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A digital video photographic technique for esthetic evaluation of anterior mandibular teeth
A digital video photographic technique for esthetic evaluation of anterior mandibular teeth Max Sackstein, DMD, MSca
Fig. 1. Smile primarily exposes maxillary and hides mandibular teeth. Low-resolution frame size of 640 3 480 pixels depicting QuickTime program image.
Improvement of dental and facial esthetics is an important indication for dental treatment. Photographic records aid in identifying esthetic disharmony, planning for esthetic correction, and establishing mutually compatible expectations of the dentist and patient. The conventional photograph of a smile is used ubiquitously for this purpose and effectively shows primarily the maxillary anterior teeth with surrounding facial structures. However, in the older patient, and especially in men,1,2 the mandibular anterior teeth receive greater exposure than those of the maxilla and are a zone of primary esthetic significance for these patients. Exposure of mandibular anterior teeth is generally evaluated with the lips in rest position1; however, their primary esthetic significance is more obvious during speech. Neither rest nor speech positions are shown by the standard smile photograph, which is therefore unsuitable for esthetic analysis of mandibular incisors. This article shows how the video function of a digital camera with readily available software can be used for effective esthetic analysis of the mandibular anterior teeth. The a
Private practice, Tel Aviv, Israel. J Prosthet Dent 2007;97:246-7.
246 THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
Fig. 2. Digital video photography of subject from Figure 1 during functional speech positions. A, When pronouncing syllable ‘‘ah,’’ mandibular incisors are partially exposed and maxillary incisors are completely hidden. B, Pronouncing ‘‘sh’’ sound extensively exposes mandibular incisors and canines. Low-resolution frame size of 640 3 480 pixels depicting QuickTime program image.
procedure is described for a specific digital camera but can be applied to other models with appropriate modifications. VOLUME 97 NUMBER 4
SACKSTEIN
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
PROCEDURE 1. Set the mode dial of the digital camera (Nikon Coolpix 5200; Nikon Corp, Tokyo, Japan) to video. 2. Set the camera to macro mode to produce focused images from close distances. 3. Depress the shutter-release button halfway until the camera focuses on the anterior teeth of the subject. 4. Depress the button completely to commence video recording. Record the subject for approximately 1 minute when speaking, smiling, and pronouncing various consonants and vowels that effectively demonstrate the full range of maxillary and mandibular tooth exposure by the lips. 5. Transfer the movie file produced by the camera to a personal computer with operating system (Microsoft Windows XP, Version 2002; Microsoft Corp, Redmond, Wash). 6. Play the file from beginning to end with software (QuickTime version 6.3; Apple Computer Inc, Cupertino, Calif) for initial evaluation. 7. Using the mouse, drag the small triangle on the scrolling bar of the program carefully forwards and backwards to view frames of particular interest within the recording. 8. Use ,File. ,Copy. or ,ALT. ,PrtSc. to capture and place individual frames on the clipboard;
Noteworthy Abstracts of the Current Literature
these frames can then be pasted into a slide presentation or saved as images (Figs. 1 and 2).
Disclaimer The described technique produces video frames with relatively low resolution (640 3 480 pixels), which are nevertheless a convenient and effective screening and evaluation tool for mandibular anterior tooth display. REFERENCES 1. Vig RG, Brundo GC. The kinetics of anterior tooth display. J Prosthet Dent 1978;39:502-4. 2. Tjan AH, Miller GD. Some esthetic factors in a smile. J Prosthet Dent 1984; 51:24-8. Reprint requests to: DR MAX SACKSTEIN TABENKIN 9/5 RAMAT GAN 52302 ISRAEL FAX: 972-3-7316238 E-MAIL: [email protected] 0022-3913/$32.00 Copyright Ó 2007 by The Editorial Council of The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.
doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2007.02.002
A prospective study on immediate loading of implants with mandibular overdentures: patient-mediated and economic outcomes Attard NJ, Laporte A, Locker D, Zarb GA. Int J Prosthodont 2006;19: 67-73.
Purpose: The aims of this report are to present the patient-based outcomes and associated clinical costs of an immediate loading protocol for mandibular overdentures in edentulous patients. Materials and Methods: Two groups of patients were selected. Thirty-five consecutively treated patients received an immediate protocol, while 42 patients treated with a conventional protocol served as a historical control. Patient-based concerns for patients in the immediate group were measured at various stages of treatment with 2 questionnaires: the Denture Satisfaction Scale and the Oral Health Impact Profile. Direct clinical and time costs over a 1-year period were estimated and deflated to 2002 Canadian dollars. Salary rates by occupation, age, and gender were used to evaluate the patients’ time costs. Treatment costs were compared between the 2 groups. Additionally, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for various stages with the immediate protocol were calculated. Results: Significant improvements posttreatment were observed with both the Denture Satisfaction Scale (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P,.05) and the Oral Health Impact Profile (Friedman test, P,.05). The immediate protocol was associated with higher maintenance costs, with resultant higher total costs (MannWhitney U test, P,.05). No difference was observed in the time costs associated with the 2 protocols. Within-group analysis of costs at various stages of the immediate protocol suggested that treatment with implant-supported overdentures was more cost-effective than treatment with conventional dentures. Conclusions: This study suggests that implants in 1 jawbone lead to a substantial improvement in perceived oral health status. Furthermore, the immediate loading protocol was not cheaper than a conventional protocol.—Reprinted with permission of Quintessence Publishing.
APRIL 2007
247
Fig. 1. Smile primarily exposes maxillary and hides mandibular teeth. Low-resolution frame size of 640 3 480 pixels depicting QuickTime program image.
Improvement of dental and facial esthetics is an important indication for dental treatment. Photographic records aid in identifying esthetic disharmony, planning for esthetic correction, and establishing mutually compatible expectations of the dentist and patient. The conventional photograph of a smile is used ubiquitously for this purpose and effectively shows primarily the maxillary anterior teeth with surrounding facial structures. However, in the older patient, and especially in men,1,2 the mandibular anterior teeth receive greater exposure than those of the maxilla and are a zone of primary esthetic significance for these patients. Exposure of mandibular anterior teeth is generally evaluated with the lips in rest position1; however, their primary esthetic significance is more obvious during speech. Neither rest nor speech positions are shown by the standard smile photograph, which is therefore unsuitable for esthetic analysis of mandibular incisors. This article shows how the video function of a digital camera with readily available software can be used for effective esthetic analysis of the mandibular anterior teeth. The a
Private practice, Tel Aviv, Israel. J Prosthet Dent 2007;97:246-7.
246 THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
Fig. 2. Digital video photography of subject from Figure 1 during functional speech positions. A, When pronouncing syllable ‘‘ah,’’ mandibular incisors are partially exposed and maxillary incisors are completely hidden. B, Pronouncing ‘‘sh’’ sound extensively exposes mandibular incisors and canines. Low-resolution frame size of 640 3 480 pixels depicting QuickTime program image.
procedure is described for a specific digital camera but can be applied to other models with appropriate modifications. VOLUME 97 NUMBER 4
SACKSTEIN
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
PROCEDURE 1. Set the mode dial of the digital camera (Nikon Coolpix 5200; Nikon Corp, Tokyo, Japan) to video. 2. Set the camera to macro mode to produce focused images from close distances. 3. Depress the shutter-release button halfway until the camera focuses on the anterior teeth of the subject. 4. Depress the button completely to commence video recording. Record the subject for approximately 1 minute when speaking, smiling, and pronouncing various consonants and vowels that effectively demonstrate the full range of maxillary and mandibular tooth exposure by the lips. 5. Transfer the movie file produced by the camera to a personal computer with operating system (Microsoft Windows XP, Version 2002; Microsoft Corp, Redmond, Wash). 6. Play the file from beginning to end with software (QuickTime version 6.3; Apple Computer Inc, Cupertino, Calif) for initial evaluation. 7. Using the mouse, drag the small triangle on the scrolling bar of the program carefully forwards and backwards to view frames of particular interest within the recording. 8. Use ,File. ,Copy. or ,ALT. ,PrtSc. to capture and place individual frames on the clipboard;
Noteworthy Abstracts of the Current Literature
these frames can then be pasted into a slide presentation or saved as images (Figs. 1 and 2).
Disclaimer The described technique produces video frames with relatively low resolution (640 3 480 pixels), which are nevertheless a convenient and effective screening and evaluation tool for mandibular anterior tooth display. REFERENCES 1. Vig RG, Brundo GC. The kinetics of anterior tooth display. J Prosthet Dent 1978;39:502-4. 2. Tjan AH, Miller GD. Some esthetic factors in a smile. J Prosthet Dent 1984; 51:24-8. Reprint requests to: DR MAX SACKSTEIN TABENKIN 9/5 RAMAT GAN 52302 ISRAEL FAX: 972-3-7316238 E-MAIL: [email protected] 0022-3913/$32.00 Copyright Ó 2007 by The Editorial Council of The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.
doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2007.02.002
A prospective study on immediate loading of implants with mandibular overdentures: patient-mediated and economic outcomes Attard NJ, Laporte A, Locker D, Zarb GA. Int J Prosthodont 2006;19: 67-73.
Purpose: The aims of this report are to present the patient-based outcomes and associated clinical costs of an immediate loading protocol for mandibular overdentures in edentulous patients. Materials and Methods: Two groups of patients were selected. Thirty-five consecutively treated patients received an immediate protocol, while 42 patients treated with a conventional protocol served as a historical control. Patient-based concerns for patients in the immediate group were measured at various stages of treatment with 2 questionnaires: the Denture Satisfaction Scale and the Oral Health Impact Profile. Direct clinical and time costs over a 1-year period were estimated and deflated to 2002 Canadian dollars. Salary rates by occupation, age, and gender were used to evaluate the patients’ time costs. Treatment costs were compared between the 2 groups. Additionally, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for various stages with the immediate protocol were calculated. Results: Significant improvements posttreatment were observed with both the Denture Satisfaction Scale (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P,.05) and the Oral Health Impact Profile (Friedman test, P,.05). The immediate protocol was associated with higher maintenance costs, with resultant higher total costs (MannWhitney U test, P,.05). No difference was observed in the time costs associated with the 2 protocols. Within-group analysis of costs at various stages of the immediate protocol suggested that treatment with implant-supported overdentures was more cost-effective than treatment with conventional dentures. Conclusions: This study suggests that implants in 1 jawbone lead to a substantial improvement in perceived oral health status. Furthermore, the immediate loading protocol was not cheaper than a conventional protocol.—Reprinted with permission of Quintessence Publishing.
APRIL 2007
247