.89567 5.03709 3.39637 4.30226 3.53205 4.23416 4.61193 4.54810 4.04507 4.63806 4.35443 3.61287 4.76815 3.17643 3.33567 3.24901 4.47961 3.59033 3.12865 4.59179 3.42525 3.50792 4.91566 4.58661 3.93459 4.42712 4.13958

th [sl 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.41 0.38 0.40 0.45 0.37 0.34 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.35 0.33 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.38 0.35 0.38 0.35 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.39 0.35 0.32 0.36 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.36 0.33 0.37 0.36

B [l/s]

Ap dp/dt t c h f , s s tch f [~Pa] [MPa/sl [s| [s]

5.606 3.848 3.107 3.144 7.930 4.294 0.704 2.616 6.469 4.576 2.932 3.046 3.033 2.884 3.225 3.176 3.217 2.967 3.167 3.218 2.950 3.058 3.228 3.125 3.291 3.110 3.313 3.104 3.217 3.201 2.569 2.327 5.731 4.479 5.284 2.354 2.718 2.651 2.354

0.022 0.049 0.268 0.270 0.018 0.042 5.842 0.431 0.046 0.071 0.432 0.313 0.438 0.329 0.307 0.297 0.294 0.322 0.298 0.290 0.325 0.306 0.302 0.299 0.294 0.300 0.299 0.309 0.296 0.298 0.862 1.355 0.032 0.039 0.052 0.593 0.802 0.726 1.589

0.023 0.030 0.110 0.113 0.027 0.030 0.065 0.125 0.057 0.057 0.158 0.123 0.171 0.116 0.135 0.127 0.129 0.120 0.127 0.127 0.120 0.122 0.133 0.124 0.134 0.123 0.138 0.126 0.129 0.129 0.240 0.305 0.034 0.030 0.051 0.137 0.251 0.216 0.367

0.554 0.579 0.579 0.604 0.329 0.354 0.329 0.304 0.554 0.579 0.579 0.554 0.554 0.529 0.529 0.554 0.554 0.579 0.554 0.554 0.579 0.579 0.604 0.554 0.579 0.554 0.554 0.554 0.579 0.579 0.529 0.554 0.329 0.304 0.304 0.329 0.304 0.329 0.329

1.787 1.690 1.171 1.208 0.837 0.864 0.586 0.670 2.376 2.279 1.379 1.620 1.449 1.681 1.537 1.560 1.579 1.662 1.579 1.551 1.653 1.606 1.579 1.555 1.574 1.579 1.528 1.560 1.528 1.495 1.175 1.203 0.953 0.902 0.948 0.637 0.818 0.800 0.920

103

104

G . P . Celata et al.

Table 12. Power/Flow/Pressure Transients--Step Name

680822 680824 680825 680826 680828 680862 680865 680865A 680865B 680865C 680865D 680865F 680865G 680865H 680865I 680865L 680865M 680865N 6808650 680865P 680865Q 680865R 680865S 680865T 680865U 680865V 680865Z 680866 680868 880862 880864 880865 880866 880868

Pi,o dTsub Gi,o [MPa] [oC] [kg/m's] 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.03 2.03 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.02 2.76 2.78 2.77 2.77 2.77

24.6 24.7 24.6 24.3 24.5 24.1 24.2 24.4 24.2 24.4 24.3 24.3 24.2 24.3 24.5 24.5 24.3 24.3 24.2 24.3 23.9 24.8 24.0 24.3 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.5 24.3 24.3 24.7 24.1 24.2 24.3

1484 1469 1476 1490 1492 1472 1462 1477 1456. 1469. 1449. 1475. 1469. 1472. 1453. 1452. 1483. 1467. 1475. 1481. 1468. 1463. 1478. 1464. 1463. 1479. 1474. 1485. 1484. 1494. 1471. 1473. 1475. 1473.

Wo [kW]

Wss [kW]

X1 [i/s]

k2 {l/s]

W [kW]

2.346 2.342 2.346 2.342 2.337 3.545 3.540 3.536 3.540 3.541 3.554 3.559 3.545 3.559 3.545 3.536 3.536 3.536 3.541 3.550 3.536 3.541 3.545 3.559 3.547 3.554 3.545 3.550 3.541 3.229 3.224 3.233 3.228 3.233

4.124 4.105 4.114 4.121 4.128 4.074 4.065 4.104 4.056 4.092 4.050 4.091 4.077 4.093 4.069 4.067 4.108 4.071 4.088 4.101 4.066 4.094 4.083 4.075 4.068 4.091 4.084 4.123 4.111 3.784 3.771 3.733 3.742 3.747

-7.124 -7.141 -5.055 -5.962 -6.360 -5.865 -7.134 -7.021 -6.883 -6.926 -7.265 -6.101 -6.217 -7.178 -7.870 -6.145 -6.058 -7.145 -6.258 -5.998 -7.353 -6.580 -7.202 -6.234 -7.602 -7.140 -7.272 -5.159 -5.833 -10.22 -10.47 -9.229 -8.905 -8.974

-5.930 -6.116 -6.449 -4.790 -5.113 -4.872 -6.217 -5.971 -6.020 -6.087 -6.050 -5.144 -5.384 -6.517 -5.072 -5.253 -5.343 -6.493 -5.925 -5.115 -6.233 -5.683 -6.693 -5.508 -5.919 -6.169 -5.789 -4.509 -5.138 -4.124 -4.205 -4.598 -4.082 -3.966

3.474 3.471 4.772 4.904 4.735 4.983 4.641 4.687 4.739 4.683 4.644 4.901 4.852 4.638 4.768 4.876 4.891 4.611 4.730 4.919 4.639 4.789 4.598 4.775 4.575 4.593 4.629 5.239 4.964 4.454 4.446 4.447 4.494 4.549

B [l/s]

Ap [SPa]

81 [l/s]

6.618 0.064 5.735 0.073 3.433 0.287 2.404 1.082 2.297 1.319 3.934 0.091 1.560 1.483 2.239 0.561 1.278 2.238 3.407 0.277 1.258 2.192 1.818 1.094 2.799 0.377 3.240 0.307 3.444 0.281 2.483 0.501 3.315 0.289 2.574 0.441 3.185 0.319 1.301 2.033 2.233 0.619 2.021 0.681 1.796 1.033 3.228 0.323 2.015 0.685 1.167 3.076 2.230 0.537 1.617 2.251 2.085 1.916 4.981 0.073 4.336 0.148 2.448 0.691 0.780 18.527 1.031 9.924

4.4312 4.1781 4.4518 4.3514 4.1920 4.3361 4.2724 4.4173 4.6241 4.0840 4.1497 4.3604 7.7609 4.3478 7.1347 10.402 4.2588 7.8989 4.0249 4.0718 5.5051 7.2822 4.6421 4.8538 4.3728 4.2229 5.0613 4.6440 4.4662 4.6176 ii.000 5.0854 4.9452 5.0310

82 dp/dt tchf,ss tch f {l/s] [SPa/s] [s] [s] 4.2808 4.5846 4.3653 4.4084 4.6502 4.3087 4.5375 4.7941 4.2217 4.2336 4.4476 4.1910 3.1405 4.1263 3.5522 2.6458 4.6144 3.4139 4.3843 4.2264 4.5050 3.1303 4.8830 4.8960 4.5030 4.0701 4.8694 5.0054 4.2135 4.9064 3.2825 4.8542 4.5525 4.6532

0.082 0.079 0.142 0.262 0.289 0.057 0.132 0.116 0.122 0.135 0.114 0.141 0.125 0.136 0.140 0.130 0.134 0.123 0.137 0.115 0.127 0.112 0.129 0.142 0.112 0.132 0.ii0 0.219 0.338 0.066 0.109 0.174 0.274 0.309

0.554 0.554 0.529 0.529 0.529 0.354 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.329 0.329 0.304 0.329 0.329 0.304 0.354 0.354 0.304 0.329 0.304 0.304 0.329 0.329 0.304 0.304 0.354 0.304 0.279 0.304 0.304 0.304

1.486 1.439 0.957 0.902 0.846 0.739 0.549 0.642 0.591 0.660 0.605 0.582 0.628 0.600 0.628 0.628 0.665 0.651 0.660 0.628 0.596 0.651 0.591 0.600 0.628 0.526 0.637 0.558 0.790 0.512 0.512 0.582 0.480 0.419

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux

10S

Table 13. Power/Flow/Pressure Transients--Ramp Name

Pi,o ATsub

Gi,o

Wo

[MPa] [°C] [kg/m's] 282822 282824 282825 682822 682824 682825 682826 682828 682862 682864 682865 682866 682868 688462 688464 688822 688824 688825 688826 688828 688865 688866 688868 882825 882826 882826A

1.25 1.25 1.26 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.03 2.01 2.03 2.02 2.78 2.77 2.77

23.7 23.6 23.8 24.7 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.7 24.1 23.9 23.6 24.2 23.9 24.1 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.4 24.1 24.3 24.3 24.5 24.3 24.5 23.9 24.4

1482. 1486. 1497. 1490. 1473. 1485. 1482. 1477. 1478. 1477. 1463. 1480. 1461. 1473. 1491. 1484. 1489. 1489. 1490. 1495. 1486. 1479. 1474. 1473. 1483. 1482.

[kW] 3.300 3.296 3.296 2.356 2.346 2.346 2.351 2.351 3.541 3.540 3.545 3.541 3.536 3.536 3.554 2.351 2.346 2.360 2.351 2.351 3.518 3.541 3.536 2.030 2.034 2.030

W

k

ss

~

lkW] [1/s] 4.959 4.961 4.977 4.143 4.104 4.125 4.114 4.115 4.089 4.078 4.031 4.101 4.041 4.077 4.095 4.094 4.125 4.117 4.110 4.123 4.116 4.107 4.092 3.755 3.739 3.768

-1.251 -1.520 -1.195 -1.311 -1.388 -1.264 -2.660 -25.82 -63825 -10581 -3844. -414.9 -6086. -1.056 -1.001 -0.912 -0.272 -1.546 -1.856 -1.659 -0.263 -0.739 -1.304 -1.316 -1.475 -1.827

B

Ap

[kW/s]

[1/s]

[~a]

~1 [l/s]

0.8105 0.7185 0.9081 0.8409 0.8149 0.8752 0.3993 0.1622 0.1152 0.1007 0.0872 0.1014 0.1123 40.197 52.449 59.296 490.50 23.364 18.021 20.378 604.86 88.104 34.012 1.0164 0.8823 0.7152

4.499 3.303 3.358 5.225 4.148 3.057 2.738 2.454 4.195 4.007 2.251 2.234 2.305 4.289 4.746 5.195 4.076 4.897 3.348 2.679 2.448 2.325 2.136 8.363 5.186 6.412

0.042 0.113 0.247 0.082 0.145 0.441 0.756 1.228 0.096 0.155 0.735 1.079 1.662 0.060 0.099 0.097 0.147 0.185 0.466 0.991 0.726 1.185 1.877 0.249 0.446 0.358

3.5761 3.9358 3.9369 4.4418 4.5405 4.5768 5.5546 4.5116 4.3415 4.5728 4.2760 4.5461 4.0591 4.4077 4.5340 4.3734 4.3833 4.6291 4.2841 4.6288 4.4707 6.6829 4.0781 8.3483 4.5713 6.6526

Table ]4.

VARIABLE

Eq.

G [kg/m'sl

(1) (1) (1) (i)

Q WQ QP WQP

7.8357 -5.2397 -4.6841 -9.0880

28.76 28.23 25.44 34.62

p [l~a]

(2) (2)

P (up to tchf) P (up to trew) WP QP WQP

0.0211 0.0140 -0.0164 -0.0023 -0.0137

0.202 0.166 0.087 0.063 0.056

W (step) WQ (step) WP (step) ~ P (step) W (ramp) WQ (ramp) WP (ramp) WQP (ramp)

0.0036 -0.0065 0.0043 0.0149 -0.0044 -0.0141 0.0204 0.0125

0.016 0.093 0.020 0.026 0.023 0.052 0.060 0.055

(9) (9) (9)

w [kW]

(3)

(3) (3) (3)

(4) (4) (4) (4)

Dimensions of "e

av

TRANSIEITF

@

RMS

av

" and "RMS" are same as "VARIABLE"

W : power transient Q : flow transient P : pressure transient

~2 dp/dt t c h f , s s tch f [ l / s ] [MPa/s] Is] Is] 3.8030 3.8261 4.1723 4.7677 4.4980 4.4820 3.9854 4.1440 4.3245 4.2555 4.2460 4.5037 4.6643 4.7345 4.2917 4.2756 4.4414 4.4159 4.6121 4.5754 4.7441 3.4647 4.4420 3.3779 4.4366 3.7813

0.033 0.052 0.117 0.080 0.100 0.175 0,241 0.310 0.067 0.101 0.154 0.222 0.367 0.044 0.084 0.094 0.098 0.164 0.220 0.302 0.183 0.267 0.350 0.392 0.428 0.445

0.629 0.604 0.604 0.554 0.579 0.579 0.579 0.579 0.354 0.354 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.529 0.529 0.504 0.504 0.529 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.529 0.554 0.529

1.704 1.509 1.217 2.038 1.899 1.282 1.082 0.999 0.915 0.827 0.591 0.605 0.837 0.651 0.633 0.679 0.628 0.837 0.883 0.883 0.540 0.637 0.721 1.611 1.101 1.245

578.2 578.7 577.2 571.2 551. I

4.541 4.538 4.533 4,525 4.514 4.900 ,4,137

4.186 ,1.218 4.250 4,285 4.322 4.369 ,1.437

4.15,1

,1.5,18 ,1.5,16 4.5,13

4,(~(1 ,1.122

.1,554 ,1.55 I

,1,570 ,1,563 ,1.558

oo

1.55

1.264 f .39

0.979 t,01)5 1.041 1,093 I. 166

0.902 0..1)13 0.926 09,12 0.95.()

1.06 0.75 0.31

t.28

1.45

1,86 1.74 1.60

2.14 2.00

0.087 0,083 0.080 0.076 0.072

3.37 3,03 2.75 2.52 2.31

oo

0.050 0,046 0.041

0.0Ai9 0,065 0.061 0.058 0.054

0.~14

O. 1(~5 0.102 O.(F,)8

0. I(F,)

0.123 0,119 o. 116 0.113

0.090

O855 0.864 0,873 0,882

•1.6,10 ,1.620 4.6(13 <1.5.110 ,t.57.I)

0.8.111

18.,9 15.1 12.1 .().69 7.9.1

0,808 0.817 0827 0.836 08,15

,1.835 .1.78() ,I,73,1 ,i.(i96 4.665

~'1, ~V/(ilI" K)

6.6-1 5.65 ,1.88 ,1.26 3,77

~/, 10-4 i ' a . s

c), I, kJ/(kg, K)

s~, k J / ( k g . K)

p, v, h and s data interpolated from Perelshteyn (ed.), Tables and Diagrams of the Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants 12, 13, and 22, Moscow, 1971. Cp, g, and k data interpolated and converted from Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York, 1976. c = critical point. The notation 5.767,-4 signifies 5.767 x 10-4. From Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, R.H. Perry and D. Green, McGraw Hill, 1984.

479.4 492. l 506 4 52,1.7 551.1

0.00750 0.00582 0,00439 0.00305 0.00188

9.286. -- 4 9.868. -- 4 1.072,-3 1.237. - 3 1.876. - 3

21.57 26.19 31.56 37.76 41.31

350 360 370 380 385 c

11,29

14.17 17.58

565.5 567.3 570,9 574.0 576.5

426,0 436.0 446.2 456.8 467.8

0,02582 0,01992 0.01553 0.01218 0.00957

7.678,--4 7,912.--4 8,173,--4 8.478.--4 8.840,-4

6.840 8.860

300 310 320 330 340

3.918 3,95,1 3.989 4,023 ,I.1157

5,11.5 546.1 550.7 555,1 559.,1

378.0 387.7 397.0 4065 416.1

O. 1225 0,08559 0.06147 0.04543 0,03888

1,3359 1.959 2,784 3,825 5.184

250 260 270 280 290

:1.724 3.765 3.8(15 3.844 3,881

518.1 522,7 527..1 531, I 536,8

334,8 343.2 351.8 360.6 369,5

6.810.--4 6.970. -- 4 7,112.--4 7,282. -- 4 7.470. -- 4

0,0996 O. 1879 0.3317 0.5531 0.8781

201) 210 220 230 24O

3,-192 3.543 3.59 I 3.637 3.681

496.0 5110.2 50,1.5 508.9 513,5

2.(14,6 302,3 310.3 318.3 3265

179,12 36.05 13,40 5.666 2,665 1.370 0.7589 0.,1476 0.2784 0.1811

5,767. -- 4 5,849.--4 5.926. ---1 6.024. -- 4 6,118.--4

0.00091 0.00305 0.00871 0.02178 0.04877

150 160 170 180 190

s/, k J / ( k g . K)

Iie, k J / k g

h/, k J / k g

ve, m a / k g

6,217.--4 6,139.--4 6A31.--4 6.549. - 4 6.675, - 4

vI, m a / k g

P, bar

T, K

Table 15. Physical Properties of Saturated R-12

¢3

A Data Set of Critical Heat Flux X1, X2 rp

constants in Eq. (3), s time constant, s 9. REFERENCES

1. Collier, J. C., Convective Boiling and Condensation, 2nd ed., pp. 248-313, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Bergles, A. E., Collier, J. G., Delhaye, J. M., Hewitt, G. F., and Mayinger, F., Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer in the Power and Process Industries, pp. 256-280, Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., 1981. 3. Hewitt, G. F., Burnout, in Handbook o f Multiphase Systems, G. Hetsroni, Ed., pp. 66-161, Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., 1982. 4. Katto, Y., Forced-Convection Boiling in Uniformly Heated Channels, in Handbook o f Heat and Mass Transfer, N. P. Cheremisinoff, Ed., pp. 303-325, Gulf Publ. Co., Houston, 1986. 5. Katto, Y., Critical Heat Flux in Boiling, Proceedings of 8th Int. Heat Transfer Conf., Vol. 1, pp. 171-180, Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., 1986. 6. Kataoka, I., and Serizawa, A., Transient Boiling Heat Transfer Under Forced Convection, in Handbook o f Heat and Mass Transfer, N. P. Cheremisinoff, Ed., pp. 327-383, Gulf Publ. Co., Houston, 1986. 7. Celata, G. P., Cumo, M., D'Annibale, F., Farello, G. E., and Setaro, T., Reassessment of Forced Convection Heat Transfer Correlations for Refrigerant-12, Energ. Nucl., 3(4) 19-32, April 1986. 8. Celata, G. P., Cumo, M., D'Annibale, F., Farello, G. E., and Setaro, T., Flow Transients Experiments with Refrigerant-12, Rev.

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Received January 23, 1991; revised July 20, 1991