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A discussion of the paper “long-term strength of fly-ash” by Torben C. Hansen
CEMENT and CONCRETERESEARCH,Vol. 20. pp. 833-837. 1990. Printedin the USA. 0008-8846/90. $3.00+00. PergamonPress plc.
DISCUSSIONS
A DISCUSSION of the P A P E R " L O N G - T E R M S T R E N G T H O F F L Y - A S H " by T O R B E N C. HANSEN*
Bryant Mather Chief, Structures Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199
When I saw Professor Hansen's paper, I decided that I should add to his interesting account, data on four of the 193 concrete mixtures we investigated beginning in 1950 for which we obtained test data on 4,632 compression test specimens.(1) The mixtures were made with crushed limestone, fine and coarse aggregate from Tennessee; Type H portland cement from Birmingham, Alabama; and Type F fly ash from Chicago, Illinois. The concrete had a 2 1/2-inch slump and an air content of 6 + 0.5%. The test specimens were 3- by 6-inch cylinders. Eight were made from each of three batches made on different days. Data ate presented for mixtures at 0.5 and 0.8 w/c with and without a 60% solid volume replacement of cement with fly ash. Data on the cement are in Table 1; on the fly ash in Table 2; on the mixtures in Table 3; the 96 test values are in Table 4. The relationships are shown in Fig. 1.
(1)
Mather, Bryant, Investigation of Cement-Renlacement Materials: Report 12. Comnressive Strenaxh Development o-f 193 Concrete Mixtures durin~ 10 Years of Moist Curin~ (Phase A~. Miscellaneous l~aper 6-123(1), 1965. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199.
~'CCR 20, 193-196 (1990). 833
834
DISCUSSIONS
TABLE i. Major components, % SiO 2 AI203 Fe203 CaO MgO SO 3 Loss on ignition
23 1 43 3 7 62 9 3 2 1 6 0 77
Vol. 20, No. 5
DATA ON TYPE II CEMENT Time of setting (Gillmore) Initial, hr-min Final, hr-min
3:45 5:45
Autoclave expansion,%
0.ii
Normal consistency, %
25.0
Air in mortar, %
5.8
Minor components, % Compressive strength, psi Na20 , flame K20, flame Total as Na20 , flame Na20 , gravity K20 , gravity Total as Na20 , gravity P205 Mn203
0.22 0~56 0 59 0.21 0.53 0.56 0.08 0.05
Separate determinations, % Insoluble residue Chloroform solution Moisture content
0.29 0.005 0.20
Calculated compounds, % C3S C2S C3A C4AF CaSO 4
42 35 5 Ii 3
Fineness Passing No. 325 sieve, %
93.8
Specific surface, sq cm/g Wagner turbidimeter 1,880 Blaine air permeability 3,550 Fisher air permeability 3,770 Klein hydrometer 1,415 Nitrogen adsorption I0,000 Specific gravity
3.15
Bleedin~ (w/c 0.4) Rate, ml/cm2/sec, x I~ 6 Capacity, ml/cc, x I0
61 17
3 days 7 days 28 days Static E x 10 "6, 90 days, psi Heat of hydration, cal/g Storage Temp F w/c Age 73 0.40 3 days 73 0.40 7 days 73 0.40 28 days 73 0.40 6 months 73 0.40 i year 73 0.85 3 days 73 0.85 7 days 73 0.85 28 days 73 0.85 6 months 73 0.85 i year 50 0.40 3 days 50 0.40 7 days 50 0.40 28 days 50 0.40 6 months 50 0.40 i year 50 0.85 3 days 50 0.85 7 days 50 0.85 28 days 50 0.85 6 months 50 0.85 i year
1,610 2,600 4,635 1.82
57 70 80 86 92 69 81 92 114 119 47 56 78 85 93 36 52 78 105 105
835
DISCUSSIONS
Vol.20,No.5
TABLE 2.
DATA ON FLY ASH
Comuonent. Y. SiO 8 Z203 Cas3 MgO SO3 Loss of ignition Na 0, flame K2 6 ’ flame Total as Na20, flame P20 Mn2 Ins!?uble residl>e Moisture content Sulfide sulfur Total carbon
47.2 19.5 18.2 5.3 1.2 2.2 0.8 1.62 1.98 2.92 0.23 0.07
JO.4 0.20 0.05 0.43
Fineness Passing No. 200 sieve, dry, X Passing No. 325 sieve, wet, X
95.5 93.5
Suecific surface. sa cm/g Blaine air permeability Fisher air permeability Klein hydometer Nitrogen adsorption*
3,565 3,335 7,030 7,900
Particle size (microscoDe)_ Minimum, microns Maximum, microns Predominant range, microns Suecific aravitv
0.5 1,000 l-10 2.48
* Tests conducted by National Bureau of Standards.
DISCUSSIONS
836
TABLE 3.
% Fly ash
w/c by m
Portland cement
0
0.5 0.8 0.5 0.8
532 351 189 127
0 60 60
3
lb&d3 Cement+ flv ash
Water
mL/vd3 AEA
223 150
532 351 412 277
265 281 236 254
485 265 322 220
0.5
1355 2040 2180 1860
0.8
880 760 810 820
A;;:% of Total gggre.eate 40 45 41 44
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH APe. vears 5-f 1ov
Age. davs 28 90 180 No Fly Ash
365
3210 3080 3290 3190
4225 4240 &QQ 4440
5530 5360 5520 5470
6320 5930 iiu!J 6180
6050 5960 6210 6070
7950 6340 6890 7060
7300 7080 7380 7250
1430 1280 1160 1290
2035 1830 2J@ 1990
2715 2440 2690 2620
2980 2440 2880 2770
2940 2900 2700 2850
3140 2910 2870 2970
3340 2740 gQQ 3380
7
60% Fly Ash
0.5
670 620 630 640
990 980 1030 1000
0.8
220 220 190 210
320 320 310 320
1980 1900 2300 2060
3160 3110 3220 3160
3560 3320 3900 3590
3890 3270 4240 3800
4280 4240 4870 4460
4410 4240 &tJQ 4410
690
1360 1380 1380 1370
1740 1730 &gQ 1650
2180 1820 1910 1970
2060 2080 1970 2040
2290
840 790 770
20.wo i
CONCRETE MIXTURES
Fly &
TABLE 4.
w/c
Vol.
1700 1610 1870
Vol. 20, No. 5
DISCUSSIONS
837
8
7
Q.. O
6
-
c"
¢n 5 o r.-
ID') 4,
._>
•
3
[]
cO cO
E2 O
O
1
I
I
3
7
I
I
I
I
t
I
28
90
180
1
5
10
days
I
years
Age Fig. I.
Strength development of concrete with and without 60% fly ash.
DISCUSSIONS
A DISCUSSION of the P A P E R " L O N G - T E R M S T R E N G T H O F F L Y - A S H " by T O R B E N C. HANSEN*
Bryant Mather Chief, Structures Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199
When I saw Professor Hansen's paper, I decided that I should add to his interesting account, data on four of the 193 concrete mixtures we investigated beginning in 1950 for which we obtained test data on 4,632 compression test specimens.(1) The mixtures were made with crushed limestone, fine and coarse aggregate from Tennessee; Type H portland cement from Birmingham, Alabama; and Type F fly ash from Chicago, Illinois. The concrete had a 2 1/2-inch slump and an air content of 6 + 0.5%. The test specimens were 3- by 6-inch cylinders. Eight were made from each of three batches made on different days. Data ate presented for mixtures at 0.5 and 0.8 w/c with and without a 60% solid volume replacement of cement with fly ash. Data on the cement are in Table 1; on the fly ash in Table 2; on the mixtures in Table 3; the 96 test values are in Table 4. The relationships are shown in Fig. 1.
(1)
Mather, Bryant, Investigation of Cement-Renlacement Materials: Report 12. Comnressive Strenaxh Development o-f 193 Concrete Mixtures durin~ 10 Years of Moist Curin~ (Phase A~. Miscellaneous l~aper 6-123(1), 1965. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199.
~'CCR 20, 193-196 (1990). 833
834
DISCUSSIONS
TABLE i. Major components, % SiO 2 AI203 Fe203 CaO MgO SO 3 Loss on ignition
23 1 43 3 7 62 9 3 2 1 6 0 77
Vol. 20, No. 5
DATA ON TYPE II CEMENT Time of setting (Gillmore) Initial, hr-min Final, hr-min
3:45 5:45
Autoclave expansion,%
0.ii
Normal consistency, %
25.0
Air in mortar, %
5.8
Minor components, % Compressive strength, psi Na20 , flame K20, flame Total as Na20 , flame Na20 , gravity K20 , gravity Total as Na20 , gravity P205 Mn203
0.22 0~56 0 59 0.21 0.53 0.56 0.08 0.05
Separate determinations, % Insoluble residue Chloroform solution Moisture content
0.29 0.005 0.20
Calculated compounds, % C3S C2S C3A C4AF CaSO 4
42 35 5 Ii 3
Fineness Passing No. 325 sieve, %
93.8
Specific surface, sq cm/g Wagner turbidimeter 1,880 Blaine air permeability 3,550 Fisher air permeability 3,770 Klein hydrometer 1,415 Nitrogen adsorption I0,000 Specific gravity
3.15
Bleedin~ (w/c 0.4) Rate, ml/cm2/sec, x I~ 6 Capacity, ml/cc, x I0
61 17
3 days 7 days 28 days Static E x 10 "6, 90 days, psi Heat of hydration, cal/g Storage Temp F w/c Age 73 0.40 3 days 73 0.40 7 days 73 0.40 28 days 73 0.40 6 months 73 0.40 i year 73 0.85 3 days 73 0.85 7 days 73 0.85 28 days 73 0.85 6 months 73 0.85 i year 50 0.40 3 days 50 0.40 7 days 50 0.40 28 days 50 0.40 6 months 50 0.40 i year 50 0.85 3 days 50 0.85 7 days 50 0.85 28 days 50 0.85 6 months 50 0.85 i year
1,610 2,600 4,635 1.82
57 70 80 86 92 69 81 92 114 119 47 56 78 85 93 36 52 78 105 105
835
DISCUSSIONS
Vol.20,No.5
TABLE 2.
DATA ON FLY ASH
Comuonent. Y. SiO 8 Z203 Cas3 MgO SO3 Loss of ignition Na 0, flame K2 6 ’ flame Total as Na20, flame P20 Mn2 Ins!?uble residl>e Moisture content Sulfide sulfur Total carbon
47.2 19.5 18.2 5.3 1.2 2.2 0.8 1.62 1.98 2.92 0.23 0.07
JO.4 0.20 0.05 0.43
Fineness Passing No. 200 sieve, dry, X Passing No. 325 sieve, wet, X
95.5 93.5
Suecific surface. sa cm/g Blaine air permeability Fisher air permeability Klein hydometer Nitrogen adsorption*
3,565 3,335 7,030 7,900
Particle size (microscoDe)_ Minimum, microns Maximum, microns Predominant range, microns Suecific aravitv
0.5 1,000 l-10 2.48
* Tests conducted by National Bureau of Standards.
DISCUSSIONS
836
TABLE 3.
% Fly ash
w/c by m
Portland cement
0
0.5 0.8 0.5 0.8
532 351 189 127
0 60 60
3
lb&d3 Cement+ flv ash
Water
mL/vd3 AEA
223 150
532 351 412 277
265 281 236 254
485 265 322 220
0.5
1355 2040 2180 1860
0.8
880 760 810 820
A;;:% of Total gggre.eate 40 45 41 44
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH APe. vears 5-f 1ov
Age. davs 28 90 180 No Fly Ash
365
3210 3080 3290 3190
4225 4240 &QQ 4440
5530 5360 5520 5470
6320 5930 iiu!J 6180
6050 5960 6210 6070
7950 6340 6890 7060
7300 7080 7380 7250
1430 1280 1160 1290
2035 1830 2J@ 1990
2715 2440 2690 2620
2980 2440 2880 2770
2940 2900 2700 2850
3140 2910 2870 2970
3340 2740 gQQ 3380
7
60% Fly Ash
0.5
670 620 630 640
990 980 1030 1000
0.8
220 220 190 210
320 320 310 320
1980 1900 2300 2060
3160 3110 3220 3160
3560 3320 3900 3590
3890 3270 4240 3800
4280 4240 4870 4460
4410 4240 &tJQ 4410
690
1360 1380 1380 1370
1740 1730 &gQ 1650
2180 1820 1910 1970
2060 2080 1970 2040
2290
840 790 770
20.wo i
CONCRETE MIXTURES
Fly &
TABLE 4.
w/c
Vol.
1700 1610 1870
Vol. 20, No. 5
DISCUSSIONS
837
8
7
Q.. O
6
-
c"
¢n 5 o r.-
ID') 4,
._>
•
3
[]
cO cO
E2 O
O
1
I
I
3
7
I
I
I
I
t
I
28
90
180
1
5
10
days
I
years
Age Fig. I.
Strength development of concrete with and without 60% fly ash.